Field survival tools and methods

knapsack

The capacity of the backpack is directly related to the number of days of survival in the wild, and generally it should not be less than 50 liters. The picture shows the original LC-2 military backpack of the US military, with a volume of 49 liters. The utility model has the advantages that the outer frame structure is adopted to dissipate heat between the bag and the back of the human body, and the adjustable shoulder strap and S belt make the bag easy to grasp the balance. The outer frame is also convenient for hanging sleeping bags and other items, and the basic method of fixed-point storage.

rope

In the wild, the biggest purpose is to take the road that no one has ever taken. In some places, there is no road at all. At this time, the rope is extremely important. Special climbing ropes and locks are the best, but the price is high, but you can go to a nearby building materials store. Safety ropes and locks used by construction workers are cheap substitutes. Generally, climbing ropes are about 20m long. Mountain climbing is different from rock climbing, and cliffs above 10m are "forbidden areas" for ordinary people.

Mountaineering boots

When it comes to shoes for survival in the wild, many friends will think of sports shoes. In some places, sports shoes are simply called "travel shoes". In fact, sports shoes are divided into basketball shoes, tennis shoes, running shoes, multifunctional shoes and sports shoes. Except for outdoor Vietnamese jungle boots, rubber soles with stab-resistant steel plates and leather uppers with cotton waist are slip-proof and breathable, which can protect feet and ankles well.

Flashlights and glow sticks

As we all know, flashlights used for survival in the field require a lighting distance of not less than 50m, a battery service time of not less than 5h, a flashlight itself at least 30m deep to be waterproof, and a spare light bulb. The illustrated PETZL flashlight not only can't meet the above requirements, but also can be worn on the head through accessories, which makes Nightcrawler's hands free for other things, which is very convenient.

The invention has the advantages of light weight, small volume, long luminous time and low cost, and can be used as a light source for illumination or distress in practical application. At present, the luminous time of light sticks can range from 4 hours to 48 hours. When in use, gently bend the light stick, break the glass tube in the plastic tube and gently shake it. The liquid in the glow stick is inedible and has a certain viscosity. If leaked: it is easy to pollute furniture, floor, clothes, skin, etc. If the above situation occurs, it must be cleaned up in time; If the liquid in the glow stick enters the eyes, it must be washed with clear water or treated by a doctor.

compass

At present, almost every military store sells different types of compass needles, from simple liquid-filled compass needles that can be worn on watches to horizontal compass needles for geological exploration. It is recommended to use a special compass for outdoor exploration. The picture shows the military 65-type compass, which has many functions such as pointing, ranging, angle measuring and map scale ranging. In fact, it is the most effective to use the compass with the corresponding map, so you should fully master the use of the compass before you leave.

Survival whistle?

It is just an ordinary military whistle, but in the wild, if people in distress shout "help" to attract the attention of rescuers, they will scream at the top of their lungs in less than 15 minutes, and a small plastic whistle can be blown as long as there is still breath. Moreover, when exploring the road to find water, the length and different combinations of the sentinel rooms agreed in advance are all close contact in the wild.

Small combination tool for survival: American Latzman wave combination tool pliers are the best choice for field work. The picture below shows the Swiss champion universal tool knife, which has 42 functions and is called the "treasure chest" of field workers. It is recommended to use it with the original leather knife cover, because it is not big enough, so it can be hung around the waist to avoid wandering around the backpack when the combination tool is urgently needed in the field.

Survival tool

Survival tools, full keel, heat treatment qualified, length 20~24cm, no back teeth and other multifunctional (the more functions, the less reliable the performance) tools.

look

Compared with ordinary watches, outdoor survival watches should be waterproof and luminous, in addition to accurate walking time. The watch in the picture not only meets the above conditions, but also has the function of real-time direction finding, and automatically measures the air pressure every 2 hours (260 HPA ~ 1 100 HPA, that is, 0. 26~ 1。 1 atmospheric pressure), according to the atmospheric pressure change memory diagram to understand the future climate change function,-10 ~ 60 degrees temperature measurement function, -700 ~ 10000 m height measurement function,1100 stopwatch function and other functions, so this table also

means of communication

Nowadays, mobile phones are more common in China, but as a field adventure, the activity place is mostly in sparsely populated places, and the mobile phone signal may not be covered. At the same time, it is not economical to use mobile phones for frequent field communication. The small walkie-talkie shown in the picture is powered by three No.5 dry batteries, and the same number of rechargeable batteries can also be used. Open communication distance is 3 ~ 5 km, 12 channel LCD lighting. With the characteristics of small size, light weight and good communication quality, it is the first choice for outdoor hiking.

tent

In the wild, the main function of tents is to keep out wind and cold, avoid insects and small animals, and ensure that users can get good and adequate sleep, which plays a vital role in maintaining users' physical strength. Outdoor tents often use the word "person". Dome and other styles, users should choose the appropriate type according to the season and climate of the area to be visited, and learn how to build it before departure. The picture shows a dome-shaped double-layer tent, which is wind-proof, moisture-proof and mosquito-proof, and is suitable for all seasons.

Sleeping bags and moisture-proof mats

Sleeping bags can achieve different thermal insulation effects through different filling materials inside, and users should choose sleeping bags with different thermal insulation effects according to the temperature in the area to be reached. Sleeping bags for field survival should at least meet the basic functional requirements of moisture-proof, moisture-proof and breathable, light weight and small volume. The down sleeping bag shown in the title map not only meets the above requirements, but also has detachable lining, which is convenient for cleaning and use. One side of the moisture-proof pad is coated with a metal film, which has many uses besides moisture-proof.

Firemaking tool

In the wild, there are many ways to make a fire, such as removing the convex lens of the telescope, which can be easily used to light newspapers in sunny suburbs. Firemaking tools used in the field are mainly matches or lighters. The matches shown in the picture are field windproof matches and waterproof matches, among which windproof matches should be held on wooden poles to avoid scalding fingers. Windproof lighters are also deeply loved by experts because of their simple structure and reliable performance.

Kettle for boiling water

Some experiments show that an ordinary person can survive for about 30 days without food, while at the same time, he can only survive for up to 7 days without water, which shows the importance of water for field survivors. An ordinary person consumes at least 2 liters of drinking water every day, which is also the basic basis for preparing drinking water for outdoor activities. The kettle in the picture is made of aluminum alloy with a capacity of 1.5 liter. There is an aluminum alloy lunch box at the bottom of the kettle, just enough to cook a bag of instant noodles. Very practical.

telescope

In the wild, observe wild animals and plants, find water sources, and judge the direction of action. Telescopes are essential. Generally, the magnification of a field observation telescope should be between 7- 12 times, and the maximum objective diameter should not be less than 35mm, because the observation distance of a telescope smaller than 7 times is limited, and the hand-held telescope larger than 12 times will shake too much. The Russian-made 12*45 military telescope in the picture has an all-aluminum alloy mirror body filled with nitrogen and a dividing line, which is convenient for ranging while observing.

radio

In the wild, a small radio may be the only way for you to know about the civilized world behind you. You should pay attention to the news and the weather. In the tent at midnight, the songs from the radio may make you unforgettable all your life. The radio in the picture has two bands: AM/FM, and the channel can be searched automatically by the computer. Besides headphones, it also has a speaker. The earphone connection is also a soft whip antenna, which is especially suitable for the wild.

camera

With the popularization of photography technology, everyone hopes to take photos or DV (digital video) videos of the outdoor adventure, so as to enjoy this wonderful time with friends in the future. Before going out, make sure that the camera or camcorder is fully charged and the film and camera are backed up. The camera in the picture is only the size of a box of cigarettes. It is made of magnesium alloy and has a 28mm wide-angle lens. There are two exposure modes: automatic exposure and aperture priority exposure. Exposure can be adjusted in two steps. The viewfinder can also display information such as shutter speed.

Spare food

Food for outdoor activities should be planned according to personal taste and specific itinerary. These foods should not only be enough to eat, but also provide necessary heat for outdoor activities, because many unexpected situations may occur in the wild at any time, just in case, spare food is essential. The 90 compressed dry food shown in the title picture is made of flour, sugar, refined oil, glucose powder, milk powder, refined salt, ginsenoside and other raw materials, with a net weight of 250g, which can provide 5248KJ of heat.

The above are some commonly used equipment for field survival activities, as well as English tools, first aid kits and other items. With these common equipment, except for a rifle, your basic equipment can almost rival the regular army. However, this does not mean that you can do whatever you want in the wild. Please remember that we are children of nature, and we should always have a "heart of awe" towards nature. Caring for and respecting nature is the basis to ensure the smooth progress of field survival activities.

Second, the survival method

Looking for water

With sensitive hearing organs, pay more attention to whether there is running water, frogs and waterfowl at the foot of the mountain, streams, cliffs, basins and valleys. If you can hear these sounds, it means that you are not far from the place where there is water, which can prove that these water sources are running tap water and can be directly drunk. But we should pay special attention not to take the sound of the wind blowing leaves as the sound of running water. Sniff your nose and try to smell the damp, or the smell of soil and water plants brought by the wind. Then follow the direction of the smell to find water. Of course, this requires some experience.

Observation is based on rich experience and knowledge. You can also find water by observing animals, plants, meteorology, climate and geographical environment. Judging the groundwater level according to the terrain (geographical environment). There is often groundwater at the foot of the mountain, and the groundwater level in low-lying areas, rainwater-concentrated areas and downstream reservoirs is high. Besides, under the dry river bed. At the lowest point outside the river bend, there will be water if you dig down a few meters or so. But there is a lot of mud, which needs to be purified before drinking.

The use of sleeping bags

Sleeping bags are skillful. People who "can't sleep" will feel cold at low temperature (MINUS 5 degrees), even if they use cold sleeping bags (MINUS 35 degrees). So how can they sleep warmer? When using sleeping bags, there are many external factors that will affect the performance of sleeping bags. It should be noted that the sleeping bag itself is not hot, but it effectively reduces the body temperature loss. The following situations will help you sleep warmer. In the wild, a sheltered tent can provide a warm sleeping environment. When choosing a camp, don't choose the valley bottom, which is the gathering place of cold air, and try to avoid the ridges or valleys that bear strong winds. A good damp-proof pad can effectively separate the sleeping bag from the cold and wet ground, and the inflation effect is better. You need two ordinary moistureproof mats in the snow.

Keep the sleeping bag dry. The water absorbed by the sleeping bag mainly comes from the human body, not from the outside. Even in extremely cold conditions, the human body will still expel at least a small glass of water when sleeping. Thermal insulation cotton will stick when it is wet, lose its elasticity and reduce its thermal insulation ability. If the sleeping bag is used for several days continuously, it is best to dry it in the sun. Frequent cleaning of sleeping bags can keep the elasticity of thermal insulation cotton.

Put on more clothes. Some soft clothes can also be used as thick pajamas Filling the gap between people and sleeping bags can also enhance the warmth of sleeping bags.

Warm-up before going to bed is the heat source of sleeping bags. If you do a short warm-up exercise or drink a hot drink before going to bed, your body temperature will rise slightly, which will help shorten the heating time of your sleeping bag.

Prepare a first aid kit.

No one can predict what will happen in the wild. First aid kit can prolong your life, so be sure to carry it with you. The first aid kit contains the following basic first aid items:

① Bandages have different widths and materials to cope with different areas and types of injuries.

Generally, there are: gauze roll bandage: suitable for treating general wounds, mainly used to fix dressings. Elastic scroll bandage: elastic, not only can be used to treat wounds, but also can be used to treat common injuries such as strain, sprain and varicose veins, which can fix injured limbs and reduce swelling. Triangle towel: Triangle towel can be used in full width or folded into bandages with different widths. Usually used as a hand hanger to support upper limbs. ② The dressing is made of multi-layer gauze, and its texture is flexible. Mainly used to cover wounds and absorb secretions; Wounds with more bleeding and secretions can be thickened and covered.

③ Dressing bag The dressing bag consists of a cotton pad and a scroll bandage. Cover the wound with a cotton pad (dressing) and then fix it with the attached scroll bandage.

(4) Disinfectants Introduce the usage methods of several commonly used disinfectants:

1. gentian violet (purple potion): accelerates wound scabbing and wound healing.

2. Mercury chloride (mercuric chloride): it protects the wound and has antibacterial effect.

3. Alcohol and iodine: used for surface disinfection of non-mucosal wounds. Can not be used for disinfection of broken wounds.

4. Hydrogen peroxide: used for basic disinfection of contaminated mucosa or broken wounds.

⑤ Cleaning cotton balls are used to clean wounds, and they are dipped in disinfectant when used.

⑥ Disinfection tape: generally used to treat small wounds. Before sticking the tape, make sure that the skin around the wound is dry and clean, otherwise it will not stick firmly. ⑦ Adhesive tape: used to fix dressings, roller bandages or triangular towels.

⑧ Various pills: such as Contac, Ganmaotong, Berberine, Niuhuang Jiedu Tablet, Bilitong, Huoxiang Zhengqi Pill, stomach medicine, etc.

Pet-name ruby snake medicine: vacuum extractor, Shanghai snake medicine, Ji Desheng snake medicine.

Indications: eye drops, flower oil, hemostatic patch, cooling oil, expelling wind oil, etc.

Looking for a journey

The skills of finding the right route must be accumulated through the usual field activities. For example, I usually get into the habit of consulting maps and compasses at any time, and at the same time actively observe the surrounding terrain and surrounding plants to judge the correct position.

The sun rises in the east and sets in the west, which is the most basic way to tell the direction. You can also use the stick shadow method to measure. When the sun is enough to form a shadow, erect a straight stick (1 m or more) on the flat ground and put a stone (or other mark) on the shadow of the wooden stick. The shadow of the stick will move with the sun. After 30-60 minutes, put another stone on the shadow top of the stick again. Then draw a straight line between the two stones, and draw a straight line perpendicular to it in the middle of this straight line. Then step on the first mark with your left foot and the second mark with your right foot. At this time, the front of the standing person is due north, the back is due south, the right hand is east, and the left hand is west. If you get lost on a cloudy day, you can know your position by the growth of moss on trees or stones. As far as the trees in the northern hemisphere are concerned, the leafy side is the south. If you cut down a tree, the side with wide rings and wet moss is the north.

Use stars:

In the northern hemisphere, Polaris is usually the target. The key to using Polaris to identify the direction at night lies in finding Polaris accurately in the vast sea of stars. There are many ways to know Polaris. Here is a simple and effective one: first, look for the big dipper in the shape of the big dipper, and extend the interval between the two stars on the handle of the big dipper by five times, and you can find the North Star on this straight line. Generally speaking, the stars on these two handles are called key planets.

If you can't see the Big Dipper, look for the Hou Xian constellation in the opposite direction. Hou Xian constellation consists of five stars, which looks like the English letters M or W leaning to one side. Draw a straight line from a star in Hou Xian constellation, and you will find that the distance from Polaris to Polaris is almost the same as that from the Big Dipper. The direction of Polaris is due north. Look at the direction with a watch: I want to know the direction but I don't have a compass in my hand. In this case, as long as there is the sun, you can find the position with your watch.

Put the matchstick vertically on the ground, then put the watch horizontally on the ground and overlap the shadow of the matchstick with a short needle. The middle between the surface 12 point direction and the scale indicated by the short needle is south, and the opposite is north. If there are no matches, you can also use twigs to make the shadows more accurate. Remember to wear a watch if you are engaged in challenging survival activities. At this time, an ordinary watch is more valuable than an electronic watch. Because the hour hand and minute hand on an ordinary watch will become an important survival tool when necessary.

Pinpoint the direction

In the absence of topographic maps, compasses and other standard equipment, soldiers should master some methods to judge the direction by using natural characteristics.

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Using the sun to determine the position is very simple.

You can use a pole (straight pole) to make it perpendicular to the ground, and put a stone at the vertex A of the pole shadow; After about 10 minutes, when the shadow vertex of the benchmark moves to B, put another stone. Connect point A and point B into a straight line, and the direction of this straight line is the east-west direction. The direction perpendicular to the AB line is the north-south direction, and the end facing the sun is the south.

Judge the direction by pointing to the sun. The method is as follows: when the watch is placed horizontally, the position indicated by the hour hand (24-hour clock) is halved against the sun, and the direction indicated by 12 on the dial is roughly north. If the current time is 16, the watch scale at 8 o'clock points to the sun, and the time of 12 points to the north.

When the weather is clear at night, you can use Polaris to determine the direction. To find the North Star, we must first find the constellation Ursa (we call it the Big Dipper). Constellation consists of seven stars, and it starts like a spoon. After the Big Dipper was found, it extended to the spoon mouth along the line connecting the two stars A and B on the spoon edge, which was about five times the distance between the two stars A and B. The brighter star was Polaris. The direction indicated by Polaris is the north. You can also use Andromeda opposite the Big Dipper to find the North Star. Cassiopeia consists of five stars with the same brightness as the Big Dipper. It is shaped like a W, which is about twice the width of the whole gap in front of the middle of the W-shaped gap, and the Polaris can be found.

It is an auxiliary method to determine the orientation by using the features of ground objects. Use it flexibly according to different situations. Independent trees usually have lush leaves and smooth bark in the south. The annual ring line on the stump is usually thin in the south and dense in the north. The front doors of houses, windows and temples in rural areas generally face south. Snow in buildings, mounds, ridges and highlands usually melts quickly in the south and slowly in the north. The big rocks, mounds and trees in the south are densely vegetated, while the moss is easy to grow in the north.

When you get lost in the wild, don't panic, but stop immediately, always remember the road you have traveled calmly, try to reorient yourself according to all possible signs, and then find the road. The most reliable way is to get lost and go back to the original starting point.

After losing your way in the mountains, you must first climb high and look far, and judge which direction you should go. Usually, you should walk in the direction of low terrain, so it is easy to touch the water source, and it is safest to walk along the river, which is especially important in the forest. Because roads and residential areas are often built by waterfront and rivers.

If you meet a fork in the road, there are many roads that make you feel at a loss. You must first make clear the direction you want to take, and then choose the right road. If the directions of several roads are roughly the same and cannot be determined, then take the middle road first, so as to make ends meet, and even if you take the wrong road, you will not deviate too far.

way to travel

In order to avoid getting lost, save physical strength and improve the speed of traveling in mountainous areas, we should try our best to avoid taking roads, forests, mountains and paths. If there is no road, you can choose to travel on the longitudinal ridge, mountainside, the edge of rivers and streams, and the terrain with high trees, large drop and low grass. We should strive to walk on the beam instead of the ditch, and walk vertically instead of horizontally.

When marching, you can take a big step without taking a small step. In this way, dozens of kilometers down, you can save a lot of steps. When you are tired, you should take a walk and have a rest. When climbing rocks, we should carefully observe the rocks, carefully identify the quality and weathering degree of the rocks, and determine the direction and route of climbing.

The basic method of rock climbing is the "three-point fixation" method, that is, after both hands and one foot or two feet are fixed with one hand, the remaining hand or one foot is moved to move the center of gravity up. Hands and feet should be coordinated to avoid moving at two points at the same time. Be sure to be steady, light and fast, choose the most suitable distance and the most stable fulcrum according to your own situation, and don't grab or push too far across big strides.

Climbing a hillside below 30 degrees can rise in a straight line. When climbing, your body leans forward slightly, your feet are all on the ground, your knees are bent, and your feet are exposed in a figure of eight. Don't walk too fast. When the slope is greater than 30 degrees, zigzag climbing route is generally adopted. When climbing a mountain, your legs are slightly bent, your upper body leans forward, your inner toes lean forward, your feet touch the ground, and your outer toes are slightly outward. When you accidentally slip on the road, you should immediately face the hillside, spread your arms but straighten your legs, and tilt your toes to make your body move up as much as possible to reduce the sliding speed. In this way, you can try to find climbing and supporting objects in the slide. Never sit facing outward, because it will not only slide faster, but also roll easily on steep slopes.

Rivers are common obstacles in mountainous and plain areas. Don't rush into the water when you meet a river. You should observe carefully before you decide where and how to cross the river. Rivers in mountainous areas are usually fast-flowing, with low water temperature and uneven riverbed. When crossing the river, in order to keep your body balanced, you should support it in the upstream direction of the water, or hold a stone weighing 15 ~ 20kg. When crossing in groups, three or four people can line up and hold each other's shoulders, with the strongest body in the upstream direction.

Collect food

There are two main ways to get food in the wild. One is hunting wild animals, and the other is collecting wild plants.

To hunt wild animals, we must first understand their habitats and grasp their life rules, and then adopt methods such as pressure catching, trapping, trapping and shooting. This needs to be mastered through long-term training and practice under the guidance of experts. Here is a brief introduction to the species and eating methods of edible insects and edible wild plants.

At present, people all over the world are eating snails, earthworms, ants, cicadas, cockroaches, crickets, butterflies, grasshoppers, lake flies, spiders and mantis. Although people are not used to eating insects, and even feel disgusted, they don't try in order to maintain their lives, combat effectiveness and complete their tasks as a last resort. However, it should be noted that it should be cooked or roasted thoroughly to prevent parasites in insects from entering the human body and causing poisoning or illness.

Common edible insects are locusts; Baked, boiled and fried with soy sauce; Mantis: Roast or stir-fry after removing wings, or cook. Dragonfly: eat after dry frying: cicada: eat raw or dry frying, and larvae can also be eaten; Scolopendra: dry fried, but it tastes bad; Anoplophora longicorn: larvae can be eaten raw or roasted; Ant: fried food, delicious; Spider: remove feet to bake food; Termites: they can be eaten raw or fried; Dendrolimus punctatus: baked food.

Edible wild plants include edible wild fruits, wild vegetables, algae, lichens, mushrooms and so on. The identification of edible wild plants is the main content of bottom-up knowledge in this field. China has a vast territory and is suitable for all kinds of plants, of which about 2,000 are edible. Common edible wild fruits in China are: Vitis amurensis, Sapium sebiferum, Blackberry, Seabuckthorn, Torchwood, Myrtle, Elaeagnus Elaeagnus, Vaccinium bracteatum, Phyllanthus emblica and so on. Especially wild chestnuts, coconuts and papaya are easy to identify and are good food for emergency survival. Common wild vegetables are bitter herbs, dandelion, houttuynia cordata, purslane, thorn grass, shepherd's purse, wild amaranth, broom, water chestnut, lotus, reed, moss and so on. Wild vegetables can be eaten raw, fried, boiled or soaked in boiling water.

But the average person needs to be trained for a certain period of time under the guidance of experts to master this knowledge. Here is a simple method to identify the toxicity of wild plants in case of emergency. Usually cut a small hole in the collected plants, put a pinch of salt, and then carefully observe whether to change the original color. Usually, discolored plants are inedible.

Injury prevention and treatment

Prevention and treatment of mosquito bites: In order to prevent mosquito bites in the wild, people should wear long-sleeved clothes and trousers, tie up cuffs and necklines, and apply anti-mosquito drugs to exposed parts of the skin. Don't sit and lie in damp shade and grass. When camping, burn mugwort leaves, Artemisia annua, cypress leaves, wild chrysanthemums and so on. Drive away insects. After being bitten by insects, you can apply ammonia, soapy water, salt water, baking soda water and zinc oxide ointment to the affected area for disinfection.

Leeches are very harmful insects. Don't pull it out when you meet a leech bite. You can pat it with your hand or drop soap, salt water, tobacco oil and alcohol on its front sucker, or burn it with a burning cigarette end to make it fall off, then press the wound to stop bleeding and apply iodine to the wound to prevent infection. When the troops March, they should always check whether there are leeches crawling on their feet. If you put some soap and anti-mosquito oil on the vamp, you can prevent leeches from climbing up. The effective time of one brushing is about 4~8 hours. In addition, applying garlic juice to shoes, socks and trousers can also drive away leeches.

Faint: Most of the fainting in the wild is due to falls, excessive fatigue, excessive hunger and other reasons. The main manifestations are sudden pallor, weak and slow pulse and loss of consciousness. In this case, there is no need to panic. I usually wake up after a while. Drink some hot water after waking up and pay attention to rest.

Poisoning: Its symptoms are nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomachache and heart weakness. In this case, you should first wash your stomach, drink plenty of water quickly, touch your throat with your fingers to cause vomiting, then eat laxatives such as castor oil to clear your intestines, then eat antidotes such as activated carbon, and drink plenty of water to accelerate excretion. In order to ensure the normal beating of the heart, we should drink some sugar water and strong tea to warm our feet and send them to the hospital for treatment immediately.

Heatstroke: Its symptoms are sudden dizziness, nausea, coma, anhidrosis or cold dampness, dilated pupils and high fever. Often dry mouth, dizziness, general weakness and blackness before onset. At this point, Qing immediately lay flat in a cool and ventilated place, untied her underwear belt, relaxed her whole body, and then took ten drops of water and other drugs. When you have a fever, you can use cold water or cold compress to dissipate heat. If you are unconscious, you can pinch Renzhong point and Herong point to wake it up.

Frostbite: If the skin is found to be red, white, cold and hard, etc. Should be rubbed with hands or dry velvet steps to promote blood circulation and reduce frostbite. For mild frostbite, rubbing with pepper soaked in wine can be effective. If your body is frozen stiff, don't immediately carry the injured person into a warm room. Rub your limbs first and do artificial respiration. After the injured person regained consciousness, he went to a warmer place for rescue.

Sting: After the wound is bitten by poisonous insects such as scorpions, centipedes and wasps, it becomes red, swollen and itchy, accompanied by nausea, vomiting and dizziness. Squeeze out the venom first, and then wipe the wound with soapy water, ammonia water, tobacco oil, vinegar, etc. Or mashed with purslane, juiced and taken for external use by Standard Chartered. Snails can also be washed and mashed and applied to wounds. In addition, garlic juice is effective for centipede bites. ?

Call for help method

Setting off fireworks: Setting off fireworks is the most common way to ask for help. Smoking during the day means putting some rubber pieces, raw leaves, moss, ferns and so on. On a fire, burning smoke can be generated to inform the outside world. When using fire at night, three open fires should be lit in the direction of possible residential areas, and the fire will send a distress signal.

Optical signal: During the day, with the help of sunlight, the mirror reflects intermittent optical signals to possible residential areas or rescue planes in the air, and the optical signals can travel as far as 16 km. The method is to aim one finger at the place where it should be transmitted, and hold the reflector with the other hand to adjust the reflected sunlight and gradually shoot the reflected light in the aimed direction. At night, use a flashlight to continuously send out distress signals in the direction of distress.

The international distress signal is SOS, that is, three long and three short, constantly circulating.

Modern distress mode: With the development of the times, all kinds of modern distress equipment are gradually popularized, such as beacons, radio communicators, satellite phones and other equipment. If conditions permit, these modern equipment can be equipped step by step.