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Shierchen

In ancient China, Sunday was divided into twelve parts from east to west along the celestial equator, and represented by twelve names in the square, namely, Zi, Ugly, Yin, Mao, Chen, Si, Wu, Wei, Shen, You, Xu and Hai. It has a certain correspondence with the constellations of 28 constellations (see Chapter 12). When the stars are in the south of the sky, there is a one-to-one correspondence between the twelve stars and the twelve branches of the earth square. /kloc-One of the applications for 0/2 years old is the year. There are different opinions about the original meaning of twelve Chen, and there is no conclusion yet.

Twelve times

In ancient China, in order to observe the position and movement of the sun, the moon and the five stars, the zodiac was divided into twelve sections from west to east, called twelve o'clock. The names of the twelve times are:,, (female),, building, girder, stone god, quail head, quail fire, quail tail, birthday girl, fire and wood analysis. These names have been recorded in Zuozhuan and Guoyu in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, which are used to describe the location of Muxing. In ancient times, Jupiter's constant week

It is set to twelve years, so it is generally believed that the twelve creations originated from the observation of Jupiter. It can be traced back to the Spring and Autumn Period or earlier. However, in Mandarin, Lingzhou dove (the astrologer of Wang Shi) said: "The king of Wu cut Yin and was older than the quail fire." According to China astronomer Yuzhe Zhang's research on the orbit of Halley's comet in recent years, it is believed that the attack time of King Wu should be 1057 BC. At that time, the old star was indeed in the second quail fire, so this statement of Lingzhou dove should be the actual observation at the beginning of the week. If this conclusion is reliable, it is also possible to push the founding era of the Twelve Dynasties to the end of Yin and the beginning of Zhou Dynasty.

Qian Baoyu, a Chinese historian of science, believes that the division of twelve times was originally based on twenty-eight houses and four palaces (that is, four elephants), with three times in each palace. Because the width of the right ascension across the four palaces is uneven, the width of the twelve right ascension is also uneven. But later it developed into a system of equal division according to equatorial degrees. The beginning and end of Han Law are twelve degrees, corresponding to twenty-four solar terms. Take the twelve solar terms as the starting point of each time and the twelve middle qi as the midpoint of each time. This division principle has been used until later. However, due to the influence of precession, the starting and ending degrees are gradually changing. After the end of the Ming Dynasty, twelve names were used to translate the zodiac, such as Capricorn Palace as Jixing Palace. However, the starting point of each palace was changed to correspond to the twelve meridians, and each palace was equally divided according to the longitude of the ecliptic. For example, the Jixing Palace at the starting point corresponds to the winter solstice, and so on.

Correspondence table of twelve times, twelve days and twenty-eight nights

Twelve times, the mystery of Jixing fell to the ground, and the fire of Shouxing, the stone god of the girder, was analyzed.

Twenty-eight nights, the bullfighting woman kept up with the crisis and had a full stomach. Liu Xing, a ghost in the well, was covered with wings and horns.

It's not noon yet, but it's morning and evening.

Guest star

China's ancient collective name for the new stars in the sky. The Ming Dynasty's "Watching Elephants and Playing Zhan" said: "The guest star is an extraordinary star. There is no constant time when you come out; He lives in the same place and has no fixed address. When you suddenly see it, you can't calculate it. It is like a guest among the stars, so it is called a guest star. " The guest stars in ancient records are mainly comets, nova, supernovae and other astronomical phenomena. Ancient astrology books also divided guest stars into five categories. For example, in The Battle of the Yellow Emperor, it was said: "Guest stars, zhou bo, Laozi, Wang, Wen Xing, and five stars are all guest stars." The criteria for distinguishing five guest stars are: "The guest star comes out, big and yellow, magnificent", which is called Zhou Quan; "The guest star is bright, big, white and pure", which is called Laozi Star; "The guest star comes out, looks like powder, and is called the king star"; "The guest star is big, its color is yellow and white, and there are awns on it", which is called Ryuboshi; "The guest star comes out, the color is white and big, and it shakes like the wind", which is called satellites. In addition, in ancient astrology, guest stars are divided into two categories: one is called rising stars, and its appearance indicates good omen. For example, in the Northern Song Dynasty, A.D. 1006, a supernova named Zhou Quanxing appeared in the Southern Riding Officer of the Pleiades, belonging to Rising. The other is called the demon star, and its appearance indicates dangers, such as soldiers, chaos, water, drought, famine and so on. There are many kinds of rise, such as Zhou Bo, Han Yu, Ge Ze and so on. There are dozens of demon stars, among which coma and coma are more common. Stars with tails are called comets; Qin came out from all directions. These demon stars and rising stars also include aurora, meteors and other celestial phenomena.

astrology

Predicting human affairs according to astronomical phenomena is also called astrology or astrology and astrology. Astrology originated in the early stage of primitive human social and cultural development. Astrology is very popular in some areas with early cultural development in the world, such as ancient Babylon, Egyptian, Greek, China, and some nations and tribes that are still in primitive society in modern times. This is because people's knowledge level and productivity were very low at that time, and they did not grasp some laws in natural phenomena. Therefore, from some superficial phenomena, good luck, bad luck, misfortune and happiness in people's lives are all linked with some natural phenomena. Astrology is to use some astronomical phenomena, such as solar eclipse, lunar eclipse, the appearance of new stars, comets and meteors, and the positions and changes of the sun, moon and five stars (mercury, venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn) under the starry background to predict the good and bad fortune of the world.

Early astrology mostly used astrological observation to predict more important events, such as the victory or defeat of war, the rise and fall of a country (or nation), the fate of a king or an important minister, etc. For example, the astronomical omen recorded in China's ancient Zuo Zhuan, and some similar records in the late Assyrian period and the new Babylonian period (7th-6th century BC). Later, the content of astrology gradually expanded, including divining personal destiny and trivial matters in daily life.

With the gradual revelation of the running law of the sun, the moon and the five stars, astrology is constantly changing, and various systems and complex calculation methods have appeared, showing its mystery more and more. Such as China's □ disk layout calculation and the western "eight-character" calculation, and so on. In modern times, even computers are used to calculate.

Western astrology mainly calculates a "star map" to predict the fate of an individual's life according to the astrology at birth, such as the position of the sun, the moon and the five stars in the constellation. China, on the other hand, observes the sky and the celestial phenomena in its region on the basis of 28 nights (see Sanyuan 28 nights) or 12 o'clock and the dividing line, so as to predict the events that will happen in the state and country on the ground corresponding to this region; Predict the fate of the emperor and his family. In the west, astrologers generally do not occupy a very important position in political life. In China, ancient astrology belongs entirely to the government, which is an important work of astronomical institutions set up by the government. In order to prevent the "secret", some dynasties also ordered the private study of astronomy by the people, and even ordered astronomical officials not to associate with ordinary people.

Astrology is based on astronomical phenomena and promotes people to observe astronomical phenomena. Therefore, people have recorded a lot of valuable information. For example, the rich astronomical records in ancient China, although motivated by divination at that time, are still valuable materials of interest to astronomers. At the same time, the ancient people's understanding of the running law of the sun, the moon and the five stars can not be separated from the observation and calculation of astrologers. Most astronomers in ancient times were astrologers. Most of the early astronomical works had astrological factors.

Regarding the origin of astrology before the Qin and Han Dynasties in China, the Biography of Historical Records and Celestial Officials said: "Those who have passed through the heavens in the past: before, they valued Li; Tang Yu, Yu, He; There is summer, Kunwu; Yin Shang and Wu Xian; Zhou Shi, Wei Shi, Changhong; what

Song,; Zheng Zebi stove; In Qi, Gan Gong; Chu and Tang (last item); Zhao,; Wei, Shi Shen. "However, the astrological works of these ancient astronomers have been lost. Although "Shi Gan Jing Jing" was circulated in later generations, it was already the work of people in the Tang and Song Dynasties, not the original work in the Warring States Period. The existing ancient astrology books in China mainly include Yi Sizhan by Li in Tang Dynasty, Kai Yuan by Qu Tansida, Lingtai Secret Garden rebuilt in Northern Song Dynasty and Watching Elephants and Playing Zhan in Ming Dynasty.

boundary

Astrology prevailed in China during the Spring and Autumn Period (8th-5th century BC). Astrologers invented the saying that "heaven changes and the realm is affected", and used the changes of astronomical phenomena to predict the good and bad fortune in the world. To this end, the state on the ground and the region between the country and the starry sky are matched with each other, which is the so-called dividing line. Zhang Bao Family Records records in Zhou Li: "The land of Kyushu is divided by the stars, and the fiefs are observed by the stars", which means that good or bad luck can be predicted according to the division. There are twelve different ways to divide the day, such as twenty-eight nights (or twenty-eight), so there are different ways to divide the day. In addition, States and countries have changed with different times, so the boundaries of different times are not the same.