Introduce Li Yu briefly.

Introduction 1,

The monarch of the Southern Tang Dynasty in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms was also an outstanding poet in the Five Dynasties. The word shigemitsu, the first name from Jia, number Zhong Yin. Xuzhou (now Jiangsu) people are called Huzhou (now Zhejiang) people. The sixth son of Li Jing in the Southern Tang Dynasty, he succeeded to the throne in the second year of Song Dynasty (96 1), and was called the late master in history. In the eighth year of Kaibao, the country broke the Song Dynasty and was captured to Bianjing, where he became a general and disobeyed orders. Later he was poisoned by Song Taizong. Although Li Yu is politically incompetent, his artistic talent is extraordinary. Li has certain attainments in books, paintings, songs, poems and essays, especially in ci. There are about 32 existing Li Yu's ci poems, which can be divided into two categories: the first category was written before the Song Dynasty, mainly reflecting court life and love between men and women, with narrow themes; The second category is that after the Song Dynasty, Li Yu was deeply saddened by the national subjugation, and his memories of the past were full of his own feelings. The achievements of his works in this period far exceeded those in the previous period. Among them, masterpieces such as Young Beauty, Langtaosha and Night Cry were all made at this time. In this period, most of the ci poems were based on sadness, mainly describing the scene of looking at the fence from afar and returning to the dream, expressing the infinite nostalgia for the "old country" and "the past". Li Yu played an important role in the history of China's ci poems and had a great influence on later generations. He inherited the tradition of Huajian poets since the late Tang Dynasty, but through the concrete and sensible personality image, he reflected some universal artistic conception in real life, promoted the creation of Ci, and expanded the field of expression of Ci. Li Yuwen is rich in writing, poetry, books and painting. His ci poems are mainly included in two major ci poems in the Southern Tang Dynasty. Working time (96 1-975).

Introduction 2,

In the history of China's poetry, Xiang Wen, Wei Zhuang and others can all be regarded as outstanding pronouns of the Tang and Five Dynasties, and their literary achievements are obvious to all. However, as a master of Ci, Li Houzhu, the poet of the tragic emperor, is unique.

The late master Li Yu, formerly known as Jia Cong, was nicknamed Zhong Yin, Zhongshan Hermit, Zhongfeng Hermit and An Baili lay man. He is the sixth son of Lord Li Jing. He is gifted in people's benefits and has an outstanding appearance. He "has a plump forehead and teeth and a large pupil". It is said that Shun Di is a heavy pupil, so everyone with a heavy pupil is the image of the emperor. The late master was good at calligraphy and painting, proficient in melody and sentimental. He was born in the era of political chaos in China, and is known as the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms in history. In the Central Plains, the orthodoxy of the Tang Dynasty was inherited by Liang, Tang, Jin, Han and Wu, surrounded by the Ten Kingdoms.

When the usurper changed the title to Liang, Yang Xingmi, our envoy to Huainan in Tang Dynasty, also proclaimed himself as the emperor according to Yangzhou, with the title of Wu. Yang Xingmi succeeded his second son, Yang Wei, but power fell to Xu Wen. After Xu's death, his adopted son Xu Zhimo inherited the throne, but he usurped it and made Jinling his capital, renamed it Doctor ... Doctor was the grandfather of the deceased.

Li Jing, the father of the late Lord, is a man with "glorious spirit" and "lofty appearance". He is not interested in politics. He intended to build a study under the Lushan Waterfall as a hermit, but he did not expect it. He succeeded to the throne in Shengyuan for five years. He is a monarch with great cultural accomplishment in literature and art, and his palace is rich in Mo Bao's classic works. Li Houzhu grew up in such an environment, imperceptibly, and finally created a colorful artistic atmosphere.

Although Li Yu is politically incompetent, his artistic talent is extraordinary. Li has certain attainments in books, paintings, songs, poems and essays, especially in ci. There are about 32 existing Li Yu's ci poems, the contents of which can be mainly divided into two categories: the first category was written before the Song Dynasty, which mainly reflected the court life and the love between men and women, and the subject matter was narrow; The second category is that after the Song Dynasty, Li Yu was deeply saddened by the national subjugation, and his memories of the past were full of his own feelings. The achievements of his works in this period far exceeded those in the previous period. Among them, masterpieces such as Young Beauty, Langtaosha and Night Cry were all made at this time. In this period, most of the ci poems were based on sadness, mainly describing the scene of looking at the fence from afar and returning to the dream, expressing the infinite nostalgia for the "old country" and "the past". Li Yu played an important role in the history of China's ci poems and had a great influence on later generations. He inherited the tradition of Huajian poets since the late Tang Dynasty, but through the concrete and sensible personality image, he reflected some universal artistic conception in real life, promoted the creation of Ci, and expanded the field of expression of Ci. Li Yuwen is rich in writing, poetry, books and painting. His ci poems are mainly included in two major ci poems in the Southern Tang Dynasty. Working time (96 1-975).

Volume 8_5 inadvertently wrote Li Yu on September 10th.

When I wake up in the rain and autumn, I feel uneasy. Yellow flowers are cold and not beautiful,

Red leaves howl and drums beat. Back on earth, I can hate vulgarity, and I have not forgotten my affection.

Since the sideburns are all white, I'm surprised not to learn from An Ren.

Volume 8_6 Autumn Warbler Li Yu

The warbler knows nothing about autumn, but swims through the secluded forest alone. The ancient tongue pricked up its ears in all directions,

Deep yellow smoke. Live late, share the same sorrow with Lu, be clear and bright, and be broken to the ground.

I don't even want to stay home, which shows China's sadness and sadness.

Volume 8_7 The disease started from Li Yu, and the wall of the mountain house

Shanfang's initial illness is mild, and the towel is brown, which is called leisure. Turn on a small fire and warm up deeply.

This ditch leads to a new stream of water. For the time being, Peng Juan 'an is rotten. In the end, Zong Yuanwen has no life.

Who can be tired of dust, greedy fish and dragons build a strong name.

Volume 8_8 Send twenty brothers of Deng Wang to send Li Yu from Xuancheng, Mu Yi.

Wei Qingge was even more delayed, so he stopped pouring wine. Waves invade sadness, making faint ripples,

Mountain chaos and hate color. What is your passion? I want to go to the west on a dry day.

There are many cigarettes and rivers at hand, so there is no need to embrace heavy sadness.

Volume 8_9 Crossing Zhongjiang and looking at Shicheng, Li Yu shed tears.

Jiangnan jiangbei hometown, 30 years dream. Wu Wei is very cold today.

Guangling Taidian is desolate. The clouds are full of sorrow, and the rain hits the boat and tears flow.

There are four brothers with 300 mouths. I can't just sit back and think.

Volume 8 _ 10 Elegy of Li Yu

Beads are precious in front of you, and flowers are withered in the world. I didn't hate it in my heart, but I missed.

Jade barnyard grass is still full of medicine, and the incense has been stained with dust. There will be feelings before and after the funeral, and there will be no tears when touching the towel.

Beauty is like a fragrant tree, but the dangerous road is similar. It is sad to practice spring, but it is also bitter and rainy.

Where is the beauty now? It's all gone. Nowhere to ask, the Millennium thanks the east wind.

Volume 8 _ 1 1 Mourning Li Yushi

It is difficult to get rid of eternal thoughts, and a person is very painful. The rain is silent in late autumn, and anxiety makes the illness worse.

Swallow the wind before thinking, blindfolded to kill time. The empty king will miss me, and the poor son is left at home.

Volume 8 _ 12 feelings for Li Yu

I also saw the old branches of tung flowers, and the first floor was misty and rainy.

Who will be disappointed because of the aperture, and will not feel tearful.

The mountainous city is no longer charming, and the festival is not self-sustaining.

There was an old smoky moon that year, and the moths in Furong City cried.

Volume VIII Plum Blossom Li Yu _ 13

Diligent transplantation of land, curved threshold and small fence edge. A total of about heavy fang day, and worry.

Clear the way against the wind and irrigate the cold spring by the moon. Unexpectedly, before and after the flowers, the moth eyebrows are incomplete.

References:

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Li Yu became a poet after his national subjugation.

versatile

Li Yu, the empress of the Southern Tang Dynasty, was originally named Jia Cong, and was later named Zhongshan Hermit, Zhongfeng Hermit, Lianfeng Laishu, Zhongfeng An Baili Laishu and Xuzhou (now Xuzhou, Jiangsu) Laishu. He was the sixth son of the Southern Tang Dynasty, and was called Li Houzhu in history. His grandfather was Li Yang, the founding emperor of the Southern Tang Dynasty.

Li Yu was different from others since he was a child, especially in appearance, rich forehead and teeth, and heavy eyes. According to the fortuneteller, he is very rich. Li Yu is versatile, not only outstanding in writing, but also good at painting and calligraphy, with profound attainments. In addition, he is kind, so he is loved by everyone. According to the general order, he didn't have a chance to be emperor, but all his five brothers died young, so Li Yucai was named the king of Wu, the prince and the heir to the throne.

A few years before Li Yu succeeded to the throne, the national situation in the Southern Tang Dynasty declined. His father finally ceded the territory of Jiangbei under the powerful offensive of the Later Zhou Dynasty, and the Southern Tang Dynasty and the Later Zhou Dynasty confronted each other across the Yangtze River. However, in the face of the strong development momentum of the later Zhou Dynasty, the Southern Tang Dynasty just followed the fate and was unable to recover the defeat.

The young emperor has no strategy.

After the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty, Li Yu's father moved the capital of the Southern Tang Dynasty to Nanchang and established Du Nan. He and the Minister of Civil and Military Affairs moved there, leaving Prince Li Yu in Jinling. A few months later, Li Yu's father died of illness and Li Yu officially succeeded to the throne at the age of 25. Li Yu believed in Buddhism and was used by the emperor of the Northern Song Dynasty. Li Yu used the money from the palace to recruit monks. There are as many as ten thousand monks in Jinling. After Li Yu retired from the DPRK, he and the queen put on monk's clothes and recited scriptures. The monk committed a crime and was not punished according to law. Instead, he was asked to recite Buddha and was pardoned. When the Emperor of the Northern Song Dynasty heard about it, he chose a young man who was eloquent, clever and eloquent, and went to Li Houzhu to discuss life and life with him. Li Houzhu believed in it and thought it was a rare real Buddha. Since then, he has paid little attention to the country and the border guards, but has been chanting Buddhism all day.

Li Yu is essentially a scholar and a talented poet. He is very interesting and pays attention to luxury and ostentation. His calligraphy, painting and articles are excellent. In short, he is an excellent scholar. But in the position of emperor, he didn't have the heroism and ambition to unify the whole country like the emperor, especially Zhou Shizong, so he was not interested in military affairs. Even if a general mentioned it, he tried to suppress it. Lin, who stayed, said that he was willing to lead tens of thousands of people to the north to recover the old land. Lin also drew up an excuse for Li Yu: when the war started, Li Yu sent a message that Lin had defected, letting the Song Dynasty know that if things succeeded in the future, it would be the country, and if they failed, they would kill his family, and Li Yu would not have to bear any responsibility. In this way, Li Yu has thought of an excuse plan, but he didn't agree. All he knows is chanting Buddha, adding words, living in a drunken dream and waiting for death. In the second week, he didn't dare to go to war with the north, even the weak wuyue in the east. Lu Jiang once said to him, "wuyue is our enemy, and he will definitely attack us with the Song Dynasty in the future and be his accomplice. We should kill him first to avoid future trouble. " Li Yu said, "wuyue was a vassal of the Northern Dynasties. How can it act rashly and send troops to attack? " Lu Jiang said: "I ask your Majesty to denounce it in the name of territorial rebellion, and then ask wuyue for reinforcements. When their reinforcements arrive, your Majesty will send troops to stop them, and then I will lead the troops to sneak attack and destroy wuyue in one fell swoop. " Li Yu didn't listen at all. The minister of civil and military affairs had to wait with him for the Northern Song army to clean up the Southern Tang Dynasty.

Degrade and seek stability

After the Southern Han Dynasty was destroyed in the Northern Song Dynasty, Li Yu was extremely frightened, so he gave the above report to Song Taizu, changed the Tang State to the ruler of the south of the Yangtze River, and then degraded himself. His book was not called imperial edict, but was renamed religion, and the central administrative organs also changed their names, such as Shangshu Province, which was renamed Sihuifu.

Although I don't like put in order's armament and the Northern Expedition, Li Yu's ci has made great achievements. His father is very talented, and his words are well supplemented. Under the influence of his father and the rich cultural environment at that time, Li Yu's ci rose to a new height. In addition, Feng Yansi, his favorite minister, was also good at adding Ci, and learned skills from the monarch and the minister, and finally completed the territory study, but his achievements in Ci occupied a very important position in the history of ancient China literature. Summarizing Li Yu's ci, we can find a rule, which is divided into three stages. The first is to describe the luxury and affairs in the palace, the second is to reflect the extremely sad mood, and the third is to write words reflecting the feelings of national subjugation when under house arrest after national subjugation. This is the highest achievement of Li Yu's ci, but he died soon.

Among the words describing the extravagant life of the court, Yumenchun is a masterpiece: makeup Xiaoming, spring palace flowers filed. The sound of bagpipes breaks the clouds and clouds, and a song "Nishang" rushes all over. Who smells better in the breeze? Drunk and patting the railing without cutting. Don't dye the candles red when you come back, until you step on a horseshoe to clear jathyapple.

There is also a song called "Huanxisha": the red sun is three feet high, the golden stove adds fragrance to the beast, and the red brocade lichen wrinkles every step. Beauty dances with golden hairpin, wine can't smell flowers, and other halls can smell flute and drum.

As the king of a country, Li Yu has also implemented some benevolent measures to reduce taxes and relax penalties, which should be affirmed. However, if he does not advance or retreat in the face of strong enemies, he is actively preparing for war. Instead, he drowned his sorrows by drinking and allowed the country to decline. The historical situation is one of the reasons, but it is artificial. As long as he works hard, everything will get better. Later, the Northern Song Dynasty sent troops to attack, and the Southern Tang Dynasty was able to resist for more than a year, which showed that the country still had great strength after a long period of economic development. If Li Yu worked as hard as post-Zhou Shizong, Nantang would not resist the painful ending of falling into national subjugation and being captured in just one year.

Li Yu didn't make great efforts, but she drowned her sorrows with wine. However, the level of words written under this true emotion is still very high. The representative word in this respect is "Qingpingle": Don't come in the middle of spring, it's heartbreaking. The order of autumn may be like snow in the snow, brush it off and then flow down full. Hongyan has flown back, the journey is far away, and the dream is hard to come true. The sadness of parting is like weeds in spring, which go further and further.

There is also a song "Hui Huan": There is nothing to say when you go to the West Building alone, the moon is like a hook, and the lonely phoenix tree locks the autumn in the deep courtyard. Cut constantly, the reason is still chaotic, in order to leave sorrow, the in the mind has a special taste.

Although wine can wash away sorrow temporarily, a few pots of wine can't wash away the army in the Northern Song Dynasty, and bad luck has finally come. In the autumn of the seventh year of Kaibao (AD 974), Zhao Kuangyin sent messengers to invite Li Yu to Kaifeng. Li Yu knew that she would never come back when she went, so she said she was ill and didn't go. Soon, in winter, Zhao Kuangyin's army crossed the Yangtze River and surrounded Jinling. The frontline soldiers fought to the death, and Li Yu also wrote a poem "Linjiang Fairy" in the palace: cherry leaves in spring, butterflies flying over the pink powder, son-in-law crying in the west of Xiaolou, and jade hooks hanging down. Don't be lonely in the alley, hope that the smoke will fade away. The stove is fragrant and idle, and the phoenix is empty. In retrospect, I hate Yiyi.

It is said that before the first sentence was finished, Song Jun captured Jinling, and the last three sentences were added later. In the twelfth lunar month, Li Yu became a prisoner in the Northern Song Dynasty. Later, he was escorted to Kaifeng, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty. Didn't kill Li Yu, because he used to be a courtier of Song Dynasty. On the contrary, he was sentenced to disobedience. In fact, he is a veritable conquered person who enjoys advanced treatment.

Li Yu-became a poet after national subjugation.

Unfortunately, the dead country is fortunate to be a poet.

As a prisoner, Li Yu's life has changed greatly. Although he has no worries about food and clothing, his identity is different after all, and he cannot live and enjoy as he pleases. Coupled with the pain of national subjugation, all these personal experiences are integrated into Li Yu's ci, thus giving birth to the most touching and accomplished works in the history of ci. There are three most representative words in this respect.

One is "young beauty": when is the spring flower and autumn moon? What do you know about the past! The small building was easterly again last night, and the old country could not bear to look back on the moon. Carved fences made of jade should be particularly good, but Zhu Yan changed them. How much sadness can you have? Like a river flowing eastward.

The second is "Tidying up the Sand": the rain outside the curtain is gurgling, and the spring is fading away. Allred-rochow is too cold to stand. I don't know if I am a guest in my dream, and I want to have fun in one day! Lonely, not relying on fences, infinite mountains and rivers! It's easier to see when it's not. The running water is gone, the spring is gone, heaven and earth!

The third is "broken array": in the past 40 years, the country has traveled three thousand miles. How many times did you know each other because of a fight? Once classified as a minister, I bent down and pressed my temples. On the day when he resigned from the temple in a hurry, Jiao Fang still played farewell songs and cried for Gong E. ..

In the last period of his life, Li Yu's ci reached its peak. His ci is pure natural without any traces of carving, which can be described as uncanny workmanship. Poetry with high achievements in past dynasties is a combination of emotion and artistic techniques. Ordinary poems are either too popular or too obscure, which can't make readers understand his feelings smoothly. Li Yu's poems deify these two factors, but his spoken language contains feelings that are difficult for ordinary people to possess and understand. It can be said that Li Yu's poetry has reached the highest level and achieved the highest artistic achievement. It opened up a new field of vision for the development of Ci in Song Dynasty.

Ci made Li Yu's Ci school famous, but the poem Yu Meiren, which was sung through the ages, also sent him to the west. On Tanabata night, Li Yu was depressed, so she asked the geisha to play music loudly and everyone could hear it outside. Song Taizong was very angry when he learned about it. He also heard that Li Yu's words included "the east wind blew in the small building last night" and "a river flows eastward", which made him even more angry. That night, he sent poison to Li Yu. Li Yu was only 42 when he died.

Li Yu indulged Zhou Xiao, and later Li Yu and Zhou Xiao were defeated by Zhao Kuangyin, and Li Yu and Zhou Xiao were captured. Ye Zhao was jealous of her beauty, murdered Li Yu, and then died of double suicide.

Like him, Meng Changjun, the master of Shu in the Five Dynasties, was also a monarch who loved poetry, the moon, flowers and "Mrs. Huarui". Later, Meng Chang and Mrs. Hua Rui were also ruined by Zhao Kuangyin. He and his wife, Hua Rui, met the same fate as Li Yuhe, but Mrs. Hua Rui began to pretend to obey and later attempted to assassinate Zhao He and die.

There is also Song Huizong's famous notes in the Song Dynasty, named Evonne (A.D. 1082 ~ 1 135), who once had a crush on Li Shishi, the son of Shenzong1and the brother of Zhezong. Zhezong died of illness, and the queen mother made him emperor. After 25 years in office, Guo Wu was captured and tortured to death at the age of 54. He was buried in You Yong Mausoleum (now 35 miles southeast of Shaoxing County, Zhejiang Province).

He was successively named King Suining and King Duan. Zhezong died childless in the first month of A.D. 1 100, and made him emperor in the same month. In the second year, the year number was changed to "Jianzhong Guo Jing".

Shortly after Evonne acceded to the throne, he reused Cai Jing, Wang Fu, Tong Guan, Liang Shicheng, Li Yan and Zhu Mian, and called them six thieves. Evonne also branded Sima Guang, Wen Yanbo and others as "Yuan traitors" and Zhang Moulin as "Fu Yuan partisans" under the banner of "Shao Shu", and carved stones in the court to show contempt.

Evonne lived a luxurious life, and with the six thieves, he increased taxes excessively, plundered the people's fat paste, and built palaces and gardens such as Huayang Palace. He sent Zhu Xun to set up Suzhou-Hangzhou Yingfeng Bureau to collect exotic flowers and stones in the south of the Yangtze River, named "Flower Stone Class", transported Bianjing, and built a "rich, comfortable and luxurious" garden named "Root Moon", which quickly squandered the wealth accumulated by the Northern Song government for many years. The "petrochemical gang" has caused many people to lose their money and their families to be destroyed. As long as anyone has flowers and stones, Zhu Li will lead the officers into the people's homes, cover them with yellow paper, indicate that they are the emperor's favorite things and must not be damaged, then tear down the door and destroy the wall to carry flowers and stones and transport them out of Bianjing by fleet. Once a four-foot-high Taihu stone was transported, and thousands of civilian workers were forced to rock boats and pull fibers along the way. When the bridge was too low or the water gate of the city wall was too small, Zhu Li ordered the bridge to be demolished and the door destroyed. Some flower stones are too big to be transported by river, so Zhu Li ordered them to be transported by sea, and the boat often capsized. The people suffered greatly, and peasant uprisings such as Song Jiang and Fang La broke out, and Evonne sent troops to carry out bloody repression.

Evonne also believed in Taoism, built a large number of temples, claimed to be the founder of Daojun Emperor, and often invited Taoist priests to tell fortune. His birthday was May 5th, and the Taoist thought it was unlucky, so he changed his name to10+00. His zodiac sign is a dog, so killing dogs is forbidden in Bianjing City.

1 125, 10 years, the Jin army invaded the south on a large scale, and the East Route Army led by the commander of the Jin army took Bianjing directly under the command of Guo, a rebel in the Northern Song Dynasty. Evonne received the newspaper, hastily ordered the cancellation of Hua Shigang, and wrote a letter to the guilty person, admitting some of his mistakes, in order to save the hearts of the people. Nomads from the army marched in haste, approaching Bianjing. Huizong was afraid and anxious, holding the minister's hand and saying, "I didn't expect Jin people to treat me like this." Before I finished, I choked and fainted in front of the bed. After being rescued, he reached for a pen and paper and wrote the words "Pass on the Crown Prince". In 65438+February, he announced his abdication, claiming to be "the emperor's father" and giving way to Zhao Huan (Qin Zong). Cai Jing, Tong Guan and other thieves fled to Mengcheng, Bozhou, Anhui (now Mengcheng, Anhui). In April of the following year, the nomads who besieged Bianjing were repelled by Li Gang and returned to the north, and Zhao was returned to Bianjing.

At the end of a.d. 1 126 leap 1 1, the nomads from the army went south again. 65438+February 65438+May 5, Bianjing was breached, Di Chin abolished Evonne, and Zhao Huan was Shu Ren. 1 127 at the end of March, Hui Di and Qin, together with thousands of empresses, royal families and officials, as well as musicians, skilled craftsmen, French drivers, robes, ritual vessels, astronomical instruments, treasures and toys, imperial books and maps of state capitals around the world, were escorted to Beijing North and Beijing Central. So it happened in Jingkang period, which is called "Jingkang Change" in history.

It is said that when Evonne heard that the treasure was looted, he didn't care. When he heard that the Royal Library was also robbed, he sighed. Evonne was humiliated on the way to be escorted. First, the love princess Wang Wanrong was forcibly taken away by Jinjiang. Then, after arriving in the capital of Xu Jin Guo, he was ordered to wear mourning clothes with Zhao Huan and visit the temple in Akuta, Jin Taizu, which means that Di Chin dedicated the prisoners to his ancestors. Later, Evonne was humiliated by Di Chin and imprisoned in Hanzhou (now Changtu County, Liaoning Province), and then moved to Wu Guocheng (now yilan county, Heilongjiang Province) to be imprisoned. During his imprisonment, Evonne suffered mental torture and wrote many gloomy, sad and desolate poems, such as:

The west wind broke the door all night, and Eden was depressed; Looking back at my hometown, there are no geese flying in the south of the mountain.

very simple