Brief introduction and detailed information of Kong Lin

Architectural Evolution After Confucius died, his disciples buried him in Surabaya, north of Qufu. At that time, it was still a "tomb, not a grave" (there was no high soil uplift).

During the Qin and Han Dynasties, although the mausoleum of Confucius was built very high, there were few cemeteries and only a few rangers. Later, with the increasing status of Confucius, the scale of Confucius became larger and larger.

Emperor Huan of the Eastern Han Dynasty lived for three years (A.D. 157). Luxiang, repair the Confucius Temple, build a holy gate in front of the tomb, build a vegetarian restaurant in the southeast, and sweep several households in Wu Primary School. At that time, Kong Lin was "only one hectare". It was not until the Southern and Northern Dynasties that 600 trees were planted. During Song Xuanhe's reign, stone utensils were built in front of Confucius' tomb.

In the second year of Yuan Wenzong to Shun (A.D. 133 1), Confucius specialized in forest walls and built forest gates. In the tenth year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1684), Kong Lin expanded to 3,000 mu. In the eighth year of Yongzheng (A.D. 1730), Kong Lin was overhauled, which cost 25,300 yuan to repair various gates and workshops, and was guarded by special personnel. According to statistics, since the Han Dynasty, Kong Lin has rebuilt and increased 13 times, planted trees 5 times and expanded forest land 3 times. The wall around Kong Lin is 7.25 kilometers long, with a height of more than 3 meters and a thickness of about 5 meters, with a total area of 2 square kilometers, which is much larger than Qufu City. Here, we can not only study the tombs in the Spring and Autumn Period and the tombs in the Qin and Han Dynasties, but also study the political, economic and cultural development and the evolution of funeral customs in China. 196 1 year, the State Council was announced as the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units. There are 65,438+10,000 trees in Kong Lin. As a family cemetery, Kong Lin contains cypress, juniper, oak, elm, locust, kai, park, maple, poplar, willow, sandalwood, privet, five flavors and cherry blossoms.

The natural environment starts from Mount Tai, and Shigu walks 200 miles to Qufu. The second water of Zhusi is just around the corner. There are hundreds of acres of Kong Lin and a city will be built around it. Outside the city, around the burial column of Confucius and Sun, it has not changed for three thousand years. The south gate faces Yishan, and Shiyang Shi Hu is low and small, buried in the soil. The tomb of Apollo, where Confucius was buried, is south of the center. There is a hall in front of it, with dozens of arms to the right opposite the hall, which is the tomb of Xuansheng. The tomb sits on a small mound, and there is a small hut on the right, which reads "Tomb of Zigong Lu". Near the tomb, on a hill, the tombs of Zisi and his son Sun San are buried in front. Not far away, the horse's seal is not made of stone, but a mound. There are thousands of trees in the forest, the only one is the old model wood. There is a stone tablet engraved with "Zigong hand-planted model essay", and there are many model essays below. In addition, the tree-hugging people are all heterogeneous, and the Lu people who can't tell their names all the time, and the foreigners who cover Confucius' disciples all use the tree species from their middle schools. There are no thorns or thorny grass in the forest. Excerpt from Night Boat by Zhang Dai in Ming Dynasty.

Kong Lin, a cultural relic of Kong Lin, is the family cemetery with the longest delay in the world, with a large number of tombs, large scale and well-preserved, which is unique in the world. Kong Lin covers an area of more than 3,000 mu, with a forest wall circumference of 559 1 m, more than 65,438+10,000 tombs, 4,003 tombstones, 6 ancient buildings/kloc-0, and 85 pairs of stone statues and stoneware.

Qufu has a long history and rich cultural relics in inscriptions. It has preserved more than 6,000 ancient inscriptions and is one of the three largest forest of steles in China. There are a large number of inscriptions in this survey, which are widely distributed, involving many scenic spots, such as Confucius Temple, Confucius House, Han and Wei Monuments Exhibition Hall, Jiuxian Mountain Han Group, Confucius Parents Cemetery, Meng Mu Forest, Nishan Building Group, Dong Yanlin, Shouqiu, Mu Yan Temple, Yanji Mountain, Zhougong Temple, Zhusi Academy and so on. The general survey of inscription cultural relics can fully grasp the basic information such as the distribution and preservation of Qufu inscription cultural relics, and play a positive role in establishing and perfecting the protection system of inscription cultural relics and promoting the scientific evaluation and comprehensive utilization of cultural relics.

The historical, scientific and artistic value of Confucius Temple, Confucius Forest and Confucius House, a world heritage, is reflected in the cultural relics it preserves. More than 300, 65,438+0,300 ancient buildings of Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, reflecting the architectural laws and characteristics of each period. More than 65,438+0,000 Han Dynasty stone reliefs, Confucius' sacred figures, stone tools and dragon columns reflect the changes and development of stone carving art; More than 5,000 ancient inscriptions since the Western Han Dynasty are not only treasures of Chinese calligraphy art, but also precious materials for studying Chinese ancient politics, ideology, economy, culture and art; More than 65,438+10,000 ancient tombs are important objects for studying the tomb system, and17,000 ancient and famous trees are living cultural relics for studying ancient phenology, meteorology and ecology. Among the 654.38+10,000 cultural relics in the collection, Yuan and Ming costumes, portraits of Confucius, portraits of the Duke and Duchess of Feast and ritual vessels are the most famous. Among them, the costumes of the Yuan and Ming Dynasties are rare similar cultural relics handed down from generation to generation in China, which is of great value to the study of ancient costumes and textile art. There are 300,000 files of Confucian documents in Ming and Qing Dynasties, which are rich private files in China and important materials for studying the history of Ming and Qing Dynasties, especially the economic history.

Confucius Temple in Qufu, Shandong Province, Confucius House and Confucius Forest were listed on the World Heritage List in 1994 and 65438+February respectively.

The main attraction, Wan Gu Changchun Square, is located on the forest road in Kong Lin. It has a stone structure, six pillars, five rooms and five floors. The word "Eternal Changchun" on Ding Dian Square was put up at the beginning of the twenty-second year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty (1594). The square is 22.7 1 m long and 7.96 m wide. During the Yongzheng period of the Qing Dynasty, it was rebuilt and strengthened. The stone workshop is carved with exquisite patterns such as dragon, dancing phoenix, unicorn, steed, sika deer, flowers and auspicious clouds, which are magnificent and beautifully shaped.

Kong Lin Gate of Changchun Square (to Lin Sheng Square) was built from Yuan Dynasty to Shunnian (133 1), and a gatehouse was added in the 22nd year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty (1424). It was renamed as "to Lin Sheng" in Yongzheng period of Qing Dynasty. Located in the north of Changchun Square, in front of Dalin Gate. Built in the middle of Ming Dynasty, it was rebuilt in Kangxi period of Qing Dynasty. The square is made of wood, with four columns and three layers of blue tiles. It is 1 1.35 m long and 4.40 m wide. The words "To the Holy Forest" are engraved on the flower board between the squares. In front of the workshop is a pair of stone lions carved in the seventh year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty (1634).

The entrance to Kong Lin (to Lin Sheng Square) is about 400 meters long, with cypresses arranged neatly on both sides of Shinto and surrounded by red walls. At the end of Shinto is the second gate of Kong Lin, with the word "Knowing Lin Sheng" engraved on the front door, which was renovated in the tenth year of Yongzheng in Qing Dynasty (1732).

Zhushui Bridge is the second gate. It was originally a moat outside the northern wall of the ancient city of Lu in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and later became a branch of Surabaya, forming Zhushui and Surabaya in the northern part of Qufu. Because Confucius gave lectures among Zhu Si, Zhu Si was called Confucianism. With the expansion of Kong Lin, some sections of Zhushui River are enclosed in Kong Lin. There are three symmetrical Zhushui Bridges in Kong Lin. The middle bridge is arched like a rainbow with a stone square in front, which was built in the second year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty (1523). The word "Zhushui Bridge" on the bridge was written by Yan Song, the powerful minister of the Ming Dynasty.

In the 5th year of Xuanhe in the Northern Song Dynasty (1 123), there were carved in Zhushuiqiao Confucius Temple cemetery, such as Huabiao, Wenbao and Yaoduan.

Confucius was born in 55 1 year BC and died in 479 BC at the age of 73. He was buried here after his death.

The tomb of Confucius is located in the south-central part of Kong Lin, 30 meters from east to west, 28 meters from north to south and 5 meters high. There are two stone tablets in front of the tomb. There are three characters in front of the monument, namely "Tomb of Wang Xuan from Dacheng to Wensheng" and "Tomb of Xuansheng". In front of the monument, there are stone confession cases, wine drinking pools, stone worship platforms and brick lattice walls. There are two stone tablets in front of the tomb, which were erected in the eighth year of Ming Dynasty (1443) and three years after Yuan Manai Zhen (1244), and were erected by Duke Kong Yuan, the grandson of the fifty-first generation Confucius. Confucius' tomb is the tomb of his son Kong Li in the east and his grandson Kong Ji in the south. This kind of tomb layout is called holding children and grandchildren.

After the death of Confucius, the disciples brought trees from their hometown and planted them around the tomb of Confucius. There are many trees in Confucius' forest. The regular script tree planted in Zigong died in the Ming Dynasty, leaving only a stump for future generations to commemorate.

Konglin photo studio is located behind the tomb door and in front of Confucius' tomb. There are five yellow tile roofs in Jiuao Xieshan, with a front porch of 24. 18m long and a width of 13. 18m. It was founded in the 10th year of Hongzhi in Ming Dynasty (1494), rebuilt in the 22nd year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty (1594) and rebuilt in the 9th year of Yongzheng in Qing Dynasty (173 1), 1977. There is a calligraphy of the Qing emperor Li Hong (Qianlong) in the temple, namely "Kong Lin Wine Monument".

There are four pairs of stone carvings next to the gallery, namely Huabiao, Wenbao, Yaowei and Weng Zhong. Huabiao is a stone pillar in front of the tomb, also known as Wang Zhu; Bowen is like a leopard, spitting fire under his arm, gentle and kind, and used to guard the tomb; Horntail is also an imaginary monster. It is said that it travels 65,438+08,000 miles every day, speaks four languages and is far away from the outside world. Weng Zhong, a stone statue, is said to be a warrior of the Qin Dynasty, with a sublime frontier fortress and a symmetrical statue behind it. Both of them are called Weng Zhong, and they are tomb guards. Two pairs of stone beasts were carved by Song Xuanhe and Weng Zhong by Qing Yongzheng. Scholars hold water, fighters hold swords. In front of the corridor is the Hall of Happiness, with five halls wide, a yellow tile resting on the top of the mountain, and a front and back porch wooden frame. Under the eaves, you can step on the bucket of five beams. There is the Kong Lin Wine Monument written by Li Hong, the Qing emperor, in the temple, which contains poems such as "Teach Ze to last forever, Mount Tai will not fail". During the War of Liberation, Commander-in-Chief Zhu De held a military meeting in this hall.

Kong Lingyi's Tomb is located on the east side of Lu Lin Road in the northeast of Kong Lin. The fence is13.00m long from east to west, 9.00m long from north to south and 2.80m high. This is a medium-sized grave. The stone tablet in front of the tomb was sealed by the grandson of Confucius, the tomb of Mr. Yan Ting, the duke of the 76th generation feast. The tablet is engraved with wheat ears and dragon blades. In front of it, there is a stone advertisement, a Shi Ding, a silk pool and a wine pool. (Note: In fact, Kong Lingyi is the 75th grandson of Confucius)

Kong Lingyi's Tomb Hole The tomb hole goes eastbound along Lin Huan Road. In the northeast of Kong Lin, after passing a stone square, a huge monument stands on the roadside, which reads "Tomb of Mr. Dong Tang, a member of the Qing Dynasty in Guangdong". This is the tombstone of Kong, a playwright and author of Peach Blossom Fan in the early Qing Dynasty.

The distance between the Confucius Tomb and the North Wall is about150m, 8.43m from east to west, 7.70m from north to south, and 3.13m high. This is a medium-sized grave. The stone tablet in front of the tomb is round, carved with two dragons playing with pearls. The inscription is "Tomb of Mr. Si Dongtang, Li Qing, Guangdong Province, where the doctor is registered" and is being collected. In the 13th year of Yongzheng in Qing Dynasty (1735), the stone was erected in April. There is a confession in front of the tomb.

From here to the west, there is a tomb of Yin Bao De in Lu 'an, where Confucius' descendants Kong Qian, Kong Zhou, Kong Biao and Kong Bao are buried. From the Han Group to the west, there are tombs of the Ming Dynasty, which are dotted with numerous steles and swarms of stone beasts, among which the steles inscribed by famous calligraphers Li Dongyang and Yan Song of the Ming Dynasty stand.

Yushifang is the memorial archway for the daughter of Emperor Qianlong in Qing Dynasty. It is said that Chuan Ganlong's daughter has a mole on her face, and the fortune teller said, "The Lord has suffered many disasters all his life, so he needs to marry a blessed person to avoid disaster." In the discussion, only the descendants of saints are the most suitable. Because Manchu and Han were not allowed to get married, Gan Long asked his daughter to recognize Yu Minzhong, the co-organizer of the university and the minister of household affairs, as the adoptive father and change her surname to marry Confucius. This workshop is in memory of Yu.

According to statistics, since the Han Dynasty, Kong Lin has been rebuilt and added 65,438+03 times, adding 5 trees and 3 woodlands. The wall around Kong Lin is 7.25 kilometers long, more than 3 meters high and about 5 meters thick, with a total area of 2 square kilometers, which is much larger than Qufu City. As a family cemetery, Kong Lin has been buried continuously for more than 2000 years. Here, we can not only inspect the tombs in the Spring and Autumn Period, but also research the tombs in the Qin and Han Dynasties, and also study the political, economic and cultural development and the evolution of funeral customs in China. 196 1 year, the State Council was announced as the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units. There are 65,438+10,000 trees in Kong Lin. According to legend, after the death of Confucius, "disciples planted strange trees all around, so there were many different trees, and the Lu people could not be named for generations." Today, some trees in the forest of Confucius still can't be named. Among them, cypress, juniper,

There are many kinds of trees in the forest of steles in Kong Lin, such as oak, elm, locust, kai, park, maple, poplar, willow, sandalwood, privet, five flavors, cherry blossoms and so on, which are intertwined and flourishing. Hundreds of plants such as wild chrysanthemum, Pinellia ternata, Bupleurum chinense, Pseudostellaria heterophylla and Ganoderma lucidum also win glory according to the times. Kong Lin is a natural botanical garden. I can't see the broken monument in the deep tree. In the forest of Confucius surrounded by thousands of trees, there are stone tablets like forests and stone tools in groups. In addition to a number of famous Han monuments moved into the Confucius Temple, there are also tombstones. Therefore, Konglin can also be called a veritable forest of steles.

Shinto north out of Qufu city gate, you will see two rows of cypresses, such as dragons, standing in the middle of the road, which is Kong Lin Shinto. In the middle of the road stands an eternal Changchun Square. This is a six-carved stone workshop, supported by six stone pillars, with 12 stone lions squatting on both sides. The word "Eternal Changchun" in the workshop was first built in the 22nd year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty (1594), but it was engraved with the words "Rebuilt in July of the 10th year of Yongzheng in Qing Dynasty". There are dragons, dancing phoenixes, Kirin, steeds, sika deer, flowers and auspicious clouds. On the Stone Square, there are two dragons playing with pearls, accompanied by the morning decoration in Feng Dan. The whole stone square is magnificent and beautifully shaped.

There is a green tile square pavilion on the east and west sides of the square, and there is a big stone tablet in the pavilion. The Orient was built by Zheng Helian, a bureaucrat of Ming Dynasty, in the 22nd year of Wanli (1594), and it was engraved with ten characters: "Confucius and Taoism are the saints of great achievements". West is the "Rebuilding the Quiry Forest Temple Monument" established by the two men the following year. These two monuments are very high, with patterns carved on their heads and lifelike turtle skins below.

Zhushui Bridge starts from the west of Shenglinmen Road and goes about 200 meters ahead. There is a stone workshop carved with dragons to ward off evil spirits in the north. On both sides of the square, the word "Zhushui Bridge" is engraved. In the north, it represents the second year of Jiajing, Yan Li, and in the south, it represents the tenth year of Yongzheng. In the north of Fangfang, there is a high arch bridge on the water field.

Zhushui was originally an ancient river, which merged with Surabaya in the north of Qufu and was divided into two waters. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius gave lectures between Zhu Xi and Zhu Xi, and later generations took Zhu Xi as the name of Confucianism. However, the channel of our water has long been forgotten. In order to commemorate Confucius, later generations called the moat of Lu Zhushui and built exquisite squares and bridges. North and south of the bridge, there are inscriptions that built our water bridge in past dynasties. There are three Zhushui Bridges in Kong Lin. The arch of the middle bridge is like a rainbow single hole, with blue stone pillars on it and a stone square in front. There is a flat bridge in the east and west, which is called Dongping Bridge and Xiping Bridge respectively according to its shape. On the northeast side of the bridge, there is a square quadrangle called Si Tang, which has three halls and three rooms for things. It is the place where the worshippers change clothes when offering sacrifices to Confucius. The indoor walls are inlaid with a large number of stone tablets praised by later generations of scholars, such as "Phoenix sometimes gathers beautiful trees, and many birds dare not nest in the deep forest", "Thorns don't breed fields, and bird's nests avoid the wind" and so on. In another small courtyard adjacent to the east of this hospital, the word "God" is engraved on the forehead of the door, which is the place where livestock are slaughtered when offering sacrifices to Confucius.

The three Westinghouse buildings on the west side of Confucius Tomb on Zigong Road are the tomb of Zigong Road. After the death of Confucius, the disciple kept the tomb for three years, and the only son stayed here for another three years. In order to commemorate this event, later generations built three houses and erected a monument named "Zigong Land Tomb", and there was another square pavilion at the top of the gray tile pyramid called Kaiting. The stone tablet in the pavilion is engraved with an ancient regular script tree, which is the "Zigong calligraphy" copied from its south side. According to legend, after Zigong's funeral, a seedling of Kai was planted next to the teacher's grave, and later it became a big tree. During the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, he was killed by thunder fire, and later generations carved the withered image on the stone.

There are three pavilions and four corners in the north of Kaiting, which are permanent pavilions. The pavilion restored by Qingwa in the north was built to commemorate Song Zhenzong Zhao Heng's sacrifice to Confucius, and the two pavilions restored by Huangwa in the south-central part were built to commemorate the sacrifice of Qing emperors Michelle Ye and Li Hong to Confucius. "Chariot" is a carriage for Huangdi to travel, and these three pavilions are parking places for Huangdi's sacrifice. There are still stone tablets at that time in the pavilion.

Bian Que's medical map and Bian Que's medical map are taken from the Han stone reliefs in Qufu, in which Bian Que is a bird's head. This shows that when people are chasing a generation of imperial doctors, they invariably regard him as a "magpie" who tirelessly travels all over the world and leaves good news for people everywhere.

Bian Que traveled all over China, and his superb medical skills not only benefited at that time, but also benefited future generations from his scientific theory of traditional Chinese medicine. People who have seen him will certainly not treat him like a bird; It is completely understandable that people who only know his name but don't see his face, especially those who lived behind him in the past generations, deify him as a "bird" according to the traditional cultural accumulation when remembering the imperial doctor.

The stone inscription of Kong Lin Grave Altar, with a longitudinal length of19.5cm and a horizontal length of 25.5cm, is a rubbings of A Qing. Ink page, three pages of postscript, two and a half pages, collection, inscription, "Komatsu's stone" and "Korean studio" seals. This volume contains figures from Kuang Qiqing's tomb and those from Shanggu Fuqing's tomb. The age of the stone carving is two years (seven years) when Xinmangju was filmed. The inscription on the stone tablet records the story of He Cheng, an ancient county magistrate in Han Dynasty, who built an altar for sacrifice. The seal script is simple, and Kang Youwei's "Talk about Guang Yi and Zhou Shuang" says: "The body is flat and the pen is dense." The stone is now in the Han Wei Bei Exhibition Hall in Qufu, Shandong Province. This stone is one of the earliest stone carvings found in China. Although recorded in the Song Dynasty, there are no rubbings in the Song Dynasty. Words and characters are carved in the stone under the deep ridge, which is small and difficult to show, but not refined. There is not much difference between Ming Yan and Qing Yan. Han Xi's calligraphy style is few and loose. The years of his tenure can also be used as information, which is of great historical research value.

Kaidiao, a local specialty, has a long history and exquisite skills. Opening tune began in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, and by the Qing Dynasty, the opening tune technology was gradually improved, forming a unique artistic style. 185 1 year (the first year of Xianfeng in Qing dynasty), there were four families in Qufu, Xu, Yan, Li and Kong, who were engaged in carving. 19 1 1 year, Qufu's engraving works "Birthday of the Immortal" and "Birthday of the Ancient philosophers" won the gold medal in Paris Expo. 1922, Kevin's cane and Bai Shou Ruyi won the A and B medals respectively in the exhibition of Shandong Provincial Museum. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), Kaidiao artists gradually organized themselves to achieve group production and created a number of outstanding works. During the period of 1954, sculpture works such as "Dragon Falling", "Five Friends", "Birthday of the Eight Immortals", "Deer Crane" and "Cane" were exhibited in Shanghai, Beijing and abroad, and won awards from China Artists Association. From 65438 to 0958, the garden sculpture "Amazing Romance of the West Chamber" participated in the Youth Works Exhibition of the World Youth and Student Festival. In 1979, ladies, arhats, ruyi, etc. Carving in regular script, attending the Canton Fair and entering the international market. Products are exported to Europe, America, Southeast Asia, Japan and more than 20 countries and regions.

Nishan inkstone is named after Nishan, the birthplace of Confucius. There is a record of producing Nishan inkstone in Ganlong County Records. Nishan inkstone is orange in color, with uneven black and white patterns, and the stone surface is delicate and greasy, which makes people fondle it. Making inkstone, printing ink, good ink, long-term use. Nishan inkstone is simple and generous, a inkstone, clever use of nature, a little embellishment, full of interest. Du Hua inkstone, brown and yellow in stone color, covered with black and blue stripes. Using the natural shape of the stone, the ink hall is opened, and the inkstone forehead is carved into relief, forming a unique artistic shape. 1976, Qufu Arts and Crafts Factory discovered this kind of inkstone again under the control of Nishan Wu Zhifeng, so it continued to produce with new technology. 1978, Nishan inkstone, as a variety of straight inkstone, was exhibited in Beijing straight inkstone report exhibition. 1980, Nishan inkstone was exhibited in Tokyo and Osaka, Japan.

The writing board is attached to the writing board, which is made of paper and ink. Qufu is one of the main producing areas of steles in China. There are abundant steles here. Since the Western Han Dynasty, there have been more than 5,000 steles, which is one of the most concentrated places in China.

There are many rubbings and techniques in Qufu, mainly rubbings. The rubbings are fine and exquisite, and are deeply loved by people.

Types of tourist information scenic spots: history and culture

Scenic spot level: AAAAA

Ticket price: 40 yuan

Suitable for people: family and friends.

The best time: March, May and June.

Mode of travel: group tour, self-help, self-driving and special car tour.