What kind of person is Liu Hongyi?

Thousand-character Notes (1)-Liu Hongyi

Self-sorting

I often compare culture to "genes". In biology, it is genetic genes that define and maintain the stability of a species; Sociologically speaking, it is cultural tradition that stipulates and maintains the stability of a nation. "Genetically modified food" is terrible, and "genetically modified people" (people who abandon their own culture) are equally terrible, because no one knows what such a nation will become. Therefore, maintaining our fine traditions and inheriting our national culture has become the knowledge of China people in this century.

Overseas Chinese love China culture far beyond our imagination. At first, I just wanted to briefly introduce the culture and history of China, but the enthusiastic response from the audience made me want to stop. After money, we talked about the three-character classics, transforming fate, culture and health, and so on. Everyone seemed to find the root of his own culture. I live abroad, go with the flow, and there is almost no information to verify on my desk. In the speech, we can only rely on Li's memories of running a private school in the past and his reading income. It is intended to be popular rather than in-depth textual research. So these speeches didn't talk about academic value, just about popularization.

The economic backwardness of a country is not terrible, but the extinction of culture and tradition. As long as there is culture, the country can be revitalized when it dies, and the nation can be revitalized when it declines; When culture dies, this nation will never turn over. China culture is expected to rise again in the ruins. At present, various "Chinese studies" have emerged. I hope this is not a hasty "cultural movement", because what we need now is to take root. This speech is based on the recording of the speech. I sincerely thank the kind people from all sides for their great assistance, especially the encouragement and funding from my family, which enabled me to finish this article. I am responsible for the mistakes in my notes, so please correct them in case I make mistakes.

Liu Hongyi

Midsummer in Beijing in 2005

Thousand-character notes (1)

cite

Qian Wen Zi is the best teaching material for Mongolian language training in China. It outlines a complete basic outline of China's cultural history with 1000 Chinese characters, which represents the highest level of traditional education in China. Money is clear from beginning to end, with beautiful rhymes and catchy words. It is not only a four-character poem, but also a pocket encyclopedia of knowledge. Wang Shizhen, a master of ancient Chinese prose in the Ming Dynasty, called it a "wonderful essay", while Chu people in the Qing Dynasty praised it as "limited in words, coherent and seamless, like dancing on an inch of wood and drawing a long line on a chaotic line".

The overall theme of Qian is clear, and the chapters and sentences come down in one continuous line, advancing layer by layer. The language is beautiful, the words are gorgeous, almost every sentence is quoted, and every word is used. This is incomparable to other recognized good training books. Therefore, calligraphers of all ages competed to write, such as Zhi Yong, Huai Su, Ou Yangxun, Evonne, Zhao Mengfu and Wen Zhiming.

If we modern people don't have a special chance, we won't have many chances to finish reading Thousand Characters from beginning to end in this life. Nowadays, whether overseas or in Chinese mainland, it is not graduate students who can read thousands of words, but undergraduates who learn Chinese. But before the founding of the Republic of China, it was a must-read for six-year-old children to enter Mongolian school. Modern people really can't read without good knowledge of literature and history. Not to mention understanding quotations and rhymes, just looking up new words in the dictionary is enough to make people daunting and lose interest. Because of this, I am the stupid bird who flies first, seeks the ancient theory first, and draws a brick to attract jade. I hope every overseas Chinese can cherish their own culture, know what treasures our ancestors left us, and not be ashamed of being China people. Since the lecture, it has been very popular, especially for the elderly, which is unexpected.

Qian Wen Zi is a verse of 1000 words. At the beginning of this lecture, we adopted traditional teaching methods. The speaker interprets the text, says the text, and the scholar follows the text. The speaker will explain the meaning of words and words clearly, and the listener should use his imagination to observe and think with the development of sentences. There is no standard answer to the understanding of ancient Chinese. The so-called "book full of meaning" depends entirely on the reader's understanding and imagination. If a standard answer is given, students' imagination will be stifled. Without imagination, people can't have creative thinking, and there is no invention. This is a series of causality. The advantage of traditional education lies in keeping the door open for you everywhere, instead of teachers closing the door everywhere. "I'm not sure, the teacher passed; If you can't hear clearly, you are lazy to learn. " If we can really follow the article, those of us who are tired of eating "foreign teachers" fast food will definitely find that the humble meals of the ancients have a different flavor. Whole grains nourish the stomach and won't hurt people. I hope everyone will eat more.

The first lecture

The title of this article is "Thousand Characters", which shows that this article is composed of 1000 Chinese characters. Today, there are more than 20,000 Chinese characters in China. Oracle Bone Inscriptions, who recorded the pre-Shang and pre-Yin cultures, found that * * * had 3,000 words after years of collation by archaeologists and linguists. Among them, 2000 are divination characters, and only 1000 is used in daily life. The Shang Dynasty has a history of 600 years, and there are only 1000 commonly used words. Of course, the lack of words at that time was on the one hand, but on the other hand, it also told us that it would be great if we could really master 1000 Chinese characters.

China has separated language from writing since ancient times. Language is language, and words are words, not colloquial words. Because the ancients found that language is limited by time and space, different regions, different times, different languages used in communication, the general rule is to change once every 30 years. But words can travel through time and space and be passed down forever. Today, when we read this book, it seems that we have returned to the Northern and Southern Dynasties, sitting opposite the author Zhou Xingsi and listening to him talk about Kan Kan. Everything is so vivid.

During the Xiao Liang period of Song, Qi, Liang and Chen, there was a wise man, Zhou Xingsi. When Liang Wudi was an official, he visited the assistant minister, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty often ordered him to make a fuss about it. Famous articles in the history of the Six Dynasties, such as Jin Wen and Wei Wen, were written by him.

This article was written in the period of Datong in Liang Wudi, that is, between 535 and 543 AD, which is more than 400 years from now/kloc-0. Zhong You, a calligrapher in the Three Kingdoms period, once wrote a thousand-character essay, but it was destroyed by the turmoil in the Western Jin Dynasty. Wang Xizhi rewrote another article, which was not good in literary talent, art and rhyme. Liang Wudi is the son and nephew of Education, which made Zhou Xingsi compile it again. According to legend, Emperor Wu drew a thousand different essays from the inscription written by Wang Xizhi, and then handed the thousand pieces of disorderly paper to Zhou Xingsi, saying, "Your family is quick-witted, so you can write a rhyme for me." . Zhou Xingsi racked his brains, and it took him only one night to compile it, but when he handed in the article, his temples were already white with frost. The story can be found in Liang Shi.

He can only use the word 1000 given by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to arrange articles, like a child playing a jigsaw puzzle and rhyming, so he said "Zhou Xingsi's second rhyme". The second is the arrangement order, which arranges the rhymes according to the rhymes and feet. Because it was carried out according to the emperor's will, a word was added in front of it, which was the emperor's decree.

Riding a foreign assistant minister is his official rank, which was established by the Han Dynasty. The northern and southern dynasties were not too long away from the Han dynasty, and they still used the system of the Han dynasty. The original intention of riding a horse is that there is nothing specific to do, just following the advisers and attendants around the emperor.

The assistant minister was the top leader of the provincial government department at that time (hereinafter referred to as the "Ministry"), but the assistant ministers in the Ming and Qing Dynasties were all deputies, and the head of the department was called Shangshu. The foreign staff officer is an additional post outside the normal establishment, because the emperor has a purpose, especially adding a post outside the normal establishment. Therefore, assistant minister Zhou Xingsi is called "assistant minister riding outside".

The full text of money is divided into four parts. The first part begins with the birth and creation of the universe, talking about the sun, the moon, the stars, the meteorological phenology and the natural resources on the earth, and continues to talk about the ancient history of China and the ancient history after the appearance of human beings. Finally, it ended with the emergence of human social organizations and kingly political system. This part is not only self-contained, but also the basis of the latter three parts, which is very important.

Let's look at the first part.

The world is mysterious and the universe is vast.

These two sentences are about the creation of the world and the birth of the universe. How did heaven and earth come into being? What was the beginning of the universe like? It is all in these two sentences. Don't underestimate these eight words. These two sentences are quotations, both of which have code names.

The phrase "heaven and earth are mysterious and yellow" comes from the Book of Changes. The Book of Changes says "Heaven Xuan Dihuang", and here it is changed to "Heaven and Earth Huang Xuan" as the rhyme, instead of changing the ancient Chinese characters, it is a clear quotation. Yuan Ye's Universe is from Huai Nan Zi and Tai Xuan Jing. Huainanzi said that "the up and down direction is called Yu, and it has been called Zhou since ancient times". It was Yang Xiong of the Western Han Dynasty who wrote Taixuan Jing. The words "the boundary of the wild" are said in the Xuan Jing. Together, the two classic words are "the vastness of the universe". This way of quoting classics is called dark quotation, so these two sentences are classics.

Literally, these two sentences mean: the color of the sky is black and the color of the earth is yellow. Isn't this a grumbling moan? Can it be passed down as a classic for thousands of years? So what is the meaning of these two sentences? I can only try to understand. Let's follow the article and see where we can experience it.

The word "heaven and earth" has multiple meanings in ancient Chinese, including many concepts, among which the land of space, heaven and earth that we are familiar with is just one of them. If you want to understand the meaning of the word heaven and earth, you must read the Book of Changes. The Book of Changes is the first of the Five Classics. It is about the way of heaven and earth, the change of yin and yang. China's traditional culture, with four books and a hundred schools of thought, developed from the roots of the Book of Changes. Learning China culture without reading the Book of Changes is putting the cart before the horse.

The Book of Changes says, "Metaphysics refers to Tao and Metaphysics refers to vessels". Before the universe was born, it was in a state of chaos. Modern physics is called ultra-dense infinite collapse particles before the Big Bang, and China culture is called Taiji. 65.438+0.5 billion years ago, this ultra-dense particle suddenly exploded, forming the present material universe, in which tangible substances condensed into stars, namely the earth; Invisible space expands to form space, which is the sky. The Book of Changes says: Those who are clear ascend to heaven, while those who are turbid descend to earth. Isn't it vivid and concrete? But this is the physical world, the material world. In Yijing culture, it belongs to the metaphysical "tool world", that is, the material world. Metaphysics is a world of immaterial Tao, which is beyond our existing intelligence, so Confucius said that "there is nothing outside Liuhe". "Yes" means to admit that it does exist, and "No matter" means not to discuss it for the time being, because we don't have enough wisdom, so why bother quarreling if we say it!

To tell the truth to people with high wisdom, it is heaven in metaphysics and earth in physics. People who are not wise enough can only say simple words: space is the sky and the earth is the earth. It's all the words of heaven and earth. Deep people have a deep understanding, while shallow people have a shallow view, and each has its own place.

Xuan, in color, refers to the dark blue color close to black, which is called Xuan. In a sense, it refers to the sublime and inscrutable, and is called metaphysics. The color of the sky visible to the naked eye is blue, how can it be said to be black? Blue is the color of water and the color of the ocean. When the sun shines on the ocean surface, the light will return, and the sky we see is blue. But now the astronauts in space look very dark, and only the stars give off a little light. It's really dark, so the color of Tian Xuan is right. In addition, the sky is sublime, just as Laozi said, the metaphysical body of the sky is mysterious and unfathomable, which is beyond our existing wisdom. This is a metaphysical paradise, so it is called Tian Xuan.

Rehmannia glutinosa has two meanings. Our culture in China, especially the traditional culture, refers to the culture before the pre-Qin period, that is, the culture of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, especially the culture of Zhou Dynasty. In ancient times, Xia, Shang and Zhou established their countries and capitals in the Yellow River valley. If the scope of China traditional culture is further narrowed, it should be said that it is the culture of the Yellow River Basin. The Yellow River is the mother river, which originates from Kunlun Mountain (about the ancient Zonglie Basin), gathers in Xinghai, crosses the Rocky Mountain, flows down from the northwest plateau through nine turns and eighteen bends, and at the same time brings down loess, forming an impact plain. The color of water is yellow, the color of soil is yellow, and crops such as millet and millet are yellow, so it is called Rehmannia glutinosa.

Another meaning is that the celestial bodies in the universe, including the earth, are all products of the Big Bang, and they are all hot substances in the initial state. The earth condenses its temperature in the magma of the core, and it is constantly replenished with the help of the sun. Life can only exist if there is temperature. In chromatographic analysis, dark black is a cool color and yellow is a warm color. Rehmannia also praised the warm earth for its long-term nourishing and nurturing function, so China people also called the earth "mother".

The sky is high and the tunnel is deep, and yellow also represents the depth of the tunnel. Superstitious people say, "When people die, they go to the grave. Crossing the Naihe Bridge is the way to the grave." . Although the words are not credible, their meaning is nothing more than another deep world unknown to the living.

It can be seen that it is not easy to understand the word "heaven and earth are mysterious and yellow".

The universe was formed in a state of chaos and darkness.

According to the "Huai Nan Zi", it is called Yu in the upper and lower directions. The top and bottom are also called Liuhe, so Yu is the concept of space. Throughout the ages, it is called Zhou, which is a continuation of history and a concept of time. One of the universes is about space and the other is about time, which represents the concept of "time and space" in modern science. The word universe we use today only refers to physical space, which is only equivalent to what the ancients called "Yu", and there is no concept of the universe. Why? Because time does not exist objectively, but people's subjective feelings. The continuation of the state of space is time. No space, no time. Space is different, time is different. When the space expands, the time will be extended; on the contrary, when the space shrinks, the time will be shortened. The ancients had a story of "Wang Zhi watching chess". The king of Jin Dynasty went into the mountains to chop wood. When he saw two boys playing chess in Panasonic, he stopped to watch a game of chess. Chess, the handle of the axe is rotten. When I got home, all my contemporaries died. Visible space is different and time is different. Today, we feel that time is not enough, and the time in a day is very short compared with when I was a child. This is natural, because the space is shortened. Xuanzang spent three years in the Tang Dynasty going to India to learn from the scriptures. Now it's only a few hours by plane, and the convenient transportation reduces the space. Naturally, our sense of time is shortened.

In addition, time is directly related to the moving speed of an object. According to Einstein's theory, mass, energy and speed in the universe can be transformed into each other. The speed limit of the universe is the speed of light, that is, 300 thousand kilometers per second. When the speed of motion reaches the speed of light, time approaches zero. If you move faster than the speed of light, the time will be reversed, which is "just visiting" described in science fiction movies. At this point, human beings can be said to have "evolved", otherwise, it is nothing new to always study monkeys changing into people and people changing into monkeys. But the problem is that zero is also a form of existence, not non-existence. Even if we just visit, it is only a countdown, and there is still no bondage beyond time and space. The Diamond Sutra and Laozi are classics that the two great sages of the East and the West taught us to break time and space. They have transcended religious boundaries. As the saying goes, "there are sages in the East and sages in the West, with one heart and one mind". There were no scholars in ancient times who did not read these two classics. Today, we refuse to accept them as religious works, which is a blessing for us modern people and we can't enjoy them.

The great flood refers to the early state after the formation of the earth. Five billion years ago (the formation of the solar system), the crust was very thin and the temperature was extremely high. The orogeny triggered the flood. The original meaning of the word flood refers to the early flood on the earth. There have been at least three major floods on the earth, and Dayu's flood control was the latest one, about 4000 years ago. Dayu's harnessing water and setting Kyushu is the earliest example of transforming nature in human history.

The original meaning of drought is the ignorance of vegetation, which means that in ancient times, before human beings appeared, it was at least 5 million years now, when the earth was still in ignorance. China has a story of Pangu's creation since ancient times, which tells the story of Pangu's creation. A long time ago, before the heavens and the earth were separated, there was a man who slept in a world like a fetus and an eggshell. He slept for 18 thousand years. No one knows how old he is, so he is called Pangu. When he woke up, he felt dark and stuffy, so he split the eggshell in half with an axe. Bright people ascend to heaven, and turbid people descend to earth. In order to repair heaven and earth, he grows ten feet every day. Eighteen thousand years later, the heavens and the earth were finally fixed, and Pangu became a part of it. Although this is a fairy tale, it is a bit like what BIGBANG said.

Riyue yingcuo

Speaking of the sun, the moon and the stars, we entered the field of traditional astronomy in China. China's astronomy is different from western astronomy and has its own unique set, which is a part of China's traditional science and technology. The sun and the moon are the easiest to observe, and they are also the two stars most closely related to the earth. Because, one day it is very close to us. Distance to the moon is 380,000 kilometers away from the earth, and the sun is 65.438+0.5 billion kilometers away from the earth. Secondly, when we look at the earth, the diameter of the moon is as big as the diameter of the sun. China people call the five planets of the sun, the moon and Jin Mu water, fire and earth, which are called Seven Obsidian or Seven Politics.

Seven obsidians are seven bright and shining planets. In Japanese, from Monday to Sunday, it is also called Japanese Obsidian Day, Moon Obsidian Day, Fire Obsidian Day, Water Obsidian Day, Golden Obsidian Day, etc., which refers to these seven stars.

Full refers to the month; It means inclined and aimed at the sun. The fifteenth day of the first month is the full moon, which is also called looking at the sun and the moon. On the fifteenth day of the lunar calendar every month, the full moon has risen before sunset. One day in January, one white and one yellow look at each other, magnificent. On the first day of every month, the moon without moonlight is called new moon, and on the last day of every month, there is no moonlight, which is called cloudy day. From the third day to the seventh day, a crescent moon slowly came out. At first, it was C-shaped, like a sickle, called a crescent. On the eighth day, it was inverted D-shaped, called winding. The fifteenth is the full moon, then the D-shape, the lower chord, the last line of the waning moon, and then the gloom. This is because when the moon and the sun are on the same line, their apparent surface areas overlap, and the moon completely covers the sun, so there is no moonlight.

The sun sets in the west, and the sun rises and sets in the west every day. It is in the highest position at noon, and it is called the sun after noon. China's own astronomy pays attention to the ecliptic, the ecliptic and the equator, which are the most basic orbits of celestial bodies.

People in China like to choose an auspicious day when they go out to do business. Then what is the ecliptic? The ecliptic is the orbit of the sun around the earth. Someone jumped up at the sound, nonsense! Unscientific. How can the sun go around the earth? It is the earth that moves around the sun. We say it depends on where the base point is. If we observe the movement of the sun on the earth with the earth as the base point and the sun as the reference object, it is indeed that the sun revolves around the earth. The sun rises in the east in the morning and sets in the west at night. What we see is sunrise and sunset. Let's put it another way: the apparent motion orbit formed by observing the movement of the sun on the earth is called the ecliptic. Whatever you say is the same thing.

The week of the zodiac is 360 degrees, which is divided into twelve equal parts, and it is called the zodiac 12 or 12. From the child to the sea, one palace is 30 degrees, and one palace is walked every month. After the zodiac is over, the sun turns on a Sunday.

What is White Road? The white road is an orbit formed by observing the moon's orbit around the earth, which is called the white road. The equator of the earth is between the North Pole and the South Pole. Draw an imaginary parallel line and divide the earth into two parts: the southern hemisphere and the northern hemisphere. Astronomical equator is the projection of the earth's equator on the celestial sphere. As a mark, there are corresponding Kyushu divisions on the celestial sphere.

One cycle of the moon's profit and loss changes is the earliest lunar calendar used in China, which refers to the moon. According to the change of moonlight profit and loss, record the length of time, referred to as the lunar calendar. Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties all had their own calendars, and now we use the Xia calendar, that is, the lunar calendar of the Xia Dynasty.

Chen Su Zhang Lie

Huai Nan Zi appeared in this sentence. Huai Nan Zi was written by Liu An, king of Huai Nan, and his disciples in the early Western Han Dynasty. Liu An is the great-grandson of Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang and the son of King Liu Chang of the Han Dynasty. There is a saying in Huai Nan Zi: "The sun and the moon are set in the sky, the stars are listed, the yin and yang are adjusted, and Zhang Shi Si". It can be seen that Zhou Xingsi, the author of Qian Wen Zi, is very familiar with the Five Classics and the contention of a hundred schools of thought.

Chen is the general name of stars in a broad sense, commonly known as stars. Chen in a narrow sense is Beichen, referring to the Big Dipper. The Big Dipper belongs to the constellation Ursa major in modern astronomy, which can be used to tell the direction and set the season. Chen Ye refers to the Zodiac Palace of the Sun (the ugly Xu Hai at noon).

Broadly speaking, a host refers to a star. What's the difference between stars and night? A star, a group of stars, a group of stars, is called a night. Let's look at the stars. It's basically constellations and clusters, and there are countless. It can only be called a night and a star. The most prosperous era of astronomy in China was the Sui and Tang Dynasties. At that time, the Star Domain was divided into three circles, also known as the Three Walls: Taiwei Wall, Wei Zi Wall and Shi Tian Wall. The wall is a courtyard wall, which divides the star field into three groups of courtyards. Then according to the east, west, north and south, the star field is divided into four pieces like watermelon, and each piece selects seven groups of stars, each group is a star. A star is a fixed star, just like the sun. Today will be like this, tomorrow will be like this, and it will be like this for ten thousand years. It will never change, and it is easy to observe and compare. There are seven groups of stars on each side, 4728, which adds up to 28 groups, which is 28 nights.

Westerners are not called stars, but constellations. Constellation is a group of stars, such as Ursa major, Andromeda, Pisces and so on. Western astronomy used to have 48 constellations, but later the Greeks added 40 constellations, totaling 88 constellations, all named after people, animals and artifacts in western myths and legends, such as Sagittarius, Aquarius and Taurus, which are different from those in China.

According to the ancients in China, the East is the Black Dragon, the West is the White Tiger, the South is Suzaku, and the North is Xuanwu. In fact, after connecting 28 huts, it looks like these four animals. For example, "Oriental Black Dragon", a * * *, has seven groups of stars, connected by a thread, just like a dragon that looks back and closes. Dragons live in the east, and the season is spring, warming up and harmony. We are descendants of the Oriental Dragon, and we should never forget the birthplace of China people.

South Suzaku seven stars, "well ghost", like a peacock spreading its wings. The west white tiger, "the belly of the sparrow building is full of ginseng", is connected in the shape of a tiger. Xuanwu in the north, The Bullfighting Woman's Virtual Dangerous Wall is divided into two groups, one is like a snake, and the other is like a turtle.

The ancients were very familiar with the stars from an early age and wrote poems with ease. For example, Su Shi's "Thousand Red Cliffs Fu" "Little Yan, the moon rises above the Dongshan Mountain, wandering between bullfights". Bullfighting is two nights in Xuanwu in the north, and the moon runs between bullfighting, which means midnight. With the development of modern science and technology, we know nothing about astronomy. For foreigners, it is strange that children in China can't use stars to tell their directions at night when they attend summer camps organized by international organizations.

Column means arrangement, and Chen means spreading; Zhang is a piece of cloth, which means to spread and hang. Put together, the two sentences literally mean:

The sun rises and sets. Full moon and missing, full moon and missing.

The stars twinkled and covered the starry sky.

Cold comes and summer goes, autumn harvest and winter storage.

The literal meaning of these two sentences is easy to understand. Cold and summer are related to climate change, and autumn and winter are the passage of four seasons. The previous sentence is a quotation. Although it is a simple word, it comes from the Book of Changes. I ching said, "cold comes and summer goes, summer goes and summer comes, cold comes and summer goes, cold comes and summer goes, and people are old." Autumn harvest and winter storage is an ellipsis, which means "spring is long and summer is long, and autumn harvest and winter storage". Climate and phenology have always been important events in agricultural countries, so nomadic people don't care about it or pay much attention to it. Climate focuses on the temperature, humidity and illumination time on the earth; Phenology focuses on the rhythm of biological growth and decline, and the relationship between biology and nature.

The earth's orbit around the sun is elliptical, with the nearest perihelion (65.438+0.4 billion kilometers) and the farthest apohelion (65.438+0.6 billion kilometers) in a year, resulting in different sunshine hours in four seasons. The earth's axis is crooked, resulting in uneven sunshine intensity in various regions, leading to hot and cold weather changes.

The concept of "Twenty-eight Nights" has been introduced into astronomy, which is to study the relationship among the five planets, the sun, the moon, the earth and the eight celestial bodies with the twenty-eight nights on the ecliptic as coordinates. Although these 28 hotels are all stars, they are at least 40 trillion kilometers (4.3 light years) away from us. Because their light color is dim, it is convenient to observe the movements of these five stars and the sun and the moon as the background and coordinates.

If two or three stars in the seven obsidian change, that is, their running angles, arrangement and distance are different, it will change the gravity of the earth and form different weather. The moon has light mass, fast rotation and small gravity, so it is impossible to mobilize rain clouds by gravity alone. Several other stars can use their gravity to mobilize rain clouds and bring heavy rain to the earth. Usually, there will be heavy rain in the direction of the earth pointed by the synthetic vector line of the angle between two or more stars, and the clouds in the inner region will be sucked away at the angle, resulting in drought. Therefore, the ancient celestial officials used the changes of five stars and seven nights to predict the weather changes.

How to determine the area where droughts and floods occur? This is about to mention the concept of Kyushu division in astronomy. China has said Kyushu since ancient times. Di Ku Gao Xin's family was founded in Kyushu, that is, Shun Di, which increased to 12. After Dayu controlled the water, it was determined to be Kyushu, and Jiuding voted for Yongding Kyushu. Kyushu is Yan Xu Jiqing and Yang Jingyu is Liang Yong. Each state corresponds to a division of celestial star domain, which is called Kyushu division. When the vector line of multi-star angle refers to the dividing line, there will be disasters such as drought, flood and hail, or volcanic earthquakes in Kyushu corresponding to the earth. Later generations developed astrology from this branch, which is another matter and has nothing to do with traditional technology.

Mercury is used to determine the four seasons, because the period of revolution of Mercury is 88 days, which is close to the number of days in a season, and the time for Mercury to make a circle in the sky is exactly a quarter. Because it is the inner planet of the solar system and always swings around the sun, it is easy to observe. The Big Dipper is also used to determine the four seasons, which will be discussed in detail in the last part of this article, the sentence "Xuan Ji whirls around".

Venus is used for timing and determining time. Venus is also called Taibai Star, what you see in the west after dusk is called Chang Geng Star, and what you see in the east before dawn is called Morning Star, which means it will be dawn soon.

Leap into adulthood

The phrase "Leaping into the Era" comes from Shangshu? There is a saying in Yao Dian: "The age is set at four o'clock in the leap month".

Astronomy is the earliest and most systematic culture in China. Before the Ming Dynasty, China's astronomy was always ahead of the world, which was a part of China's traditional science and technology. Why is astronomy developed in China? Because China is a country based on agriculture, it is very important to keep the farming season. Spring grows in summer and autumn harvests in winter. We must adapt to the weather and not fool around. Therefore, in China, there were celestial officials and celestial officials in all previous dynasties, who specially observed the changes of astronomy and meteorology as the basis of administrative treatment, so they were collectively referred to as the "Seven Governments".

The state and the imperial court (government) should be responsible for formulating the legal calendar and calculating the exact time of the 24 solar terms to guide people in farming. China's astronomical calendar legislation has always been based on the lunar calendar and the sun, with the lunar calendar recording the moon and the sun recording the year. The Gregorian calendar we are using now is the Gregorian calendar, which records the year in A.D., and is based on the behavior of 360-degree solar cycle and 365 days, which is referred to as the Gregorian calendar for short. China has a solar calendar for a long time. The scientific and technological works of the Song Dynasty are discussed in detail in Shen Kuo's Meng Qian Bi Tan, but they have not been officially promulgated and used, because the solar calendar does not conform to the monthly law (the rhythm and rhythm of the moon). The moon is light in mass and rotates fast, and its orbit around the earth is elliptical. The moon is full of ups and downs. The perigee cycle is 30 days, and the apogee cycle is 29 days, with an average of a little over 29 days. This year adds up to 354 days, which is 365 days according to the solar calendar, with a difference of 1 1 day, which is called leap surplus. Leap is redundant, the king in the door is leap, and it is not redundant to raise a king at home to eat, drink and be fat. What is this? So Zhuangzi said, "The emperor is a saint, and he has other things to do." .

One year difference 1 1 day, three years add up to a difference of 33 days and more than one month. In this way, the calendar does not match the phenological rhythm. In seventeen years, it will snow heavily in June. What can we do? We can only add one more month every three years, so the added month is called leap month, and the year of adding leap month is called leap year. Twelve months in a normal year and thirteen months in a leap year. Where can I add extra months? Add it to the month without breath. There are 12 and 12 gas in the 24 solar terms, which are divided into one gas on average every month. For example, beginning of spring is the first month of solar terms, while rain is the first month of qi. There is a daily difference between the monthly law and the annual law of the lunar calendar. There will be a month without breath after three years, so a leap is added this month. So reading history, sometimes in August, sometimes in1February, is different. The leap of three years has only digested 30 days, and there are still three days left. Two leaps in five years, not enough days. Later, it was found that it was most appropriate to leap seven times in nineteen years.

The Gregorian calendar also has leap years. 365 days in Gregorian calendar is a natural year, but a tropical year (year) is 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes and 46 seconds. The extra five hours add up to 24 hours in four years. We must speed up the pace to digest the extra day. Therefore, the solar calendar leaps every four years, and the extra day is placed in February, so that February 28 in a normal year and February 29 in a leap year.

"Year" and "Year" are two concepts of "leap into maturity". Year refers to the natural year from the first day of the first month of this year to the first day of the first month of next year. Years old refers to the period from one solar term this year to the same solar term next year, that is, the year of the tropic of cancer.

The original meaning of the year old is the year old star, not Jupiter, and Jupiter's trajectory is called Tai Sui. Chronology is another astronomical calendar in China. Jupiter12 revolves once a day, 30 degrees a year, which is an age. Use it to record historical events, just record it as: years old in XXX. The solar calendar records the year, and the ephemeris records the year, so that the years are consistent. This is "leap into adulthood".

Administer yang according to law.

The leap problem has been solved, and the calendar can finally match the four seasons in theory, but can the calendar match the climate and actual phenology of the four seasons, that is, the 24 solar terms? It depends on temperament to correct and adjust. What is Lu Lu? Rhythm is a device used to coordinate yin and yang and calibrate temperament. In modern music,