Hsuanchan Fortune _ Hsuanchan, Zi Yanchun, from Hefei. Translated.

The customs and characteristics of Tianjin people

Tianjin's traditional culture is rich in connotation and outstanding in characteristics. It is manifested in building a city, setting up sanitary facilities, production, commerce, culture, diet, clothing, family, folk houses, transportation, life etiquette, festivals, beliefs, folk arts, entertainment competitions and so on.

After the death of Zhu Yuanzhang in the 31st year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (1398), his grandson Zhu Yunwen succeeded to the throne, and his son Judy started a battle for the throne with his nephew Zhu Yunwen in the name of "Jingnan". In the second year of Wenjian (140 1), in September, Judy led an army from Tongzhou, "following the south of Henan, crossing the valley of wisdom, and working day and night", breaking through Cangzhou and opening up the road to the south. Zhigu was given the name "Tianjin", which means "the land where the son of heaven helped cross the river". There used to be a "Flying Dragonfly" archway at the ferry outside the north gate of the old city of Tianjin.

After Judy proclaimed herself emperor, she thought that "zhi gu's maritime merchants should set up military guards during the berthing". Therefore, from the second year to the fourth year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty (1404 to 1406), Tianjinwei, Tianjin and Tianjin Youwei were successively set up in zhi gu, and the ministers of the Ministry of Industry, Huang Fu and Pingjiang Xuan, were ordered to build cities to build the Tianjin Acropolis.

Tianjinwei City Wall has the reputation of "Sai Huai 'an". It is 9, 13 steps, with a height of 2 feet and 5 feet. There are four doors with towers on them. The city wall is 220 steps east of Haihe River and 200 steps north of Weihe River (South Canal). Because it was originally built of earth, Hongzhi was destroyed in the early years. In the fourth year of Hongzhi (149 1), Liu Fu, Tianjin's war preparation assistant, collected money, and in the sixth year of Hongzhi (1493), the Party Committee commanded Chen Da to build bricks for two years and rebuild them on the top of four city gates, named Zhendong, Dingnan, Anxi and Gongbei.

The city life in Tianjin in Ming Dynasty was typical of feudalism. At the upper level of the city, "the bow and arrow of the spear are my daily occupation, while … I strive for arrogance and extravagance."

In the ninth year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty (1652), Tianjin was known as "Tianjin Wei", and this name became the representative of Tianjin City.

Tianjin's superior geographical environment and abundant natural resources provide conditions for the development of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, sideline production, fishing, salt and handicraft industry in Tianjin, among which the production customs of fishing, salt and handicraft industry as one of the economic pillars are quite distinctive. Especially with the development of water transport in Yuan Dynasty, the handicraft industry that served it developed more rapidly, and various workshops appeared one after another. Especially after the opening of the port, the economic invasion of imperialism objectively stimulated the emergence and development of national industries, and the national industries represented by Triangle Stone Machinery Industrial Zone formed a scale. By the end of Qing Dynasty, Tianjin had become an important national industrial base in northern China.

After the city was built in the Ming Dynasty, water transportation was developed, commerce was prosperous, and wealth gathered all over the world. "People like to be businessmen." With the unique geographical advantages of Haihe River, it has become the commercial center of North China, gathering merchants from all directions, welcoming water transportation and sea transportation, and accepting Wuyue Department Store. In the Qing Dynasty, grain transportation, salt industry and grain industry were more developed, and the economy was unprecedentedly prosperous. "The wheels are shaking, the sails are shaking, and they are staggered, day and night." Inside the East Gate, inside the North Gate and outside the East Gate, there are many firms, money houses and banks with developed commerce and trade. In the 26th year of Guangxu (1900), Eight-Nation Alliance invaded Tianjin, and the city hall was burned, killed and robbed. Businessmen suffered huge losses, weakened and their business was depressed. In the twenty-seventh year of Guangxu (190 1), after the wall was demolished, it was changed to East, West, South and North Road, and there were many shops and stalls along the street. Then, Ma Bei Lubeiyang No.1 Shopping Mall, China Goods Sales Office, General Chamber of Commerce, Tianjin Industry and Commerce Research Association and other non-governmental commercial organizations came into being, forming a business district with the northeast corner as the center and extending to Ma Bei Road and Madong Road. From the 1920s to 1930s, the commercial center gradually moved south to the concession. Quanyechang, Xiaobailou and other neighborhoods are increasingly prosperous, and large commercial districts are formed around them. A lot of commercial capital has been invested, and there are numerous hotels, restaurants, shops, theaters and dance halls. Especially at night, they are brightly lit, full of flowers and dancing. Known as "Little Paris of the East", they have become an important commercial, entertainment and leisure center in Tianjin.

An important symbol of Tianjin's economic development is the "banking craze" that appeared after the 20th century, especially after the Republic of China 16 (1927). As an important part of the financial industry, banks are developing more actively. Because Tianjin's financial industry can radiate all the way to the hinterland of North China and Northwest China, forming a financial center in the northern region. As far as the overall scale of the financial industry is concerned, Tianjin ranks second only to Shanghai.

With the development of Tianjin's urban economy and commerce, the rapid rise of the merchant class, especially the salt merchant class, has made great progress in urban culture. Ji Yun, a famous scholar in Qing Dynasty, wrote after arriving in Tianjin in the middle of Qing Dynasty: "Tianjin is good at cooking the sea, so its prosperity is quite close to Huaiyang. ..... The scribes come and go to Sri Lanka, but they are looking for joy in the garden, dancing and dancing, and taking poetry and wine as the best way to recover the clouds. " The big salt merchants who are "rich and personable" have made friends with celebrities from the north and the south, forming a very special cultural circle. Shuixizhuang is a famous private garden built by Cha's salt merchants at home and abroad. It was once a famous place for literati and poets to meet and communicate all over the country. The worship and secularization of businessmen in urban society and the combination of businessmen and bureaucrats have become the most remarkable characteristics of urban culture since the Qing Dynasty.

Regional culture with commercial color affects the styles and habits of urban residents. Especially from the tenth year of Xianfeng in Qing dynasty (1860), Tianjin became a commercial port and a typical semi-feudal and semi-colonial city. With the invasion of western culture and the mixing of Tianjin people, Tianjin's folk customs are rich and colorful, and the traditional folk culture centered on the old city, the concession culture centered on the nine countries and the water transport (dock) culture centered on the Sanchakou of Haihe River blend with each other. It has become a treasure house of China's modern history.

Tianjin is rich in food, and people love to eat it, especially seafood. Known as "eating seafood is not bad". The whitebait and purple crab in the folk proverb "Tianjin tastes three treasures, whitebait, purple crab and red coat" are all rare seafood foods unique to Tianjin. There are many old people, literati, politicians, warlords, etc. living in Tianjin, and the transactions between businessmen and banquets of dignitaries have influenced and formed the fashion that Tianjin people like to "eat out". Every time an acquaintance meets in a restaurant, he also pays attention to the gift of "adding food". Tianjin people are good at cooking, and their tastes are both "sweet in the south and salty in the north" and sour, spicy, fragrant and hemp. Caicai and Tianjing mainly use roast, boiled, roasted, fried, roasted, roasted, boiled, roasted, cold mixed, salted and pickled vegetables. The banquet dishes are arranged in "eight bowls".

Folk snacks have a unique flavor. Goubuli steamed stuffed bun, ear-pierced fried cake and Guifaxiang big twist are not only imperial meals appointed by the imperial court in the past, but also world-renowned delicacies now.

The clothes in Tianjin are very distinctive. Rich people pursue gorgeous clothes, exquisite fabrics, fine workmanship, novel styles and extreme luxury, and wear different clothes on different occasions. Women's clothes are more rolling along the border, colorful and elegant. No matter rich or poor, they all admire red, especially the bride. Poor vagrants work and live during the day, which determines that their clothes have typical professional characteristics, such as wearing "short pants" in summer, "two cotton-padded jackets" and "empty underpants" in winter, and tying their ankles and leggings. Women are even more "a person wrapped in poverty". The gap between the rich and the poor is quite obvious.

In the old society of Tianjin, there were many prominent families. The common feature of their existence and development is that they must have a strong economic foundation. At the same time, the maintenance of the family must rely on the joint operation of an industry among family members and the implementation of paternalistic management means. However, the family concept in Tianjin urban area is not very strong compared with that in suburban rural areas. Especially since Qianlong and Jiaqing in Qing Dynasty, the urban commercial economy has been growing, social control has been loosened, the external function of the family has been paid more attention, "familism" has faded, the number of large families has decreased, and it has gradually changed from a duplex family to a single family.

As for kinship, we attach importance to the mother's family, and the authority of the uncle can determine the nephew's marriage, separation and many other matters. In addition, we pay more attention to becoming sworn brothers and sisters and godmothers.

Traditional folk houses are mainly quadrangles, including three courtyards, Zhi courtyards, single courtyards and mountain houses. In particular, the big four courtyards are highly respected, and most of the courtyards on both sides are horizontally connected, and most of them are proud of the deep courtyards connected vertically. And pay attention to decorative brick carving and wood carving. Most of the houses in the city hall face south.

With the old people, warlords and politicians living in Kinmen before the Qing Dynasty, many garden villas and luxury houses with different styles were built in the concession area. Most of these exotic luxury mansions were designed by foreigners, such as Liang Qichao, Yuan Shikai, Xu Shichang, Zhang Xueliang, and Qing Palace. There is also a combination of Chinese and Western, which organically combines China classical gardens with western European architectural styles, elegant and unique.

In suburban traffic, except river boats, most of them are single or double sets of two-wheeled wooden carts; Most of the means of transportation in the city are human-powered two-wheeled or unicycle; Generally, hawkers and short-distance transportation are shouldered.

Cars and horses are the means of transportation for urban elites. Cars are divided into four-person official cars and two-person official cars. Officials are required to walk smoothly in a sedan chair, and businessmen are required to "fly in a sedan chair" and run around to show that they have "sent their children"; Double sedan chairs are mostly used by women. Most of the riders are military officers, and occasionally there are young heroes riding horses and hunting in the suburbs. At the beginning of the 20th century, foreigners, bureaucrats and warlords in China concession owned private cars. Trams also bypass the fourth road around the old city and the concession areas of Japan, France and Germany. Rickshaw, carriage and bicycle are widely used.

Tianjin, located in the lower reaches of Jiuhe River, is an openable steel bridge which is extended by ferry pontoon and land for waterway transportation in Zeguo Water Town in the north of China. The Battle of Ping Jin, one of the famous battles of China Revolution, took place in Jintangqiao.

Life etiquette is complicated and colorful. Although it is an industrial and commercial metropolis, it still has a strong sense of feudal small-scale peasant economy, advocates feudal filial piety ethics, pursues many children and many blessings, has a huge family business and many children, and takes raising five men and two women as the ideal birth mode. The purpose of adopting a son is to pray for a long and healthy life. Marriage depends on the parents' orders, the words of the matchmaker, paying attention to the right match and re-engaging the bride price. Whether you marry a daughter-in-law or not, you will do a lot of things, talk about ostentation and extravagance, and do not hesitate to be extravagant. Funeral ceremonies are more luxurious, and customs abound, advocating big burials, emphasizing coffins and shroud, and letting things die as if they had happened. In the past, birthday parties focused on entertaining guests and friends, and the troupe was invited to sing a concert. There used to be a custom that men were only 65,438+00 (every 65,438+00) and women were only 9 (every 9), especially on their 66th birthdays. There was a saying called "66 never dies".

Tianjin people are beneficial to the public interest. Influenced by the five aspects of water transportation in Yuan Dynasty and the mixed population whose residents are mostly descendants of Ming garrison, the customs of wharf and Wuguan still exist. People get together to help each other and are enthusiastic about public welfare. There are not only social welfare functional organizations such as water clubs, barbecue houses and small courtyards, but also many relatively binding folk professional organizations and halls and ancestral temples built by businessmen living in Tianjin. Ordinary residents like the neighborhood feeling of mutual visits and mutual assistance, but the wind of comparison is quite heavy, so they are good at "buying face".

Long-term wandering life has cultivated Tianjin people's celebration activities that are happy to get together, lively and love festivals and seasons. In particular, we have devoted a lot of efforts to traditional folk festivals such as Spring Festival, Lantern Festival, Dragon Boat Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival, spared no effort in manpower, material resources and financial resources, and tried our best to render and create a popular and festive atmosphere, thus forming certain traditional eating customs during the Spring Festival, such as "jiaozi on the first, second and third days".

Folk beliefs are extensive and complex. Before the middle of Qing Dynasty, there were more than 500 temples of all kinds. Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism and folk or local gods are worshipped everywhere, and there are many temples, which are rare in China. Activities such as worship of natural objects, animals and plants, ancestor worship, folk worship of miscellaneous gods, jumping, fortune-telling and geomantic omen are extremely popular, especially the belief in gods is extremely purposeful, and most of them only pray for the protection of present people, which is utilitarian.

Among many folk beliefs, especially the worship of Poseidon Queen is extremely high, which is closely combined with Tianjin local culture and becomes the blessing Lord and the city Lord to protect Sanjin. The history of Tianjin is also closely related to the culture of Tianhou Palace, which not only has the historical story of "Tianhou Palace came first, then Tianjinwei", but also has a great influence on Tianjin's economy, culture and customs.

There are many kinds of folk arts and crafts in Tianjin, which are influenced by the needs of court art, literati art and secular appreciation and have strong regional characteristics. Clay figurine Zhang Caisu, kite Wei Kite, brick carving, dough sculpture, wood carving, stone carving, root carving, Yangliuqing New Year pictures, Tanggu prints, paper-cutting, lanterns, carpets and other folk arts and crafts works. Known as the masterpiece of folk art, it is famous at home and abroad.

Popular operas and quyi such as Beijing Opera, Pingju Opera, Hebei Bangzi, Crosstalk, Liudiao, Drum and Allegro are very prosperous in Tianjin. Although most of these operas originated from other rural or urban social classes, some eventually formed a formal art genre in Tianjin, and some matured or became popular in Tianjin, thus making Tianjin the cradle of China's major opera art, especially the singing of famous actors, and it is difficult to go to the whole country without singing red in Tianjin. Passing the "Tianjin Pass" is the standard for an actor to become famous, so Tianjin is also the cradle for cultivating famous opera artists. The prosperity of traditional operas in China has also made tea gardens and opera gardens prosperous, becoming the main places for people's leisure and entertainment in the old days.

There are many kinds and forms of folk music and dance, and the performing groups are mostly called the old society and the holy congregation. Traditional music and dances, such as inspiration, Daqu, Fan Shi, barbells, stilts and yangko, are very popular, and residents in the community where the club is located regard them as public welfare undertakings. They have money to contribute and entertain themselves on weekdays, which is a pastime for after-dinner entertainment. Performing at festivals or large temple fairs will add luster to our community. The world-famous Tianjin Emperor's Club was once a great opportunity for folk music and dance parties and holy parties to show their talents and compete for beauty. Therefore, when the Emperor Club was held, the whole people enthusiastically participated, with more than 1 10 performances and nearly 5,000 actors at the most. This is recorded in detail in the map of imperial guild in Tianhou Palace, Tianjin. This folk event, which mobilized the national complex and reached the empty streets, eventually became "the only mythical event in all provinces of China" at that time. These folk music and dances have been inherited by various folk flowers today.

There are many folk recreational sports, and people like sports. Besides flying kites, shaking gourds and kicking shuttlecocks, some groups like to play with birds, eagles and cricket, while children, especially boys, pursue outdoor sports.

Overseas Chinese in the concession community mostly took dancing, concerts, jockey club, fencing, lawn tennis, water speedboat, cricket, polo and boomerang as leisure ways, which also affected the urban life in modern Tianjin.