Information about the Tang Dynasty!

The country name "Tang" is an ancient name of Jin, which generally refers to the central area of Shanxi Province today. Legend has it that the monarch of Yao is called "Tang Tao". During the Zhou Dynasty, there was a small country called Tang State in today's Hubei Province. Li Hu, the grandfather of Tang Gaozu Li Yuan, was one of the Eight Pillars countries in the Northern Zhou Dynasty. He was named "Duke Tang" and the title was passed on to Li Yuan. After the Sui Dynasty, Li Yuan lived in Taiyuan and stayed. After starting the army, Li Yuan claimed to be the "King of the Tang Dynasty", then invaded Chang 'an, abolished Emperor You Yang of Sui Dynasty, and seized the throne. So he established the Tang Dynasty, with Chang 'an as its capital. After the demise of the Tang Dynasty, the later Tang Dynasty in Li Jianli in the Five Dynasties and the southern Tang Dynasty in the Ten Kingdoms both claimed to be the successors of the Tang Dynasty, and both took "Tang" as their country name. In fact, their emperor had nothing to do with the Tang Dynasty. The Tang Dynasty was a prosperous era. In the heyday and Tianbao period, the national population reached 80 million. After the Anshi Rebellion and the Huang Chao Rebellion, the population remained at that number in the late Tang Dynasty and the 9th century. The Tang Dynasty was also the first unified dynasty that did not build the Great Wall since Qin, Han and Sui Dynasties. The royal family in the Tang Dynasty claimed to be from Zhao, a famous Han nationality, and the Li family was also a military aristocrat in Longxi. Li Shi in Longxi was a famous military general and soldier in Qin Dynasty. Li Guang, the flying general of the Western Han Dynasty, and other famous soldiers emerged in this family. In Old Tang Book and New Tang Book, it is said that Li, the royal family of the Tang Dynasty, is a descendant of the second child, and Li Yuan, the founding emperor of the Tang Dynasty, claimed that Li Gui, the founding monarch of sixteen countries, was his distant ancestor. During the Northern Zhou Dynasty, Li followed the standard policy of Guanlong Group and changed his name to "Xiao Ye", which is a newly created surname. After the demise of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty reinstated him as Li.

At the end of Sui Dynasty, the warlords were separated, and the people were in poverty. At the end of Sui Dynasty, a peasant uprising broke out. In May of the 13th year of Daye (6 17), Taiyuan stayed behind, and Tang Guogong and Li Yuan set out for Jinyang. In November, he occupied Chang 'an, made Yang Di's grandson emperor, and changed to Yining, the Emperor of Sui Palace. Tang Gaozu was appointed Prime Minister and became the king of the Tang Dynasty. In May of the second year of Yining (6 18), Li Yuan ascended the throne and proclaimed himself emperor, making the country Tang and the Sui Dynasty perished. Emperor Yangdi was demoted to duke, lived in Chang 'an and died in May of the following year. Tang Gaozu is Tang Gaozu. Changed to Wude, the capital is still in Chang 'an. Then, the eldest son Li was made a prince, the second son was the king of Qin, the third son Li Xuanba died young, and the fourth son Li Yuanji was the king of Qi. After the establishment of the Tang Dynasty, Li Yuan sent Li Shimin to conquer the four sides and destroy the heroes of all parties (see "Tang Dynasty Unified War"). On the fourth day of June, Wude launched the Xuanwu Gate Revolution, which made great contributions in all aspects. Li and Li Yuanji were killed. Tang Gaozu was forced to abdicate because of the emperor's father. Li Shimin acceded to the throne, and Li Shimin was Emperor Taizong. The following year, I changed to Zhenguan (627-649).

Controlled by Guan Zhen.

Emperor Taizong

During the period of Emperor Taizong, the Mongolian Plateau dominated by Turks was the sphere of influence, and the nationalities in the northern part of the Tang Dynasty were called Li Shimin Tiankhan (a family with cars and books). ). In the internal affairs, he inherited the prime minister system, developed, improved and established the imperial examination system used by three provinces and six departments and later generations, and also implemented the land equalization system and the rent system. No matter how he came from, he recruited a large number of competent ministers, whether they were ministers or ministers, and they were all reused one by one. For example, Wei Zhi is a curtain minister for the former prince. After Emperor Taizong acceded to the throne, he let bygones be bygones and followed Wei Zhi's advice. During this period, the social order was stable and the economy was prosperous, which was called "the rule of Zhenguan" in history. The summary of his achievements "Zhenguan Politician" became the textbook of Japanese and Korean emperors, and it was also the object of imitation and learning for later emperors.

Wu Zhou Dynasty Tang Dynasty

In his later years, Emperor Taizong was troubled by the prince's problems. Prince Li Chenggan fought with Wang. As a result, Emperor Taizong abolished the two of them, and finally made Wang Jin, the ninth son of a wise man, a prince. After the death of Emperor Taizong, Li Zhi acceded to the throne for Tang Gaozong. During the reign of Emperor Gaozong, West Turkistan, Koguryo and Baekje were destroyed and Japanese reinforcements were defeated. The Tang Dynasty once ruled most of the Korean peninsula. In Tang Taizong's later years, Tang Gaozong had an affair with Wu Shi, a gifted scholar of Tang Taizong, that is, Wu Zetian, which was a great unfilial act. Before Emperor Taizong died, there were two sayings: 1, which ordered all concubines in the harem to have their hair cut as nuns, so Wu entered Ganye Temple as nuns; 2. Emperor Taizong was so convinced of the rumor that "Wu's clan took the place of Li" that he arrested and beheaded Wu in the DPRK and the harem. Because Wu was having an affair, he hid it in the temple to avoid disaster. At that time, the Emperor Gaozong and his empress were at war with Xiao Shufei. In order to compete with Xiao Shufei, the king and queen took the initiative to allow Emperor Gaozong to take over the territory in the early Tang Dynasty.

Wu Shi returned to the palace. After Wu entered the palace, he successively abolished the queen and. Under the opposition of the minister, Gao became the queen of Wu. The emperor was in poor health, and many political affairs were handed over to Wu Hou. Shortly after the death of Emperor Gaozong, Wu Zetian made Li Xian Emperor of Tang Zhongzong. Soon, he abolished Zhongzong and made his other son Li Dan emperor. After the rebellion was put down, in the first year of God's grant (690), Wu Zetian abolished and proclaimed himself emperor, and changed the Tang Dynasty to Zhou, with Luoyang as its capital. In history, it was called Wu Zhou (690 -705) and claimed to be the Holy Spirit Emperor. Wuhou also became the only woman who claimed to be the emperor in the history of China Dynasty. Because of the word "Zetian" in posthumous title, some scholars have called it "Wu Zetian" since modern times, but this is not a rigorous title. In the fifteenth year of Wu Zhou, in order to attack the influence of aristocratic families since Emperor Gaozong, Wuhou vigorously promoted officials who passed the imperial examination and entered the official position. Di Renjie is one of them. She also arranged for her nephews and confidants, such as Wu Sansi and Wu Chengsi, to be important maintenance personnel. Traditional historians criticized Wu Hou, such as Suo Yuanli, Lai Junchen and Zhou Xing, and they encouraged her to spy on her ministers through informers and torture. Wuhou often bypassed the province under the door, and Zhongshu Province directly gave orders to officials, which set a precedent for destroying the official system. Butler Zhang Changzong and Xue Huaiyi, etc. Wuhou also highly respected Buddhism. For example, Buddhist temples were frequently built during the Wu and Zhou Dynasties, and the year numbers were used to prove saints and Dazu. This is in sharp contrast to Li's worship of Taoism and the titles of Zhenguan, Yonghui, Jing Yun and Kaiyuan. In addition, Wuhou became an imitator of the women in the Tang Dynasty's harem fighting for power and profit.

Wei Hou came to power.

In the first year of Shenlong (705), Jing Hui, Prime Minister Zhang Jianzhi and others staged a coup and restored the political power of the Tang Dynasty. Li Dan was made king of Xiang. However, Zhongzong was always influenced by Wei Ruyun, Princess Anle, his daughter and party member Wu Sansi, the elder of Wuhou. Both Zhang Jianzhi and Jing Hui were exiled or killed. Wei Ruyun intends to be the second marquis of Wu, and Princess Anle once asked to be the wife of the emperor. In the fourth year of Jinglong (7 10), Wei Ruyun and Princess Anle conspired to poison Zhongzong. Wei Ruyun made Li Zhongmao, king of Wen, emperor, in order to be a young emperor and to harm Li Dan, king of Xiang. Li Dan's son, Li Longji, then the king of Linzi, staged a coup with the help of his aunt Princess Taiping, killing Wei Ruyun, Princess Anle and the remnants of Wu Shi, and resetting Li Dan.

kaiyuan flourishing age

Later, Princess Rui Zongmei of Taiping waged a power struggle with Li Longji. In the first year of Yanhe River (7 12), it gave way to the Prince, also known as Tang Huangming. In July13, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty gave Princess Taiping the death penalty, and followers either killed or chased her, which ended the chaotic political situation known as the "Hou Wei Rebellion". In the same year, it was changed to Kaiyuan. Tang Xuanzong reigned for 44 years. In the early period (Kaiyuan years), the politics was relatively clear and the economy developed rapidly. The Tang Dynasty entered its heyday, which was called "the prosperous time of Kaiyuan" in history. This period is considered to be the second heyday in China's history after the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (the heyday of Hanwu). Chang 'an, the capital, became the largest city in the world at that time and the first city with a population of one million.

An Shi Rebellion in 755-763 A.D.

After Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty changed to Tianbao in Yuan Dynasty, he was full of ambition and decided to indulge himself. From then on, he never asked about state affairs again. After accepting Yang Yuhuan as the imperial concubine, she became more addicted to debauchery. Tang Xuanzong appointed Li, who was notorious for his "duplicity", as prime minister, and he was in office for eighteen years, which made the political affairs corrupt. After Li's death, he took Yang as his portrait. During this period, eunuchs began to intervene, and Gao Lishi's power was hot. Tang Xuanzong was overjoyed. Because of this, border generals often provoke wars against foreigners to win credit. At that time, because the military system was changed from the official military system to the recruitment system, our time was combined with soldiers in military towns, and there was a situation in which frontier fortress generals joined the army exclusively. Among them, An Lushan, the semi-final of the conference, is the most famous. An Lushan has mastered the heavy forces. In November of the 14th year of Tianbao (755), he took advantage of the political corruption and military emptiness in the Tang Dynasty to launch a rebellion with Shi Siming, and soon captured the capital Chang 'an, which was known as the "Anshi Rebellion". Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty fled to Chengdu in panic. Prince Hengli proclaimed himself emperor in Lingwu, and Emperor Xuanzong was the emperor's father. An Lushan claimed to be the Great Yan Emperor, with the title of Wu Sheng. It took eight years for the rebellion to be put down.

In the center of the north, there are magnificent palaces. The imperial city is connected with the south of Miyagi, with the central government office and affiliated institutions. There are fourteen north-south streets and eleven east-west streets in Guo Cheng. Mingdemen, the main entrance of the Imperial City, to Zhuquemen Zhuque Street, located on the central axis of the city, with a road width of 150 meters. It is called "Tianjie" and is still the widest street in the world. Other streets leading to the city gate are also 100 meters wide. The patchwork streets divide Guo Cheng into 108 closed Li Fang with houses, official halls and temples. Daming Palace in Chang 'an City in Tang Dynasty is the most magnificent palace in Chang 'an in Tang Dynasty (Taiji Palace, Daming Palace and Xingqing Palace), and it is also the largest and most magnificent palace complex in the ancient history of the world, with an area more than four times that of the Forbidden City in Beijing in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Wang Wei: "Nine days.

When He Lv opens a palace, many countries bow down to the Pearl Crown, and "A thousand officials look to Chang 'an, and all countries worship Yuan" is the scenery that describes the envoys of various countries paying homage to Daming Palace. Chang 'an City in Tang Dynasty is the most perfect form of China's ancient Li Fang capital system and a model of China's ancient capital. It adopts the symmetrical layout of the central axis, with rigorous planning and neat blocks. Its layout has had a great influence on the capitals of some countries in East Asia. Chang 'an City in Tang Dynasty was the starting point of the Silk Road, the political, economic and cultural center of Tang Dynasty, and the center of the world at that time. As the elements of the ancient capital (palaces, yamen and tombs), the Eighteen Tombs of the Tang Dynasty surround Chang 'an in a fan shape, and each tomb is a miniature version of Chang 'an. Surrounded by mountains, Tangling is magnificent, which embodies the grand characteristics of that era.

Edit this paragraph: Luoyang city, the east capital.

With an area of about 47 square kilometers, Luoyang, the eastern capital, is the second largest city in China after Chang 'an. It is the middle section of the Grand Canal in Sui and Tang Dynasties, and is mainly composed of Miyagi, Imperial City, Guocheng, Dongcheng, Hanjiacang City, Shangyang Palace, Xiyuan and Liguang. There are palaces, Taichu Palace and Vientiane Shrine in the city. The plane of Luoyang Guo Cheng is nearly rectangular, with three cities 126 Li Fang. Daye Miscellaneous Notes: "There are 96 squares in Luonan and 30 squares in Luobei, and the streets are small and strange, facing each other vertically and horizontally." From Dingdingmen to Longguangmen, it is 7 kilometers long from north to south, and more than ten large buildings have been built successively, among which the heights of Tang Ming, Paradise and Shu Tian alone reach 73.5 meters, 120 meters and 3 1 meter respectively. From this, you can imagine the grandeur of the central axis building in Luoyang city! Li Bai Tianbao wrote "Tang Ming Fu" when he visited Luoyang in his early years, and he couldn't help but sigh-"It's really beautiful! Huang Zi, Tang Zi! " Vientiane Shrine, the tallest building in Datang.

Tianque: the "One Que" of Longmen is located at the southernmost end of the central axis, corresponding to the "Tianque constellation" in the sky. Tianjie: "Tintin Gate Street", the imperial road connecting the main entrance of Miyagi and Tintin Gate at the south gate of Guocheng, with a width of 1 10 meter. "Tianjie" means the street of the son of heaven, corresponding to the constellation "Tianjie" in the sky. Tianjin: Tianjin Bridge built by Yang Di. Luoyang is like Wei Zi Palace, the residence of the Emperor of Heaven, and Luoshui is like the Milky Way in the sky. The bridge above leads to the ferry of Tiandi, so it is named "Tianjin Bridge". Shu Tian: The bronze-cast "Ode to the World" standing outside the main entrance of the Imperial City and north of the bridge head in Tianjin is more than 30 meters high, corresponding to the "Shu Tianxing" in the sky. Tianmen: yingtianmen, the main entrance of Miyagi, corresponds to Tianmen constellation in the sky. In the Sui and early Tang Dynasties, it was called "Zetianmen", and Zong Rui Emperor Li Dan changed his name to avoid his mother's anonymity. In the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, it was called "Wufeng Tower", which was built in the first year of Yang Di Daye. When Li Shimin occupied the capital of the East, it was burned because it was too luxurious, and Tang Gaozong was rebuilt in 656 AD. The plane is concave with two directions and three exits. It consists of a gatehouse, a flowery building and a quelou. During the periods of Yang Di, Tang Gaozong, Wu Zetian and Tang Xuanzong, it was an important place for the imperial court to hold major state celebrations and diplomatic activities. After archaeological excavation, the shape of "yingtianmen" is the original prototype of the main entrance of the Palace Museum in Beijing. Tiangong: The Tang Ming, formerly known as Vientiane Temple, was called Tiantong Palace after reconstruction. The largest building in the history of Onodera, with a square base of 90m x 90m and a height of about 88m, is the pinnacle of architectural technology in the Tang Dynasty. At the same time, it is also the most famous ritual building in the history of China, which pioneered the square to round buildings in Tang Ming, and its shape and concept were extended by the "Hall of Praying for the New Year" in the Temple of Heaven. Paradise: The Buddhist Temple "Paradise", where the giant Buddha is enshrined, is estimated to be over150m in height, making it the tallest wooden building in history.

At its peak, the territory of the Tang Dynasty stretched to the Korean Peninsula in the east, to West Asia west of Aral Sea in Central Asia in the west, to Hue in Vietnam in the south, and to Lake Baikal below the Arctic Ocean in the north, with a total area of 1, 256,5438+0,000 square kilometers. There are still many things that cannot be counted. There were many ethnic minorities guarding the border during the Tang Dynasty. In order to effectively manage Turkic, Uighur, Mohong, Tiele, Shiwei and Qidan, six capitals, Anxi, Anbei, Anton, Annan, Chanyu and Beiting, were established. However, in the decades after the Anshi Rebellion, a large number of He Long border guards participated in the rebellion (mainly our troops came from Longyou and Shuofang), which led to the emptiness of border defense. Tubo took advantage of the situation and Uighur entered the Hetao grassland, which greatly reduced the territory that the Tang government could control, and it was impossible for the Yellow River to cool in the west. Until the late Tang Dynasty, from Dazhong to Xian Tong, Zhang Yichao, a Shazhou native, set out to recover the Helong area and reopen silk. Taking advantage of the Tubo civil strife, he defeated the territory of the Tang Dynasty in Xian Tong for seven years, including Mongolia, Shiwei, Mohong and Tubo.

Tubo divided it into 100 tribes. Sweet and cool have also been recovered by Zhang Yichao. When the territory was the largest, it was second only to the Yuan Dynasty.

administrative division

Militarily, powerful military power is a remarkable feature of the Tang Dynasty. The Tang Dynasty unified China, which was separated by warlords at the end of Sui Dynasty. When Emperor Taizong and Wuhou were in power, they made expeditions to East and West Turkistan, destroyed Gaochang and took it as a county, destroyed Koguryo and Baekje, defeated Japanese reinforcements in the battle of Baicunjiang, and fought against Hong, Tiele, Shiwei and Qidan. At that time, the military system, economy and scientific and technological advantages of the Tang Dynasty in Asia were the basis of these achievements. During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, the forces of the Tang Dynasty met the forces of the Abbasid Dynasty (that is, the black food) from today's Arabia, and the emerging Sunnis who believed in Islam included Zhaowu, nine planets, Polo and Tuhuoluo in Central Asian countries. As a result, China's forces withdrew from Central Asia because of the Anshi Rebellion. The ensuing Anshi Rebellion and the separatist regimes in various provinces led to the economic depression in North China. Among the many famous generals in the Tang Dynasty, in addition to the Han generals such as Xue, General, his son and Gao Pian, the foreign generals also occupied an important position: An Lushan, Shi Siming, Baekje with Black Teeth, Gao Xianzhi of Goguryeo, Li Guangbi of Qidan, etc. The destruction of land equalization system and rent adjustment system led to the change of officers and men system into conscription system and recruitment system. The Anshi Rebellion and the expansion of cycling caused by the military system of the interim government could not resist the forces of our time. The Tang Dynasty lost power militarily: there were vassal areas inside, and Uighur, Tubo and Nanzhao invaded the border outside. However, in the third year of Huichang in the late Tang Dynasty, Tang Jun defeated Uzbekkhan and thirteen Uighurs at the top of Yinshan Mountain and settled the northern border. In 763, the Tibetan army occupied Chang 'an 15 days, but was soon expelled by Guo Ziyi. Since then, the Tang Dynasty and Tubo have waged a tug-of-war in northwest China for nearly a hundred years. In February of the seventh year of Xian Tong (866), Zhang Yichao played in the imperial court, and ordered Fu, the Uighur leader, to recover Xizhou, Beiting, Luntai and Qingzhen. In October of the same year, Gu Jun, a servant, fought against the Tubo general who was still afraid of heat, defeated the Tubo army, and beheaded him, who was still afraid of heat, and spread to the capital. Tubo Yu Zhong fled to Qin Zhou and was attacked by businessmen on the way. Defeated again and moved to Lingnan. Tubo then declined. The destruction of Hexi made Tang Ting no longer worry about the West. Nanzhao Army once occupied Annan. The following spring, Tang Jun recovered Annan. Since then, Tang and Nanzhao have fought many times in Annan. After seven years in Xian Tong, Tang finally expelled all Nanzhao troops. In the second year of Ganfu, he defeated Nanzhao Army in Dadu River and captured dozens of its leaders. Nanzhao never bothered surprisingly again. Nanzhao exhausted its national strength in the war with the Tang Dynasty. After these failures, it is no longer a climate. Nanzhao died five years before the Tang Dynasty, that is, two years after the Tang Dynasty. Because Tang Wuzong and Zhang Yichao recovered some lost land at the end of the Tang Dynasty, they still maintained a territory of 5 million square kilometers on the eve of the demise of the Tang Dynasty (see the map of the territory on the eve of the demise of the Tang Dynasty in the photo album)

art

Zhang Xuan's "The Picture of the Lady of the State of Guo You Chun" absorbed the characteristics of the western regions and religious colors, so the art of the Tang Dynasty was very different from that of the previous generation. In the early Tang Dynasty, Yan and Yan Lide were good at figure painting. Wu Daozi is known as "the sage in the painting". He is good at figures and scenery, and absorbs the techniques of western painting school. His pictures are full of three-dimensional sense, and there is a saying that "Wu takes the lead". Natalie mainly painted ladies-in-waiting, and his famous works include The Picture of Tao Ren, The Picture of Lady You Chun of the State of Guo, The Picture of Flowers and Ladies, etc. The poet Wang Wei is good at ink and wash landscape painting, and Su Shi called him "painting with poetry".