Panda fossil constellation logo _ Panda fossil constellation logo picture

panda

Giant panda (scientific name: Ailuropoda melanoleuca), commonly known as "panda", is one of the most precious animals in the world. It is a national first-class protected animal, with black and white body color, and is known as the "national treasure of China". The giant panda is endemic to China and belongs to Xiong Ke. Its existing main habitats are in the surrounding mountainous areas such as China, Sichuan and Shaanxi. There are about 1590 wild giant pandas in the world. The adult giant panda is about 120~ 190 cm long and weighs 85 ~ 125 kg, so it is suitable for living on bamboo. The cute appearance of giant pandas is deeply loved by the public all over the world. 196 1 when wwf was founded, the giant panda became the most important symbol of species protection and an important representative of China's friendship in diplomatic activities.

Chinese name: giant panda

Latin scientific name: Ailuropoda melanoleuca, English name: Panda.

Nicknames: panda, bamboo bear, silver dog, cave ga, Du cave ga, alien hunting, leopard, iron-eating beast.

Name: Raccootidae.

Field: animal kingdom

Phylum: Chordata phylum

Subphylum: vertebrates

Category: Mammals

Objective: Carnivora.

Suborder: Canine.

Group: Xiong Ke (Xiong Ke)

Subfamily: Giant Panda subfamily

Genus: Giant Panda

Species: Giant Panda

Distribution: China, Sichuan, Shaanxi and Gansu.

Temperament: docile

Logo: fat as a bear, short head and round tail, black and white.

Protection level: national first-class protected animals.

catalogue

Distribution range of origin and evolution

amount

kind

Ancient records of the discovery process

Serendipity

Formal naming

World sensation

morphological character

Living habits

Unique food characteristics of living environment

How to digest bamboo

Growth and reproduction

Demographic situation

Be threatened

Protection measures protection level

Risk factor

Protect potential customers

Crisis period

Panda base

artificial insemination

Gene research

WWF and Giant Panda

Utilization and protection of prehistoric times

ancient times

Westerners and pandas

Provisions on the administration of domestic borrowing and exhibition

Other related panda legends

Messenger of friendship

Panda painting

Longevity panda

Distribution range of origin and evolution

amount

kind

Ancient records of the discovery process

Serendipity

Formal naming

World sensation

morphological character

Living habits

Unique food characteristics of living environment

How to digest bamboo

Growth and reproduction

Demographic situation

Be threatened

protection measures

Protection level, risk factors, protection prospect, artificial breeding gene research of giant panda base in crisis period WWF and the utilization and protection of giant pandas

In prehistoric times, westerners and pandas were related to other regulations of domestic borrowing and exhibition management.

Panda legend, friendly messenger, panda painting, longevity panda, editing, origin and evolution

The ancestors of pandas are the original pandas. The scientific name of panda is actually "panda", which means "bear like a cat", that is, "it is similar to a bear in essence and a cat in appearance." Strictly speaking, "panda" is a wrong noun. This "wrong case" was caused by this: before liberation, the Beibei Museum in Chongqing, Sichuan had exhibited panda specimens, and the word "panda" was written horizontally from left to right on the instruction board. But at that time, the horizontal headlines of newspapers were used to reading from right to left, so the reporter mistakenly wrote "Panda" in the report. The word "panda" is widely spread by the media, and it is difficult to correct it if you get used to it. Therefore, if people make mistakes, they are called "pandas". In fact, scientists named the giant panda "Panda" because its ancestors were similar to bears and both belonged to carnivores. Some people think that giant pandas have always been herbivores. In fact, it is the earliest panda that is mainly carnivorous and evolved from a bear-like species. The main branches of Eocene pandas continued to evolve in central and southern China. One of them appeared in the early Pleistocene about 3 million years ago and was smaller than the panda today. Judging from its teeth, it has evolved into an omnivore that eats bamboo.

The lovely giant panda (38) lays eggs and bears. Since then, this main branch has spread to the subtropics, and fossils have been found in North China, Northwest China, East China, Southwest China, South China and even Vietnam and northern Myanmar. In this process, the giant panda adapted to the life of subtropical bamboo forest, gradually became bigger and lived on bamboo. The giant panda reached its peak in the middle and late Pleistocene 500,000-700,000 years ago. Nowadays, the molars of giant pandas are well developed, and their claws have a "thumb" in addition to five toes. This "thumb" is actually a specialized formation of a wrist bone, scientifically called "radial sesamoid bone", which mainly plays the role of holding bamboo. The giant panda in Qinling Mountains has been identified as a subspecies of giant panda. Fossils show that the ancestors of pandas appeared in the early Pliocene 2-3 million years ago. Hundreds of thousands of years ago, it was the heyday of the giant panda, belonging to the saber-toothed elephant paleontology. The giant panda's habitat once covered most of eastern and southern China, from Beijing in the north to southern Myanmar and northern Vietnam in the south (Xiale, 1993). Fossils are usually found in temperate or subtropical forests at an altitude of 500~700 meters. Later, animals died out in the same period, but the giant panda has survived to this day, maintaining its original ancient characteristics. Therefore, it has many scientific values, so it is called "the living fossil of animals", and China regards it as a "national treasure". At present, the distribution of giant pandas is very narrow, limited to the southern slope of Qinling Mountain, Minshan Mountain, Qionglai Mountain, Daxiangling Mountain and Liangshan Mountain in China. Great changes in the habitat of giant pandas only occur in modern times. In recent hundreds of years, the population of China has surged, occupying land and many habitats have disappeared. Giant pandas used to live in low valleys, but now they are residential areas. Giant pandas can only live at the altitude 1200~3400 meters where bamboo can grow. At present, our government has taken a series of effective measures to better protect this endangered living fossil. The living conditions of giant pandas have always been concerned by the world. In order to protect and breed giant pandas in the future, it is necessary to continue to look for other residential areas and give them a good living condition.

Distribution of giant pandas' feeding (14 photo)

Giant pandas live in temperate forests on the eastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in southwest China, where bamboo is the main undergrowth plant. This series of high mountains and deep valleys in the transition from the upper reaches of the Yangtze River to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China include

Life of Panda Family (2) Qinling Mountains, Minshan Mountain, Qionglai, Daxiangling Mountain, Xiaoxiangling Mountain and Liangshan Mountain. Qinling Mountains are distributed in the southern foothills, Foping is the main distribution county, Yangxian is the general distribution county, and Taibai, Ningshan Zhouzhi, Liuba and Ningqiang are only a few distribution counties. Minshan series is generally distributed in Sichuan except Wenxian County, Gansu Province. The main counties in Sichuan are Pingwu Qingchuan and Beichuan, Jiuzhaigou, Songpan and Maoxian, and a few counties are Anxian, Mianzhu, Pengzhou, Wolong, Shifang and Dujiangyan. Qionglai Mountains are mainly distributed in Baoxing, Wenchuan and Tianquan counties. The general counties are Dayi and Lushan, and only a few counties are Qionglai, Chongzhou, Kangding and Luding. In addition to Hongya and Mianning, there are only several counties such as Yingjing, Shimian, Hanyuan and Jiulong in Xiangling. In addition to Mabian, Meigu and Yuexi, Liangshan has only Ganluo, Ebian and Leibo counties.

amount

How many pandas are there in the wild at present? This is a difficult question to answer. Living in the dense bamboo forest on the steep mountain slope, the statistics of giant pandas has become a very hard work. There were two surveys in 1970s and 1980s, and it was estimated that there were about 1 000 wild giant pandas, which may be low. There are 37 counties in the distribution area of giant pandas. According to the three levels of main production, general production and small quantity, there are about 100 pandas in each county, totaling 7 counties. Generally, there are more than 50 counties in each county, totaling 1 1 county; There are usually less than 50 counties with low productivity, and there are 19 counties. Based on this calculation, the total number of wild giant pandas is less than 1000, and the number of captive pandas is about 100. The net reproduction rate of giant pandas is only about 1.040002, so the population growth is slow. According to the investigation of the State Forestry Administration in 2006, there are totally 596 wild giant pandas1in China, and the number in captivity is 16 1 individual. The giant panda is one of the rarest mammals in Xiong Ke family, and it is threatened by the greatest survival.

Atlas of giant panda stamps (40 species)

According to the investigation in 1980s, the area of panda habitat is about 13000 square kilometers. According to the investigation report of the State Forestry Administration in 2005, it has been confirmed that the Qinling population of giant panda is a new subspecies of giant panda. The Qinling Giant Panda and the Sichuan Giant Panda are geographically separated by 6.5438+0.2 million years, and the head shape of the Qinling Giant Panda is round. According to the third giant panda survey conducted in 2000-200 1 year, the number of giant pandas in Qinling Mountains (excluding 1 larvae under one and a half years old) was 273. In Qinling Mountains, besides black and white pandas, brown and white pandas were also found. The giant panda is a lively animal with a unique black and white coat color. The species and genus of giant pandas have been debated for a century. The recent DNA analysis shows that it is an internationally accepted classification method of Xiong Ke and Giant Panda subfamily, and it is gradually recognized in China. The traditional classification of giant pandas in China lists them as giant pandas. It represents an early branch of Xiong Ke.

Edit this discovery process

Ancient records

In ancient times, giant pandas were also called "iron eaters". Han Dong Fang Shuo's Divine Canon: "There is a beast in the south, which is called biting iron." Guo Pu commented on Er Ya Shi Beast in Jin Dynasty: "Like a bear, with a small head and soft feet, black and white refutation can lick copper, iron and bamboo bones." Yuan Mei's "The First Episode of New Qi Xie" in Qing Dynasty: "There are tapirs in Fangxian County who like to eat copper and iron without hurting people. Any folk plough, hoe, knife, axe, etc. Will drool and eat like rot. The iron sheets wrapped on the city gate are all cited. "

Serendipity

From 1862 to 1874, the French missionary David sent plant specimens back to France and introduced many new plant species to France and Europe. In addition, 58 new species of birds, 100 new species of insects and many important new species of mammals have been discovered in China, including the giant panda, a mammal endemic to China.

Giant pandas (24), golden monkeys and elk. After David came to China for the second time in 1867, he heard that there are many kinds of animals in western Sichuan, and some of them are rare and unknown, so he came to Baoxing County, Ya 'an City, Sichuan Province from Shanghai and served as the fourth generation pastor in Dunchigou Church in Donghe, Mu Ping. 1In the spring of 869, David had been preaching in Dengchigou Catholic Church in Baoxing for more than two years. On the afternoon of March 1 1, David and several people came to the source of Dengchigou and collected several biological specimens. They were happily returning to the Catholic Church. On the way, they passed a family named Li, and the host politely invited them to have tea at home. Suddenly, a strange black and white animal skin hanging on the wall attracted David deeply. The owner told him that the local people called this animal "white bear", "flower bear" or "bamboo bear". It is very docile and generally won't hurt people. The hunter of the Li family told David that he would soon see the living giant panda of this animal.

. David was so excited that he estimated that this animal "will be an interesting new species in science", and this discovery will fill a gap in the world's animals. In order to get this strange animal, David hired 20 local hunters to search for it. On March 23rd, the hunters sent the first little "white bear", but unfortunately, for convenience, they killed it. 1On May 4th, 869, the hunters finally brought good news to David: they caught a "bamboo bear" and six "long-tailed monkeys". After careful consideration, David named the bamboo bear "black and white bear" and the long-tailed monkey "upturned nose monkey". The naive "black and white bear" is deeply loved by David because of its furry, black and white appearance, round head and funny movements. He weighed himself for a while and made a scientific observation of this "black and white bear" that the locals had never seen before. panda

After a period of careful feeding, David decided to bring this lovely "black and white bear" back to France. However, in order to take this treasure from Mu Ping (now Baoxing) on the western edge of the western Sichuan Plain to the French Empire on the other side of the Atlantic Ocean, it was necessary to travel across mountains and rivers when the traffic conditions were very limited at that time.

The habits of giant pandas (3 photos) are far beyond the ocean, so it's hard to say. As a result, this lovely "black and white bear" can't stand the turbulence of long-distance mountain roads and the constant change of climate, and it is already dying before it is transported to Chengdu. Father David had to make a specimen of the skin of this "black and white bear" with great regret and send it to the National Museum of Paris, France for exhibition. The world's first panda model specimen was thus made.

Formal naming

After this animal skin was exhibited in the National Museum of Paris, no one knew about the giant panda at that time. People see from the hide that it has a big white face of Zhang Yuanyuan, and there are two circles of deep dark spots around the eyes, like wearing a pair of sunglasses, so some people conclude that there is no such animal in the world, and the hide is fake! Some people say it's just a strange bear. However, after a thorough study by Miller Edwards, the curator of the museum, he thought it was neither a bear nor a cat, but another kind of giant panda similar to that found in Tibet, China, so he officially named it "Giant Panda". 65438-0939, Chongqing Pingming Zoo held an exhibition of animal specimens, among which the "Panda" specimen attracted the most attention of the audience. Its logo adopts the internationally accepted writing format, representing Chinese and Latin respectively. However, at that time, due to the habit of reading Chinese, I ate zongzi given by the giant panda on the right.

Read to the left, so tourists always pronounce "panda" as "panda". Over time, people called "panda" "panda". A newspaper in Taiwan Province Province once wrote an article to correct the name of "panda", but people have become accustomed to it, but they think "panda" is not so smooth. From then on, the modern name "Giant Panda" was born! David became the first foreigner to introduce China Baoxing Giant Panda to the western world. It is understood that in 1870, Father David sent the skin of the giant panda back to the National Museum in Paris, France, and also named the golden monkey in Baoxing's collection (the locals called it "long-tailed monkey" or "long-tailed monkey" and David named it "golden monkey", and curator Edwards named it "golden monkey"), green-tailed pheasant (shell hen) and red panda (red panda) Taiwan Province Province is also called Panda.

World sensation

The discovery of giant pandas caused a sensation in the western world. Since then, groups of western explorers, hunting team hunters and museum specimen collectors have come to the giant panda producing area to try to uncover the mystery of the giant panda and hunt this rare animal. Among them were President Roosevelt's two sons, theodore roosevelt and Mitt Roosevelt. The two brothers first went to Baoxing county, where David found the giant panda, but found nothing, and then entered Daliangshan. In Yuexi county, they shot and killed a giant panda and took it back to the United States as a specimen. Later, German and British explorers hunted giant pandas, and even more of them were bought from hunters in China. At that time, many museums in western countries had specimens of giant pandas. But they never caught a live panda. Sixty-seven years after Father David discovered the giant panda, a tenacious American woman finally realized her dream of catching a live giant panda. 1936, Ruth hax, a 35-year-old female fashion designer in new york, got married. Her husband, William hax, was an avid explorer. Two weeks after her marriage, she went to China to look for giant pandas. However, William died in Shanghai before he got to the panda producing area. Ruth first asked to go with her husband, but he turned her down as a burden. Now she is determined to fulfill her husband's last wish and leave for China in April, 1936, two months after his death. There are only two people in Ruth's expedition-she and 25-year-old Chinese American Yang. Yang's brother once participated in the China expedition of Roosevelt's son. They took a small wooden boat from Shanghai to Chengdu, and then entered Wenchuan, looking for traces of giant pandas in the deep forests and setting traps for hunting. 165438+1October 9, when they came to a bamboo forest covered with snow (experts verified it as Caopo Township in Wenchuan County), they heard a sound similar to a baby crying coming from the hole of a dead tree. When Yang Quentin caught a furry little animal from a tree hole and handed it to Ruth who was numb with cold, she couldn't believe it. This is the living giant panda that westerners have dreamed of for more than half a century! Ruth thought that this little guy weighing less than 3 kg was a female (later proved to be a male), so she named her after her wife Yang. Lucky Ruth knew how precious what she got, and quickly returned to Chengdu with Su Lin, and then flew to Shanghai. But I have difficulty leaving this country. Although westerners have been looking for the giant panda for more than half a century, and know that it is a kind of endangered rare animal, before that, China people knew almost nothing about the giant panda. Hunters can kill this "bear" at will, and the government has no laws and measures to protect it. Ruth's trouble is not that she caught the giant panda, but that the procedures for entering Chinese mainland are incomplete, so she can't leave the country. Finally, she boarded the ship to America by bribery. She put Su Lin in a big wicker basket, wrote "Bring a pug" on the customs registration form, and then went out of the customs. Ruth and Surin are still sailing in the Pacific Ocean, and overseas telegrams have spread the news all over the United States. It was the day before Christmas when the ship docked at the San Francisco pier. Surprised Americans held a grand welcoming ceremony on the dock. They arranged the most luxurious suite for their precious guests and held a grand welcome party. Su Lin was sent to many big cities for exhibitions, and everywhere she went, she caused a sensation. When Theodore, the son of Roosevelt who had been to China to look for giant pandas, saw Su Lin, he said with great emotion, "If this little guy is regarded as a souvenir under my gun, I would rather use my son instead." After fierce competition, the Brookfield Zoo in Chicago won Surin. People flooded here, with a maximum of 40 thousand people a day, exceeding the record of the zoo. Su Lin's every move became news in the newspaper. Businessmen compete to produce products with the image of giant pandas. Fashionable girls paraded in the market wearing swimsuits with giant panda designs, and even a cocktail was named after the giant panda. The story of Ruth and Surin became a best seller and was put on the screen. Lucy and Surin

Unfortunately, Surin only lived for a year, and then she was made into a specimen for permanent exhibition. The appearance of Surin made the giant panda enter the public from the museum. She is not only rare, but also very cute, and she has become an animal star all over the world for a time. Western powers went to China to catch giant pandas. From 1936 to 194 1, the United States alone took nine giant pandas from China, and Huaxi University, a missionary school in Chengdu, "helped a lot". After 20 years in the giant panda producing area, an Englishman named "Panda King", Tangier Smith, bought nine live giant pandas during the three years from 1936 to 1938, and brought six of them to Britain. During World War II, Ming, the giant panda in London Zoo, was calm and free to play under the indiscriminate bombing of German planes, and became a wartime hero in the eyes of London citizens. At the height of the war, newspapers were still reporting Ming's life. She died at the end of 1944. The obituary published in The Times said: "She can die without regret because she brought happiness to thousands of people." After the end of World War II, 1945 and 65438+February, the British organized a team of more than 200 people through diplomatic channels, went to Wenchuan for a big raid, and finally captured a giant panda and sent it to Britain. Like many things in China, the panda's status in China rose rapidly after it caused a sensation abroad. Since the 1940s, the government began to restrict the hunting activities of foreigners. Perhaps because of this, the giant panda survived.

Edit the morphological characteristics of this paragraph