Why did Germans kill Jews in World War II-Iron Blood?

In the past 50 years, people have done a lot of research and analysis on the historical suspense of why Hitler slaughtered 6 million Jews in World War II. Now there are two popular views in Europe: one is "teleology"; The second is the "functional theory". However, from the essence of these two viewpoints, they seem reasonable in historical logic, but there are obvious contradictions with historical facts.

one

"Teleology" holds that Hitler's purpose in killing Jews is to dominate the world, which is a conventional logical inference. If that's the case, why didn't Hitler oppose the extermination policy against other peoples in the world who resisted his hegemony, such as Jews? Anyone with a little knowledge of history knows that during the second occupation, the people of European countries, including the German people, fought bravely and unyieldingly against Hitler's attempt to dominate the world and his fascist atrocities. The anti-fascist struggle of the people of European countries constituted a serious obstacle to Hitler's rampage. However, the Nazis did not treat these local European peoples like Jews from beginning to end, that is to say, Hitler did not adopt genocide policies and atrocities against these local peoples from beginning to end. People can't help asking, in order to achieve his evil goal, why did Hitler only take such terrible atrocities against Jews, but "lenient" to other nations that hindered his goal? Obviously, the inference of teleology ignores the concrete logic of this historical fact.

Functionalists believe that the massacre of millions of Jews is the revenge mentality of fascism and the behavior driven by psychological compensation when the war is defeated. This inference is even more untenable. The historical facts of World War II show that the real defeat of Nazi Germany in the war should be marked by the Battle of Stalingrad, which ended on February 2, 1943. Objectively speaking, before this, the Germans were

military affairs

In fact, it has been in an offensive situation, and there is no premonition that Lien Chan will lose in the strategic thinking within the Nazi German leadership group. However, before the defeat of the war, fascism had already started the crime of killing Jews. 1939 September, shortly after the outbreak of World War II, German fascists occupied Poland and brutally killed countless unarmed innocent civilians, most of whom were Polish Jews. 1941June 23rd, when the Wang Hu conference passed the resolution of "finally solving the Jewish problem", Nazi Germany was still in an advantageous position in the European battlefield. This historical fact irrefutably tells people that Hitler's massacre of millions of Jews was a long-planned and intensified atrocity.

Practically speaking, neither teleology nor functionalism has got rid of the shackles of the general thinking framework that people usually discuss historical events in the social and historical fields. When people examine human behavior or historical events and explore their causes, they often first examine their motives. As for why there is such a motive and there is no such motive, it is not enough to explore. "Skopos Theory" or "Functionalism Theory" can be classified as "Motivation Theory" in essence, although their specific contents are different. In fact, looking for motivation is only the beginning to understand human behavior or historical events. If we can take this opportunity to study deeply, we can not only find out the real reason, but even confirm whether our original motives are accurate, so as to continuously enrich and improve our views. Practice tells us that human motivation is not the cause of behavior to a large extent, but the intermediary between cause and behavior, and the reasons are complicated. The emergence, development and extinction of anything is the result of many factors, all of which have their profound background and realistic reasons. So are human behavior and historical events. People's behavior has a purpose, but this does not mean that the purpose must be the cause of the behavior, but at most it can be regarded as an element of the cause, and even in some cases the purpose is the behavior itself. As far as all its contents are concerned, the reasons are profound. Hitler killed more than 6 million Jews with the obvious aim of exterminating the Jewish nation. The reason is that he must answer why he wants to exterminate the Jews.

two

From the analysis of historical data, Nazi Germany's atrocities of persecuting Jews have roughly gone through three stages. These three stages are interrelated and gradually upgraded.

The first stage: from1933,65438+1October 30th when Hitler came to power to1October 9th on the eve of "Night of Broken Glass". At this stage, the core of anti-semitism in Nazi Germany was from restriction to deprivation of Jewish citizenship. Formally, it basically maintained a "moderate" state of "gentlemen talk but don't do it", but in essence it cleared the economic and political obstacles for them to finally eliminate Jews.

193365438+1On October 30th, Hitler was elected as German Chancellor, and his crazy persecution of Jews began. Since then, disaster has befallen the Jews. At first, Nazi Germany took measures to suppress Jews. Jews are mainly forbidden to be civil servants, judges, lawyers and doctors. Jews are not allowed to enter public places of entertainment; Don't buy things from Jewish shops. The implementation of this policy restricted the rights of Jews in many aspects such as economy, politics and social life, and reduced the social status of German Jews to "second-class citizens".

1September 5, 935, the Nazi party held a congress in Nuremberg, further escalating the policy of suppressing Jews. At the meeting, Hitler announced a new law to deprive Jews of their civil rights, reducing Jews from "second-class citizens" to "national residents" who have no right to vote and stand for election, and since then they have lost their rights as citizens and all legal guarantees. Then Nazi Germany forcibly expelled these "local residents" and immigrated to other countries and regions according to this new law, thus completing the upgrade from restriction to deprivation of Jewish rights.

The second stage: from "Night of Broken Glass" in 1938+0 1.9 to "Wang Hu Conference" in 1942+0.20. At this stage, the core of Nazi Germany's anti-semitism was to deprive Jews of their right to exist as human beings from basic human rights, and formally completed all preparations for the catastrophe of Jews from wealth to life and from spirit to body, that is, maintained the transition from "literature" to "martial arts", and finally only the Jews were finally eliminated from body to body.

1938165438+1October 9, after careful planning by Hitler and Goebbels, under the direction and encouragement of the Nazi leadership group, an anti-Semitic tragedy called "Night of Broken Glass" (also translated as "Crystal Night") broke out. That night, fascists from all over Germany and Austria took to the streets, waving sticks, beating, smashing, looting and burning Jewish houses, shops and churches, openly persecuting and humiliating Jews. In this tragedy, according to statistics, 36 Jews were killed, 36 were seriously injured, 267 churches were burned, more than 7,500 Jewish shops were smashed, and more than 30,000 Jewish men were arrested at home and taken to Dachau, Buchenwald and Saxony Hausen concentration camps, all of whom were killed or tortured to death. The economic loss of breaking glass alone is as high as 6 million marks.

On the third day after the ugly drama was staged, many German ministers convened by Goering to hold a special meeting on Jews, planning to deprive Jews of their dignity and rights as human beings. Forcing Jews to clean up the burnt church and build it into a parking lot for Germany to use; Forcing every Jew to wear insulting signs; Forcing persecuted Jews to compensate the Nazis for 654.38 billion marks. As some historians have said, "this kind of atrocities and the measures taken according to their goals have put the life of Jews without any organization in a desperate situation."

1939 September, Nazi Germany invaded Poland and massacred Jews. Since then, a large-scale action plan to slaughter the Jewish nation has been implemented. The following spring, when the Nazi German leadership group was actively planning the genocide against the Jewish nation, it entrusted this evil task to the security department of the SS and the special action team of the secret police.

1On June 23rd, 943, the Soviet-German War broke out. The world anti-fascist war has entered the most difficult years, at the same time, Hitler's crime of arresting and killing Jews has further intensified. The SS and the Special Operations Team, following the attacking troops, used the most barbaric and cruel means in the world to destroy Jews. These murdered Jews were all killed without any defense. According to Laiszky, a senior SS officer and police commander in central Russia, he later confirmed: "The surprising fact is that they were completely unprepared. It used to be said that Jews plotted to dominate the world and were very organized. This proves that all this is a lie. No country is so unprepared for its own disaster. Nothing is prepared, absolutely not. " Extinction was carried out in a conventional and leisurely manner as planned. When they arrived at a place, they "immediately got the names of rabbis and intellectuals from local residents, summoned them, and ordered them to summon all local Jews to register and register for resettlement." Jewish residents know nothing about Nazi plans and often believe. " The "moving away" mentioned in the testimony refers to killing people, burying them alive and escorting them to concentration camps. The commander also described a tragic scene. At that time, the mass media in the Soviet Union failed to report Nazi anti-Semitic crimes according to the provisions of the Soviet-German non-aggression treaty, which made most Soviet Jews simply unaware of the imminent death and did not take any preventive measures. Throughout the European war zone, a massacre of Jews has been fully launched.

The third stage: 1942 to 65438+1October 20th, the infamous "Wang Hu Conference" began until the anti-fascist war of World War II defeated Nazi Germany. At this stage, the core of Nazi Germany's anti-Semitism was to "finally solve" the Jews, in the form of a completely brutal and appalling massacre, the essence of which was to finally realize the extinction of the Jews.

1942 1.2 under the auspices of heydrich, the head of Nazi secret police, senior officials of 14 department, including Miao Lei, the head of Gestapo, met in a villa next to Wang Hu (also translated as Wan Hu) to study the plan of mass systematic massacre of Jews. The meeting adopted the "final solution" method of transporting Jews to work in the East. To put it bluntly, the "final solution" means poisoning or torturing Jews, torturing them to death. In short, the final is elimination.

After the "Wang Hu Conference", Nazi Germany carried out the measures of mass extermination of Jews. According to a conversation of Eichmann 1944, the first-class assault captain of the SS who was in charge of searching for and destroying Jews at that time, it was confirmed that more than 4 million people died in the extermination camp and 2 million people were killed by other means. Except for a few anti-fascist ethnic groups, most of them are Jews.

Tracing back to history is to illustrate the problem. The above historical facts show that: ① During the 12 years of Hitler's dictatorship, he pursued a series of anti-Semitic and anti-Semitic policies, all aimed at depriving Jews of their right to subsistence and development until they were physically eliminated. All these are only differences in form and degree, and there is no substantive difference. When a person is deprived of all the rights to exist as a person, it is only a matter of time before he is destroyed by the body. So it can be said that Hitler's murder ran through three stages of his anti-Semitism escalation. If you insist on distinguishing, then the first stage can be described as making various preparations for killing; The second stage is to expose the murder; The third stage should be characterized as full-scale killing. "After the Wang Hu Conference, the Nazi massacre of millions of Jews can only be regarded as the last step for Hitler to" finally solve "the Jewish problem. In fact, racial revenge and vendetta have already begun. (2) Hitler's murder was aimed at exterminating the entire Jewish nation, but it was never open to other nations. This is by no means his kindness. It contains the concrete logic of Hitler's creation of this historical mystery and becomes an opportunity for us to solve this historical unsolved case.

three

Hitler was an extreme racist and anti-Semitic. In Mein Kampf, he wrote: "The biggest antithesis of Aryans is Jews." He regards Jews as the enemy of the world, the source of all evil, the source of all disasters and the destroyer of human life order. These views became the theoretical basis for Hitler's subsequent slaughter of millions of Jews in an attempt to exterminate them. The reasons can be roughly seen from the following four aspects:

1, historical reasons. Historically, Europeans have been prejudiced against Jews. In order to clarify this issue, it is necessary to make a simple institutional review of the history of the Jewish nation. The distant ancestor of the Jews was the Hebrews, a branch of the ancient Semitic people. Before BC, their ancestors used to live in the land of Malestan in Arabia. 1 century, after the Roman Empire captured Pakistan, Jews held many large-scale uprisings against the Roman occupiers, but they were brutally suppressed by the Roman rulers. It was not until A.D. 135 that the Jewish uprising was defeated. During this 1 century, the Roman rulers slaughtered millions of Jews, and finally drove all the rest out of the land of Malestan, making them scattered to the backward small-scale farming and pastoral society in Western Europe. Land is regarded as the most precious wealth, while commerce is an industry that people despise. After the Jews fled to western Europe, the local feudal lords discriminated against them very much, forbidding them to occupy land and allowing them to run businesses only. I don't know whether the fault of history educated them, or whether the hardships of life and death sharpened them, or whether history gave them opportunities. In a word, the historical aggregate formed by all this has cast the characteristics of Jews and made them smart and powerful. They not only grow sturdily in difficulties, but also become rich gradually.

From 13 to 15, Europe began to enter the capitalist society, and the local emerging bourgeoisie had conflicts of interest with the emerging Jewish capitalists who became rich through business, and bad luck came to the Jews again. The conflict of real interests and the difference of religious beliefs forced a large number of Jews to flow to Eastern Europe and American countries, and began the second Jewish exodus in history. Unfortunately, this anti-Semitic consciousness has actually evolved into a cultural deposit, which has been "passed down" to modern times in some countries and regions. Especially in Germany and Austria after entering this century, anti-Semitism is increasing day by day, among which Hitler and his followers are typical representatives.

2. Religious complex. Christianity is the most widely spread religion with the largest number of followers in the world. In Europe, especially in western Europe, people generally believe in Christ Jesus. Although the Old Testament, one of the Christian classics, was originally a Jewish classic, there is a close historical relationship between the two religions. However, according to Christian doctrine, Judas, one of Jesus' 12 disciples, betrayed the son of God for 30 pieces of silver coins, and the Jews crucified Jesus, which caused Christians' emotional hatred towards the Jews. Therefore, it is difficult for Christians in Europe to accept Jews in religious feelings. This socialization of religious feelings has gradually evolved into a popular social mentality of hating Jews. Similarly, this social mentality is also a kind of cultural precipitation. Generations "inherit" and gradually combine with social economy and politics with the passage of time, making it a potential social and political force that can be used at any time. When this potential thing is used by one (or more) political careerists, it will erupt like a volcano and become a crazy social driving force.

It should be noted that nationalism prevailed in Germany and Austria at that time, and the original religious sentiment intensified under the real conflict of interests, which made people's original anti-Semitism more intense, thus intensifying their hatred of Jews. Under the influence of this social atmosphere, Hitler's view of "hatred of Judaism and anti-Semitism" gradually formed and quickly became the dominant of this social sentiment. On the one hand, the social sentiment of hatred of Judaism and anti-Semitism in Germany and Austria at that time greatly stimulated his political ambition, which made his nationalist thoughts expand viciously, created social value orientation and cultivated political power for his policies and measures of hatred of Judaism and anti-Semitism in the future.

3. Realistic needs. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, the world economic crisis broke out, which severely hit Germany, making its industrial production fall back to the level at the end of last century, and its national strength gradually declined. The profound economic crisis not only intensified the class contradictions at home, but also stimulated the monopoly bourgeoisie's ambition to expand abroad. "The German nation must find a way out from the plundered land and production space." Hitler's idea of fighting for the world was supported by the German monopoly bourgeoisie. However, the implementation of the evil plan to establish the Germanic empire of the German nation requires huge funds to provide financial security. In the case of declining national strength, it is natural for them to reach out to wealthy Jews.

In addition, Jews living in all parts of Europe are not only rich, but also have higher quality than other nationalities. Faced with such a nation, Hitler and his followers felt both hatred and timidity. In their minds, Jews, a special social group, are a serious threat to their dream of the "Third Reich". These undoubtedly aggravated Hitler's hatred and political jealousy towards Jews. In addition, the social and political life in Germany at that time was completely in a symptom of extreme madness, which made Hitler's anti-Semitism view not only lose its proper social environment, but also quickly become crazy.

4. Violent morbid psychology. Hitler was the illegitimate child of a small Austrian customs official. He lacked a good education since childhood, and wandered the streets of Vienna and Munich all day in his youth, which made him selfish and arrogant. As one of his childhood class teachers later recalled, "Hitler lacked self-control, at least he was considered stubborn, willful, self-righteous and grumpy." In addition, he suffers from spastic neuroticism, and he will go crazy and even squat on the floor and chew the carpet. As can be seen from relevant historical materials, rage is a typical feature of Hitler's character. For example, one day in 1942, a surgeon of Nazi German armed forces, Zal Borch, was ordered to meet Hitler. Hitler's dog jumped on the doctor and scared him out of his wits. The doctor was forced to speak to him in a low voice Soon he lay quietly beside the doctor, put his front legs on his knees, looked at him meekly and laughed with him. Hitler flew into a rage when he saw this scene: "It is the only creature that is completely loyal to me, but you cheated it. I want to kill it." The voice is getting louder and louder, almost to the point of screaming. I'm afraid of shouting and threatening to imprison the doctor. Such things happen from time to time. Rage is like jealousy, which makes him vicious and cruel. Hitler was a political madman with a serious morbid psychology.

If we look at any one of the above four reasons in isolation, it is difficult to constitute an extinct vendetta against Jews. Only when these four reasons are combined can we have a certain social effect that will lead the Jewish nation to extinction, and Hitler is the leader who skillfully combined these four reasons.

First of all, under the banner of nationalism and socialism prevailing in Germany at that time, the Nazi Party flaunted that the German nation was an excellent one and regarded the Jewish nation as an inferior one. In order to confuse the audience and deceive the German people, Hitler carefully packaged this theory of racial discrimination from two aspects. First, he was afraid that according to his own social logic, he would extract some words out of context from the predecessors' expositions on population issues and piece together a theory of racial superiority and inferiority, thus creating a theoretical basis for pushing Jews to inferior races. The second is to use the deep-rooted anti-Semitic consciousness and religious complex in the hearts of Germans and Austrians to advocate the fallacy of "Jewish plague". After Hitler's deliberate "grafting", this theory is no longer racial discrimination in the general sense. He used historical and religious factors to create a broad social foundation for his extermination of Jews, making this theory more universal and inflammatory. As soon as Hitler came to power, he was able to successfully carry out a set of anti-Semitic policies that persecuted Jews crazily, which undoubtedly benefited from his absurd theory. Secondly, the Nazi party also used the psychology that the German masses hated the Treaty of Versailles at that time to incite revenge, and transferred this emotion to the Jews.

Among these four reasons, the realistic need is the most direct factor, and the other two reasons are also very important factors. Without historical reasons and religious complex as the dominant conditions, it is hard to imagine that even if reality needs it again, it will reach such a crazy and cruel level. Only when these four reasons are combined, a terrible and disgusting driving force full of blood is produced.

Any historical event is the product of various social related factors, or it is created by current events. During World War II, 6 million Jews were killed, and Hitler was the chief culprit. Hitler's unique racial hatred and political jealousy towards Jews is a special reflection of the morbid psychology of political lunatics. The "bacteria" that led to Hitler's serious morbid psychology came from historical prejudice and religious complex, which happened to be bred by the German social environment at that time. To be exact, Hitler's serious morbid psychology and the crazy and morbid social and political life in Germany at that time were complementary. On the one hand, crazy morbid psychology is the adhesive of historical prejudice, religious complex and practical needs; On the other hand, the aggregation of these three reasons pushed Hitler's crazy and morbid psychology to the extreme, which led to the great tragedy of human history.

It has been half a century since the victory of World War II. When people analyze and study the genocide against Jews, they should draw the following lessons: ① hatred between nations should be ended. Look at the past with tolerance and welcome the future with generosity. Ancestors' grievances should not be pursued by future generations. (2) Religion must be separated from politics. Religion shall not interfere in political life, and political life shall not use religious emotions. Religious activities should be restricted by laws and regulations, so that religious belief becomes the personal affairs of religious believers. (3) National life must be democratized and legalized, and a political operation mechanism should be established to prevent any form of arbitrary and dictatorial rule, so that people can care about national affairs without fanaticism and blind obedience.