What kind of diseases can leeches treat?

Ancient medical books recorded that leeches were used to treat many diseases, which were called "treating pathogenic blood, removing blood stasis, harvesting the moon, breaking blood and resolving food stagnation ...". Zhang Zhongjing, a medical sage, used it to dispel pathogenic factors and strengthen the body resistance, and used leech to treat the symptoms of "blood stasis" and "water depression", which showed its unique curative effect. Zhang Xichun praised this medicine in the later generations: "Blood stasis does not hurt new blood, it is a good medicine, pure as water, but qi is not damaged at all, while blood stasis is invisible." Before 1500, the Egyptians began bloodletting therapy with medical leeches. By the beginning of last century, Europeans were more superstitious that medical leeches could suck sick blood from human body, and they used medical leeches for blood-sucking treatment regardless of headache and brain fever. Later, with the development of medicine, this superstitious treatment method was gradually abandoned. However, in recent years, the new use of medical leeches in medicine has been widely concerned. Plastic surgeons use medical leeches to eliminate congestion and reduce necrosis in the vascular occlusion area after operation, thus improving the success rate of tissue transplantation and breast formation. When medical leeches are replanted or transplanted to fingers, toes, ears and nose, using medical leeches to suck blood can make veins unobstructed and greatly improve the success rate of surgery. This is because the salivary glands of medical leeches secrete anticoagulant hirudin and histamine-like substances that dilate blood vessels when sucking blood. 65438-0987 Leech Research Group of Institute of Aquatic Animals of China Academy of Sciences cooperated with Orthopedics Department of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Medical University. Medical leeches were first used in China to treat blood stasis after replantation of severed fingers, and several cases were successful, which was widely praised at home and abroad. A variety of active substances contained in the saliva of medical leeches are attracting wide attention from scientists all over the world and have become a hot spot for the utilization of resource animals. From 65438 to 0984, Dr. Sawyer, an American leech expert, founded the world's first leech farm and biochemical drugs Company in Sethi, Wales, England. Hirudin and hyaluronidase produced by this company have been sold to European and American countries and Japan, and tens of thousands of live medical leeches have also been sold. Recently, a medical leech farm was built in Charleston, USA. France and Germany have transferred the gene for synthesizing hirudin into yeast and Escherichia coli, and produced cheap hirudin through genetic engineering. It can be seen that the demand and output of hirudin are expanding. Hirudin is a low molecular weight (7000) polypeptide composed of 65 amino acids, in which glutamine and asparagine have higher molecular weight and lower isoelectric point (3.8 ~ 4.0), and are stable for a long time at room temperature. Hirudin is the most effective natural anticoagulant known, superior to heparin, and has anticoagulant and thrombolytic effects, that is, the function of promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis in traditional Chinese medicine. Therefore, it shows great advantages and broad prospects in the treatment of septic shock, atherosclerosis, cerebral infarction, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, ophthalmology and many other diseases lacking antithrombin. Indications: amenorrhea, abdominal pain, hematocele, blood stasis pain, carbuncle and erysipelas. (1) Classic: "The main evil blood, blood stasis, closed moon, blood stasis, childless, beneficial to waterways." 2 "Do not record": "Abortion." ③ Compendium of Materia Medica: "If a person suffers from erythema and carbuncle, take more than ten pieces from the affected part, with wrinkled skin and white flesh." 4 "Materia Medica": "Treating injuries and folding." Should avoid weak and blood deficiency, no blood stasis and pregnant women should not take it. (1) "Japan in Materia Medica": "Fear of lime." 2 "Materia Medica": "Fear of salt." 3 "Pinhui Essentials": "Do not take it during pregnancy." Scheme 1: Treatment of women with irregular menstruation and men with acute bladder congestion: 30 leeches (boiled), 30 scale insects (boiled with wings and feet removed), 20 peach kernels (peeled and pointed) and three or two rhubarb (wine bubbles). Take five liters of water, boil three liters, and raise the temperature except me. ("Synopsis of the Golden Chamber" Didang Decoction) ② Treating blood stasis in women's bellies, it is not suitable for moonlight, or intermittent or coming, full of anxiety: 32 peaches (soaked in soup, peeled, pointed, Shuang Ren, brownish with bran), 40 beetles (fried slightly yellow, wings and feet removed) and 40 leeches (fried slightly yellow), Sichuan University. The medicine is pounded into powder, and the honey is pounded into hundreds of pestles, and the pills are as big as buttonwood. Take fifteen pills with hot wine. ("Shenghui Fang" Taohua Pill) ③ Treatment of menstruation, postpartum lochia and abdominal pain: 42 pieces of Radix Rehmanniae Preparata, 50 pieces of tabanus (fried in Toma Evelle), 50 pieces of leech (fried in glutinous rice with peeled tips) and 50 pieces of peach kernel. The top is the bottom, honey pills, and tung fruit is big. Take five or seven capsules each time, hollow warm wine. ("Women's Good Recipe" Dihuang Tongjing Pill) 4 Blood leakage: leeches are treated with a sieve and a sum of money is taken from the wine. The next day, the evil blood was cured. ("Qian Jin Fang") ⑤ Cure the wound: Leech, baked on a new tile, is fine powder, add a dollar of hot wine, eat it, it hurts, and take more pills to stop its pain. Then seal the bone-breaking medicine and fix it with something. (Experience) ⑥ Treatment of golden sore, falling injury from a height, crushed wood and stone, internal injury and blood stasis, pain in the heart, constipation and exhaustion: half a piece of red leech (parched with lime until brown), 2 pieces of rhubarb and 2 pieces of black morning glory. Every time you take San Qian, you should adjust it with hot wine. For example, after walking four or five miles, you should adjust it with hot wine and use two yuan to urge it. You must turn down the evil blood in the viscera and make it into pieces or blocks, and it will be fine as soon as the evil blood is consumed. ("Jisheng Prescription" kills powder) [Edit this paragraph] Clinical application ① Acute conjunctivitis was treated with three live leeches and placed in 6 ml of raw honey. After 6 hours, take out the immersion liquid and store it in a bottle for later use. The light map drops 1 time a day, and drops 1 ~ 2 each time. 380 cases, mostly bilateral conjunctivitis, were cured. The shortest cure time is 1 day, and the longest is 5 days. During the treatment, there was no adverse reaction except slight pain 1 ~ 2 minutes after eye drop. It also has certain curative effect on chronic conjunctivitis and pterygium. ② Treatment of corneal scar: put the live leech in clean water for 2-3 days, remove the dirt in the body, spit out the dirt in the abdomen, then take it out, weigh it and put it in pure honey. The ratio of honey to leech is 1: 2.5 or 1: 3. Leech died about 1 hour after contacting honey, and turbid liquid appeared, which took 6-8 hours to float and sink again, and brown transparent liquid was obtained after filtration. Leave it at 0℃ for 3 ~ 5 days, and it can be used as external eye drops, 3 ~ 4 times a day, each time 1 ~ 2 drops. Leech therapy or injection, under the anesthesia of 1% procaine, is injected under the bulbar conjunctiva. At first, the amount is small, and then it is gradually increased, generally 0.3 ~ 0.5 ml, and 1 time is injected every two days, and then antibiotics are applied to the eyes for half a day. * * * 7 1 case of corneal scar cloud and adhesive corneal scar, 26 cases were markedly effective (corneal scar was obviously thinned and shrunk, and vision was improved), 39 cases were improved (corneal scar was thinned and shrunk, and vision was slightly improved), and 6 cases were ineffective; All kinds of cataract 124 cases, 65 cases were markedly effective (visual acuity improved by more than 5 times), 5 cases were improved (visual acuity improved by more than 3 times), and 8 cases were ineffective; In 37 cases of vitreous opacity, 26 cases were markedly effective (visual acuity improved by more than 5 times), 9 cases were improved (visual acuity improved by more than 3 times) and 2 cases were ineffective. It is observed that hirudin is safe to use and has few side effects. More than 5000 times of subconjunctival injection, only 2 cases were accidental: 1 case of primary glaucoma, and the intraocular pressure increased after injection; 1 patients with hypertension (blood pressure 210/110mmhg) have a sudden drop in vision after injection. Topical eye drops have a good effect on simple corneal scar, and the general course of treatment is about 2 months. But the curative effect on adhesive corneal scar is poor.