What ethnic groups are there in Yunnan Han nationality?

At first, the surnames of Han people were different. The original surname is the clan number of the matriarchal clan commune. The word "surname" is a combination of the words "female" and "born". Many ancient surnames have the word "female" beside them, such as Jiang, Yao and Ji. History is a branch of surname. Due to the reproduction of offspring, the family is divided into several branches, scattered all over the country, and each branch has a special symbol as a symbol, which is the surname. Later, there was little difference between surnames and surnames.

The surnames of Han people are mostly after Huangdi and Yan Di, so they are also called descendants of the Chinese people.

The origin of surnames can be traced back to the matriarchal clan system in primitive human society, so many ancient surnames in China are beside or at the bottom of female characters. Surname is a specific symbol to distinguish clans, such as the name of a tribe or the name of a tribal leader. Legend has it that the Yellow Emperor lived on the bank of Jishui and took Ji as his surname. Living next door, taking Jiang as his surname. Dayu was in charge of water conservancy, and the emperor made great contributions and gave his surname as the secretary. In addition, the son of a tribal leader can also have a surname. The Yellow Emperor had twenty-five sons, fourteen of whom were given surnames, namely Ji, You, Qi, Ji, Teng, Ren, Xun, Wei, Xian and Yi, and four of them belonged to the second surname. After Zhu Rong, he established eight surnames for himself, namely, Dong, Peng, Bald, Yi, Cao, Zhu and Mi, which was called Zhu Rong's eight surnames in history. With the development of social productive forces, the matriarchal clan system has changed into the paternal clan system, and the clan system has been gradually replaced by the class social system, and there have been ways and means to give life to the land to govern the country. The appearance of stone is a step towards class society in human history. Surnames and surnames are two stages of human progress and the product of civilization. In Xia and Shang dynasties, nobles all had surnames. The branch of surname is surname, which means family or clan. Xia royal family took the surname of Yi, and Kunwu, another overlord, took his own surname, including Su, Gu, Wen, Dong and Qilong. Shang royal family is the son's surname, while overlord and Qian Wei are Peng's surnames. There were thirteen surnames in Shang Dynasty, such as Tiao, Xu and Xiao. The Zhou Dynasty was an important period for the great development of surnames in China, and the surname system was widely recorded. The king of Zhou is Ji, and the princes of feudal vassal States share the same surname as Qing Dafu. By the Spring and Autumn Period of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, there were 22 surnames that could be tested, including Ji, Yi, Zi, Feng, Ying, Ji, Ren, Qi, Qian, Cao, Dong, Jiang, Yan, Gui, Man, Xiong, Kui, Qi and Yun. Although Zhou nobles had surnames, only women called them surnames. Unmarried women such as Qi Jiangsong, whose name is Qi Song and whose surname is Jiang Zi. Married women, such as Jiang Qian and Luan Qi, Jiang and Luan are husband's family country and surname, while Qian and Qi are women's real surnames. At that time, there was a custom of not marrying with the same surname, so your daughter's surname was called to show that she was different from her husband's family. The Zhou Dynasty practiced patriarchal clan system, which was divided into large and small clans. The establishment of a clan shows that a small clan has split from a large clan and set up another portal. The establishment of the state of Hou needs the approval of the king of Zhou, and the establishment of Dr. Qing's new house needs the permission of the monarch, which is called the "home of the dead land".

There are several ways for nobles to obtain surnames:

Take the country name as the surname. The monarch of a vassal state takes the name of the country as his surname. For example, Jinzhong is, Jin Wengong, with Jin as the surname, which is abbreviated; It's Shen, with Lu as the surname and Shen as the name.

② Take the fief as the surname. Doctor Qing and his descendants took the fief as their surname. For example, the doctor of Jin took Bi Wancai as Wei, and later generations took Wei as their surname; Ten thousand letters from Han Gongzi, the son of Uncle Qu Wohuan, were written by Bill Han.

③ Take the official name as the surname. Nobles and their descendants take official names as surnames. The state of Jin was the commander of the third line of the infantry organization, and his son was called Zhongyan, taking Zhongyan as his surname. Song Guoqing (Zi Han) called Sicheng, and his grandson (Liang Zi) called Sicheng, taking Sicheng as his surname. The same is true of Si Tuleideng, Sima, Si Kou.

Take occupation as the surname. Such as Wu, Bu, Zhu, Shi, Jiang and Tao.

⑤ Take the place of residence as the surname. Luzhuang Gongzi lives in the east gate of Shandong Province, and is called Dongmen Sui (name) and Dongmen Xiangzhong (word), taking Dongmen as his surname; Song Guo Le was a right teacher of Tongmen in Song Dynasty. Known as the right teacher of the same door, taking the same door as the surname. Such as Dongguo, Ximen and Chizi.

⑥ According to the blood relationship with the King of Zhou or the late Lord, the surname is called. The king's son is called Wang, and his grandson is called Sun Su. Zheng Mugong's son Xi (Zi Han) is called Gongzi Xi, and his grandson Shezhi (Zi Zhan) is called Gongsun Shezhi.

⑦ Take your name as your surname. According to the patriarchal clan system, the male clan only includes three generations of close relatives of monarchs, and the son of Gongsun is not a male clan, so a new surname must be established. Most of these aristocratic children take their father's (grandfather's) words as their surnames. The son of Zheng sends a word, and his Sun Guoshen (Zisi) takes the last word as his surname; Another Koneko, whose grandson takes "Zi" as his surname. It is a common practice to take the word grandfather as the surname.

The names of ancient people in China are more complicated than those of modern people. Generally, there are four names: surname, first name, word and number. After the child was born, the father took the first name. This word was taken when a man was crowned at the age of 20 and a woman 15 was given a gift. It is a person's official title. No, people with a certain reputation and culture, in order to express their own ideological interests. Such as Tao Qian and Mr. Wu Liu; Ouyang Xiu, the number one alcoholic, was a laity at 6 1 in his later years; Lu you, the number is free.

Modern people are not as particular about naming as ancient people. Except for a few people who have words and numbers, ordinary people generally have only one name, most of which are one or two words. Names reflect the cultural and psychological characteristics of the Han nationality. If some people use the words "rich, expensive, rich, rich", they hope to get rich; Some use words such as "health, health preservation, relaxation and longevity" to hope for health and longevity; Some people use the words "Dong, Jie, Jun and Cai", hoping to develop into a useful person. When men name animals, they often use the words "Peng, Dragon, Tiger and Leopard" to symbolize courage, strength and luck, while when they name plants, they use the words "pine, locust, tung and cypress" to symbolize grandeur and vitality. Accordingly, women use the words "phoenix, warbler, phoenix, swallow", "orchid, chrysanthemum, plum and apricot", hoping to be beautiful, gentle and virtuous.

The twenty-four solar terms are an important part of the Han Chinese lunar calendar, and their formation and establishment are closely related to the agricultural production customs of the ancient working people of the Han nationality. With the change of climate throughout the year, the content of farming and farm work also changes. The meaning of the names of the 24 solar terms clearly reflects this point. Until now, Han farmers are still used to farming and arranging farm work according to solar terms.

Related to the custom of respecting agriculture is the worship of the land god by the Han nationality. "White Tiger Yi Tong" says: "When he releases the earth, he gets it from God." The worship form of the land god is "country worship". The land god is called the country god or the country owner, and the place where the land god is worshipped is called the country. The Book of Rites says: "Strong, offering sacrifices to the ground, and the main yin is also ... strong, so the way of God is also." Later, all classes of Han society had social sacrifices. Folk belief in land gods is very extensive, and before liberation, land temples were almost everywhere.

[Edit this paragraph] Educational customs

When a woman is pregnant, the Han people usually call it "Youxi".

The second day after the child was born, it was the "Three Dynasties". After a child is born, most of them close their eyes until three dynasties (that is, three days) or after three dynasties. According to the old custom, children should see their father first, then their mother and other relatives and friends to show their eternal filial piety to their parents. At this time, relatives and friends who come to visit often send gifts such as eggs, brown sugar and children's clothes to congratulate them. Among them, the red egg is called "red egg", also called "happy egg", because it is a festive occasion.

The full moon is called "Mi Yue". The old custom is to give children a haircut, commonly known as "shaving their heads", and hold a banquet to celebrate. Some local regulations

The eighth day of the fourth lunar month is designated as the "haircut" day for newborns. Modern Han people regard the child's full moon as a common occurrence, but in some places, rural areas still attach great importance to it, and often invite full moon wine.

One year old is the most solemn day since a child was born. It is an ancient custom to test a child's future when he is one year old. The method is to put a bow and arrow pen for men, a knife, ruler, needle basket for women, all kinds of food and clothes on the table, and let the children do it themselves. The winner is the symbol of their future. Modern Han people generally pay more attention to their children's first birthday. Whether in urban or rural areas, they usually take pictures of their children, make new clothes and eat eggs and noodles to congratulate them. Some families with better economic conditions will also hold birthday parties to entertain relatives and friends. There is also the custom of keeping jiaozi for one year in rural areas in the south of the Yangtze River. This kind of zongzi is wrapped longer than ordinary zongzi, which means that children will grow up soon.

[Edit this paragraph] Address customization

In China, the traditional generation concept of the Han nationality has existed for a long time, with four generations of elders and four generations of younger generations as the center, forming a "nine-clan" blood relationship of "great-grandfather, great-grandfather, father, self, son, grandson, great-grandson and great-grandson", which is nine levels. If collateral blood relatives are linked with in-laws, a huge kinship system will be formed. Only some of them are selected here to show their hierarchical relationship.

First floor: grandpa, grandma, grandpa and grandma (second generation)

Second floor: father, mother, uncle, aunt, uncle, aunt, uncle, aunt, aunt, father-in-law, mother-in-law (older generation)

The third floor: (itself) elder brother, sister-in-law, elder sister, brother-in-law, cousin, brother-in-law, wife and sister-in-law (peers).

The fourth floor: sons, daughters, nephews, nephews, nephews (after one generation)

Fifth floor: grandson, granddaughter, granddaughter, granddaughter, granddaughter, granddaughter, granddaughter, granddaughter (after the second generation).

Kinship titles are generational, regardless of age. My brother is several years older than my brother, and my brother's children are several years older than my brother's children. After several generations, the descendants of Damen may be several decades younger than those of Xiaomen, which will not affect the generational relationship. Grandson or grandfather who often holds a beard in his arms. Therefore, Han people often say that "the door is suitable for the younger generation."

Kinship appellation is also used between neighbors or strangers in society to show kindness and respect. For example, peers in the neighborhood are usually called brothers, brothers, sisters and younger sisters. Young people call their parents uncles, aunts, aunts and so on. And grandparents are grandfathers and grandmothers are grandfathers. Generally speaking, it is very important to pay attention to the hierarchy and grasp the angle in the use of appellation. Different age groups have different names, especially on envelopes. When a son writes to his parents, the letter should be called "parents" or "parents", but there is something wrong with the address on the envelope. It is appropriate to address Mr. X or his position.

In life, in order to show respect for people, there are also special phenomena that don't pay attention to grades. For example, there is a respected elder in a family, and the younger generation in the family calls him grandpa, grandma, grandpa, grandma and so on. Neighborhood, regardless of men, women and children, may call him grandpa, grandma, grandpa and grandma, but they often start with their names. For example, Granny Liu in A Dream of Red Mansions and Grandpa Si Liu in Camel Xiangzi. Sometimes the word "he (she)" is added before the title, such as: his uncle, her second aunt, his grandmother, her second brother Li and so on. Similar appellations are still widely used today.

[Edit this paragraph] Cultural Psychology

The cultural psychology of the Han nationality is gradually formed after thousands of years of accumulation. Although the import of various modern cultural thoughts has greatly impacted this traditional cultural psychology in the past hundred years, its influence is still deeply rooted. This forms the unique pragmatic features of Chinese in people's verbal communication.

First of all, the feudal society based on agricultural natural economy ruled China for thousands of years. This feudal patriarchal society has created two characteristics in national psychology: one is to attach great importance to blood relationship, and the other is to emphasize class differences. Therefore, a prominent feature in verbal communication is to pay attention to the use of kinship terms and strictly distinguish between seniority and inferiority.

In the west, we can see the younger generation calling their elders by their first names, which is not allowed in the communication between China people. When talking with the elders among relatives, you must use appellation, which is a sign of courtesy and education. Moreover, kinship terms, as a kind of honorific, are widely used by non-relative speakers, such as uncles, grandmothers and aunts. They are regarded as a sign of respect and intimacy for each other.

The patriarchal concept has been transferred to social interpersonal relationships and become a hierarchical concept. For thousands of years, feudal society has always advocated the order of the young and the old, and the order of respect and inferiority. Therefore, when people talk with people with official positions, they always have the habit of being commensurate with their positions, which was considered as a kind of honorific title in ancient times. In communication, in order to raise each other's status, they often lower themselves, so there are a number of modest names relative to honorifics, such as your surname-my surname, your family-my humble family, my good brother-my stupid brother, my masterpiece-my humble work, my humble opinion-my humble opinion.

Secondly, it emphasizes the harmony of interpersonal relationships, the sociality of people, the constraints of society and groups on individuals, and the group rather than individuals and personalities. This is also related to the patriarchal clan system in feudal society, which is in sharp contrast with the western self-centered, emphasizing independent personality and individuality and praising individual achievements and honors. Because of this, in order to emphasize the intimacy of interpersonal relationship, China people often use kinship terms to address non-relative speakers; China people often greet each other's private lives after meeting, such as "Have you eaten?" I'm not really worried that you will starve. It's just that I'm very concerned and affectionate.

As for asking how much money you earn, how old you are, whether you have a partner or how many children you have, in China's view, it is also a manifestation of close interpersonal relationship and emotional contact, which is the so-called oriental human touch, while in Westerners' view, it is suspected of interfering with others' "privacy".

The conservative tradition of Han nationality on sex and gender issues has also caused language differences between men and women in verbal communication. Generally speaking, male language is straightforward and casual, while female language is subtle and solemn. It is far more common for men to use sex-related words to swear than for women. Because the traditional concept also thinks that it is uncivilized for men to use these words, but it seems to be widely understood, while the use of women is very indecent, and it seems natural to be criticized by public opinion.

[Edit this paragraph] Marriage custom

The marriage custom of the Han nationality has a long history and has a strong national color. As early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, a complete set of etiquette has been formed, namely "winning the lottery", "asking the name", "accepting oneself", "accepting the levy" and "inviting guests", which are called "Six Rites".

"Accepting talents" means that the man's family asks the matchmaker to propose marriage to the woman's family, which is later called "matchmaking"; "Asking the name" means that the two sides change their ages, which is called "changing the dragon and phoenix hillock" in modern times, and then divining "marriage"; Najib means "engaged"; "Zheng Na" is a betrothal gift from the man's family to the woman's family, commonly known as "bride price"; "Invitation" means choosing a wedding date and asking the woman for advice; "Kissing" means marrying the bride.

From ancient times to the present, although the marriage customs are different because of the changes of the times or the differences between the rich and the poor, the basic ritual procedures are similar. Even in modern times, with the rise of free love and the simplification of etiquette, there are still reservations about the customs of the matchmaker (introducer) such as communication, blind date, engagement and marriage.

Among the "Six Rites", the content of "welcoming the bride" is the most colorful, and the main customs are paving the house, crying for marriage, spreading cereal beans, raising fire, splashing water, covering the face, wearing red clothes, landing the bride's feet on the ground, sitting in a sedan chair, "crossing the saddle", worshiping the church meeting, spreading accounts and making a cup of noise. For more than two thousand years, these "pro-welcoming" customs have been enduring. Although they have been innovating and evolving with the progress of society in modern times, their basic aspects have not changed much.

In the aspect of marriage system, although monogamy was widely practiced in ancient Han nationality, concubinage was more common. In modern times, it is commonly known as "begging for a concubine" or "marrying a concubine", but widows are generally not allowed to remarry, especially in the late feudal society, when Neo-Confucianism rose and the rules were very strict, and some basically wore plain clothes all their lives.

In the form of marriage, in the old society, in addition to being married by the media, there were buying and selling marriage, cousin marriage, exchange marriage, transfer marriage, adoption marriage (commonly known as "adoption"), typical wife marriage, child marriage, finger marriage, filial marriage, ghost marriage and so on.

[Edit this paragraph] Funeral custom

The old tradition of Han funeral is to pay attention to heavy burial, which is mixed with many superstitious customs. Coffin burial has been popular in Han nationality since ancient times, and the funeral is grand and divided into three stages: burial, burial and burial.

The funeral is to dress the body and put it under the coffin. Before people die, they should summon spirits and bathe the dead. Funeral is divided into two steps: small funeral and large funeral. A small undertaker is a cloth used to wrap his body, silk is for the rich and jade is for the royal family. Great-coat is to put the body in the coffin. Coffins are called "longevity materials", male coffins are engraved with the word "longevity", female coffins are engraved with the word "blessing", and some coffins are engraved with the combination of the words "Fu Lushou". When he was dying, he put rice in the mouth of the dead man. This rich family owns jade, pearls, etc. , the royal family contains jade, modern silver, are called "rice". When you die, there are often some things buried with you. Generally, people have clothes, quilts and daily necessities, and wealthy families and royalty will have many valuable items buried with them.

A funeral is to stay in the funeral palace after the funeral. The mourning period varies from 3 days to 30 days, mainly depending on the mourners. In ancient times, coffins were buried for three months, up to seven months. According to the traditional customs of the Han nationality, children should mourn when their parents die, otherwise it is unfilial. Relatives and friends will mourn and pay homage to the deceased in the future, which is called "mourning" or "condolence". All mourners should mourn. In ancient times, the mourning clothes of Han nationality were divided into five types: Wei, Cui Zi, Dagong, Hong Xiao and Zhima, which were called "five clothes". They are made of coarse linen and fine linen, and wear different mourning clothes according to the relationship between relatives and friends, which is called "Pima Dai Xiao". In modern times, white cloth is often used for mourning. Modern cities generally wear white flowers on their chests and black gauze on their arms.

Burying is burying the body of the dead, that is, burying the coffin. Before burial, the old custom often depends on geomantic omen and chooses a cemetery, which is called "choosing good luck". Funeral is also called funeral. At the funeral, the ancient Han people were generally "dutiful sons", and undertaker sang an elegy. Elegy has evolved into elegy in modern times. Relatives and friends wrote elegiac couplets or funeral elegiac couplets, which evolved into wreaths of elegiac couplets in modern times.

In ancient times, the custom of offering sacrifices to people (mainly close relatives, near ministers and near servants, which remained until the Qing Dynasty) was gradually replaced by pottery figurines, and in modern times, paper figures were buried with them.

After the funeral, there are memorial ceremonies for the seventh, seventh, centenary and anniversary, and the memorial tablet belongs to the ancestral hall, which has changed from a ceremony for people at the funeral to a ceremony for "ghosts" and "ancestors".

In addition, the Han nationality also has the custom of "returning to burial", that is, transporting the bodies that died in other places back to their original places.

During the funeral, the relatives of the deceased should wear mourning clothes and wake in the mourning hall. In the ancient etiquette system of China, filial piety was divided into five grades according to the kinship with the deceased. There is also a word "five clothes" in modern Chinese to express the distance of blood relationship. Filial piety is made of white cloth, which is quite different from the custom of westerners wearing white clothes to make dresses. In the Qing Dynasty, an Englishman came to China for the first time. When he met the funeral procession, everyone was dressed in white, but his expression was painful, sad and strange. In ancient times, people sang elegies at funerals, and Tao Yuanming, a great poet in Jin Dynasty, wrote three elegies for himself before his death. The elegy of later generations evolved from the elegy of ancient times.

The scale of the funeral ceremony is closely related to the status of the deceased. In feudal society, there were strict regulations on funeral ceremonies for people with different identities and status. Princes, nobles and rich people often show off their power with large-scale funerals. In A Dream of Red Mansions, Qin Keqing died in Ningguo Mansion with a coffin worth several thousand taels of silver. Two or three hundred monks chanted, and the procession at the funeral was "mighty and unstoppable". The poor don't even have enough food and clothing, so naturally there is no "reburial". Sometimes you can only wrap the body with a mat and bury it hastily.

After the death of the elder, children and grandchildren should stay at home for 27 months, during which time they should stop socializing and entertaining. Officials also have to leave their jobs and go home to be filial, which is called "keeping the system."

[Edit this paragraph] Festival customs

the Lantern Festival

18 years old holiday customs of Han nationality. It contains fertility customs and culture. Popular in Cenxi, Fuchuan and other counties in eastern Guangxi, it has a history of more than 100 years. The time is the tenth day of the first lunar month. Last year, whenever a boy's home was added, lanterns were hung in the social temple. The lamp is tied with bamboo sticks, covered with floral paper, written with auspicious riddles, and lit with oil lamps, which should be oiled every day. There are more people hanging lanterns, and the temple naturally forms a shed. On the same day, Tiandingfu drank lanterns and wine, grandparents sent clothes, suspenders and toys to the baby, and relatives, friends and neighbors sent clothes and red envelopes to congratulate them. Everyone drank together and had a good time. The lights will go out on the sixteenth day of the first month.

Sharizi

Marriage customs of Han nationality. Also known as the reporting date. Popular in most counties and townships in Guangxi. Talking about marriage in rural areas: a step towards marriage. When young men and women get to know each other, tell their parents and ask the media to communicate. The man gives the bride a bride price and then sets a wedding date.

In the past, fortune tellers always ranked the "eight characters" first, and the fate was consistent. In some places, parents meet to get engaged. For example, in quanzhou county, after the two sides agreed, the matchmaker sent wine, meat and cloth to the woman on behalf of the man, and accompanied his parents and uncles to meet at the man's house on the agreed date, and the man gave a banquet. The young man poured wine in a pot, first to the woman's uncle and then to his uncle, and then toasted in turn. The two sides agreed on the wedding date and the engagement was completed. Later, men and women gave the woman heavy gifts and bride price, the woman prepared dowry, the man prepared furniture, and the wedding was held as scheduled. If the woman urges marriage, she will make a pair of glutinous rice cakes (commonly known as "reunion cakes") and send them to the man's house. The man got the message, treated him warmly and invited his neighbors to go with him. Generally speaking, it is respected for the woman to take the initiative to advance the wedding date.

Helangge

Marriage customs of Han nationality. Popular in Xing 'an, northeast Guangxi. After visiting the church and the dinner party, relatives and friends gathered around the groom in the main hall and sang songs to congratulate him. Impromptu congratulations, but also joking and humorous words. Friends and relatives sing a song and the groom drinks a glass of wine. Sing till midnight and send the groom into the bridal chamber. The female singer waited behind closed doors, and the men and women sang "Open the Door Song" in pairs before opening the door. Singing noisily after entering the door, from "a toast to the groom" to "ten cups", the groom drinks from 1 to 10 cups in turn (male singers can drink instead of winners). Then sing "Sex Wine" and the couple have a drink together. Finally, the singer closed the door and sang the song of closing the door to end the wedding.

Zuohongtang

Marriage customs of Han nationality. Popular in quanzhou county, northeast Guangxi. On the eve of marriage, young men and women worship their ancestors in their own homes and receive lectures from their elders. The bride wears red ornaments and is accompanied by her classmates. She sat in the main room, singing "Weeping Wedding Song" softly, remembering her parents' kindness and expressing sisterhood. Sisters told the bride to be filial to the elderly and live in harmony with her brothers and sisters, and praised the groom for his handsome and hardworking. When the bride expresses her unhappy thoughts, the sisters comfort her in many ways. Singing late into the night, Yiyi said goodbye and presented gifts. The groom is also accompanied by his classmates sitting in his main hall, and is taught by his elders to be diligent and keep the house and obey the rules. After the teaching, the old man retired, and the boys joked and chased the groom, and the joy didn't end until late at night.

Ask for the key

Marriage customs of Han nationality. Popular in quanzhou county, northeast Guangxi. The bride's wedding key is in the hands of any of her siblings or nephews. Before meeting the bride, the groom sends a package to the bride-to-be and asks for the key, so that after meeting the bride, he can open the box and show Gu Mi's money, symbolizing a bumper harvest after marriage and a rich family. There were too few relatives to see me off, and the groom added many times. Farewell Lang took the parcel, and the groom got the key and went to see the bride happily.

Kanwu

One of the marriage customs of Han nationality is an important procedure of rural marriage negotiation. Also called housekeeping rounds. Popular in most counties and townships in Guangxi. At that time, accompanied by more than 10 relatives and friends, the woman and two girls called "accompanying aunts" went to that house (some women didn't go). The man gave a banquet to entertain. The matchmaker introduced the two parties to get married. When the woman's relatives and friends ask for gifts, the man will generally promise to give the guests "money" at that time. The next day, the two sides negotiated through the matchmaker. In some places, it is also allowed to enter the inner room of the man who is proposing marriage to check the real situation and then propose marriage through the matchmaker.

Stealing the bride in a dark room

Marriage customs of Han nationality. Popular in Guidong and Hexian counties. In the downtown mountainous area, after the bride cried and got married for two days and two nights, she hid in a dark room with her girlfriends early in the morning on the day of crossing the door. After the men and women arrived, the bride's brother (or cousin) and the young men in the pro-prestige broke into the house. The female companion threw sand and waved bamboo branches to resist. The robber tried to drag his girlfriend out of the door to eliminate interference. If you defeat two robbers, it will increase to four people even 10 or more until the bride is forced out. Then two (or four) women in the man's wedding team take turns to carry the bride to Lang's house. In the competition of stealing marriage, the man wiped the cigarette and ink for the woman, and the woman tore the man's clothes, which turned the legacy of ancient stealing marriage into a farce for young men and women.

Baitang Cai Yu

Marriage customs of Han nationality. Popular in most counties and townships in Guangxi. An important procedure in the wedding. Usually, the groom's uncle will light a pair of wedding candles on the altar and say some blessing words to express congratulations and prayers. For example, in the county of Guidong, colorful words are often used: "The dragon lantern shines alone, the flower hall shines high, the husband and wife live together, and the luck is in pairs", "Holding a bonus in hand, congratulations on the nephew's marriage to the bride, and the husband and wife and Tian Ming live a long life, and the husband and wife are harmonious for a hundred years." After the speech, the bride and groom worship the heavens and the earth and their ancestors and get married.

Xiangri

18 years old holiday customs of Han nationality. Popular in Guanyang area in northeast Guangxi. On the seventh day of the seventh lunar month. According to local folklore, the weaver girl will meet the cowherd at night. During the day, she will dress up and rouge powder will be scattered all over the sky, hence the name. At that time, women would take out their clothes and boxes and expose them to the sun. They will put water in a basin, put some grass in the water as a symbol of various drugs, and let them bask in the sun outdoors. This is called "sunbathing perfume". It is said that wearing clothes aired on the "fragrant day" and washing "perfume" can prevent plague, promote health and make couples more harmonious and loving, just like cowherd and weaver girl. There is a folk saying that "July incense basks in a cage box".

[Edit this paragraph] Five books on agriculture

Han nationality is an ancient agricultural nation. Since ancient times, the agricultural population has accounted for more than 80% of the total population, and the custom of respecting agriculture has a long history. Since ancient times, the Han people have taken agriculture as their profession. As early as the Warring States period, Han Fei put forward the idea of "taking agriculture as the foundation". He said: "The reason why pale ice is real is also a farming industry." Everything is wrong, treacherous article. Under the influence of the thought of Shang and Nong, the society of Han Dynasty formed "Men plow and women eat, women weave and women dress" and "Shang Jun and Shu Hua plan". "Men plow and women weave" can be said to be a typical portrayal of the social customs of the Han nationality. Only in modern times, especially after liberation, have great changes taken place.

The twenty-four solar terms are an important part of the Han Chinese lunar calendar, and their formation and establishment are closely related to the agricultural production customs of the ancient working people of the Han nationality. With the change of climate throughout the year, the content of farming and farm work also changes. The meaning of the names of the 24 solar terms clearly reflects this point. Until now, Han farmers are still used to farming and arranging farm work according to solar terms.

Related to the custom of respecting agriculture is the worship of the land god by the Han nationality. "White Tiger Yi Tong" says: "When he releases the earth, he gets it from God." The worship form of the land god is "country worship". The land god is called the country god or the country owner, and the place where the land god is worshipped is called the country. The Book of Rites says: "Strong, offering sacrifices to the ground, and the main yin is also ... strong, so the way of God is also." Later, all classes of Han society had social sacrifices. Folk belief in land gods is very extensive, and before liberation, land temples were almost everywhere.

[Edit this paragraph] Respect the ancestors and the elderly

Respecting ancestors and respecting the elderly is the eternal legacy of the Han nationality. Respecting ancestors is the worship of ancestors. Shang believed in the monism of the unity of gods and ancestors, while Zhou believed in the dualism of the separation of gods and ancestors. Ancestor worship is a more important tradition. The ancestor worship of the Han nationality mainly worships the distant ancestors who have achieved great success and the close relatives who are related by blood.

Ancestor worship custom has continued to modern times. Folk ancestor worship activities are still very grand. Sometimes there are sacrifices, such as church sacrifices, festival sacrifices, New Year sacrifices, house sacrifices and shrine sacrifices. On holidays, some people should pay tribute to the faces of their ancestors to show that they will not forget their ancestors, celebrate with them or pray for their blessings. The places where the Han people worship their ancestors are called ancestral halls or ancestral halls, which are spread all over the country.

Related to the custom of respecting ancestors, under the long-term influence of feudal patriarchal clan system, Han people like to live in groups and compile genealogies regularly. As a result of living together, the Han nationality has lived in it runs in the family since ancient times, and even lived under the same roof for five generations. Some of them have lived together for centuries. It's really "the young and the old get together and greet the wind." This clan, which lives together and shares wealth for generations, is commonly known as "Yi Ju" or "Yi Men". In the Ming Dynasty, the Zheng family in Pujiang County, Zhejiang Province even lived under the same roof as the ninth generation, and once ordered the construction of Zhengmen as an example. Nowadays, although family forms tend to be miniaturized, families in it families are more common.

The custom of respecting the elderly, which extends from respecting ancestors, is deeply rooted in the Han nationality. "The Book of Songs, Elegant and Drunken Weng" says: "There is no shortage of filial piety, and there is always kindness." It means that the filial piety of filial sons to respect the elderly is endless, which will inevitably affect the whole family and even the whole nation. The folk custom of respecting the elderly in the Han nationality is a fine tradition worth carrying forward.