What are the ancient buildings in China?

① Palace

The main buildings in China's ancient buildings include halls and halls, among which halls are buildings dedicated to palaces, ceremonies and religions. The names of halls and temples all appeared in the Zhou Dynasty. The word "hall" appeared earlier, which originally meant the part of the building that was open to the outside world. The left and right sides of the hall are orderly, sandwiched in the middle, with rooms and compartments on both sides. Such a group of buildings are also collectively called halls, generally referring to the residential buildings of emperors, princes, doctors and scholars. The word "temple" appeared late, originally meaning the appearance of Kobuko; Used in buildings, indicating tall and prominent position. Since the Han Dynasty, the hall generally refers to the main building and the first residence in the mansion, but the secondary buildings in palaces and temples can also be called halls, such as the "East-West Hall" in the palaces of the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the lecture hall in Buddhist temples, and the Zhai Hall. Temples and halls can be divided into three basic parts: steps, main building and roof. Among them, steps and roofs constitute the most obvious appearance features of China architecture. Due to the limitation of feudal hierarchy, temples and halls are different in form and structure. The difference between temples and halls in the practice of steps appeared earlier: the main hall only has steps; The temple not only has steps, but also has its own characteristics, that is, in addition to its own pedestal, there is a high platform below as a pedestal, which is connected by long steps. Temples are generally located in the center or main axis of palaces, temples, royal gardens and other buildings. The plane is mostly rectangular, but also square, round and I-shaped. The space and components of temples are often large, and the decorative techniques are also more exquisite. Generally speaking, the hall is the main building in buildings, offices, houses and gardens. Its plane forms are diverse, its volume is moderate, its structural practices and decorative materials are simple, and it often shows more local characteristics.

(2) Exhibition Hall

Multi-storey buildings in ancient buildings in China. There is a difference between early buildings and pavilions. A building refers to a heavy house, and a pavilion refers to a building with an overhead lower part and a high hanging bottom. Generally, the pavilion is nearly square in plane and has two floors. It can sit horizontally and occupy the main position in the building complex. For example, there are pavilions in Buddhist temples, and Guanyin Pavilion in Dule Temple is an example. Buildings are narrow and curved, which often occupy a secondary position in the buildings, such as the Buddhist scripture building in the Buddhist temple, the back building in the palace and the balcony building. , located in the last row or left and right compartments of the building complex. There is no strict distinction between "pavilion" and "pavilion" in later generations, and there are many architectural forms and uses in ancient times. The pagoda appeared in the Warring States Period. The towers in the Han Dynasty all reached three floors. Quelou, Shilou, Wang Lou, etc. They are all pavilions and pavilions widely used in the Han Dynasty. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty believed in the magic of immortals and thought that building a high pavilion could become immortals. After Buddhism was introduced into China, a large number of pagodas were pavilions. The wooden tower of Yongning Temple in Luoyang in the Northern Wei Dynasty is "more than forty feet" high and can be seen hundreds of miles away. Saga Pagoda of Fogong Temple in Yingxian County, Shanxi Province was built in Liao Dynasty, with a height of 67.3 1 m, and it is still the highest existing ancient wooden structure in China. Scenic buildings that can climb high and overlook are usually named after pavilions, such as the Yellow Crane Tower and Wang Tengting. The pavilions in ancient China were mostly made of wood and had many kinds of frames. The high-rise building formed by overlapping squares in the shape of well site is called well type; Single-storey buildings are stacked layer by layer, forming a whole building and weighing the house. Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, a layer of platform structure has been added between floors, with its inner eaves forming a concealed building and floor, and its outer eaves protruding out to form a platform. This form was called equal sitting in the Song Dynasty. The upper and lower columns of each floor are not connected, and the structural connection mode is complicated. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the pavilion structure has connected all layers of wooden columns into long columns, and overlapped with beams to form a whole frame, which is called columns. In addition, there are other changes in the framework of the pavilion.

(3) Exhibition Hall

Small-scale dotted buildings around traditional buildings in China were used for people to stay and watch, and also for ceremonies, commonly known as pavilions, which appeared in the middle and late Northern and Southern Dynasties. "Museum" also refers to the ancient grass-roots administrative institutions, which also has the form of guest houses. Generally, pavilions and pavilions are set in scenic places where people can stop and watch, such as hills, watersides, city heads, bridges and gardens. There are also some special-purpose pavilions, such as stele pavilions, well pavilions, sacrificial pavilions and bell pavilions. Besides square, rectangle, circle and polygon, there are many forms such as cross, chain, plum blossom and fan-shaped pavilion. The roof of the exhibition hall has complex points, hills, cones and other forms. A large pavilion can be built with double eaves or surrounded by buildings. Monuments and kiosks in tombs and ancestral temples can be made solemn, such as those in the Ming Changling mausoleum. Large pavilions can be magnificent, such as Wanchun Pavilion in Jingshan, Beijing. Small pavilions can be made light and elegant, such as the triangle pavilion in Hangzhou. Different forms of exhibition halls can produce different artistic effects. Structural practice, the pavilion structure is mostly wood, but also masonry structure. Pavilions are mostly composed of pyramidal roofs and conical roofs. The pyramid with four corners appeared in Han Dynasty, and the pyramid with eight corners appeared in Tang Dynasty and Ming Dynasty. The "pavilion bucket tip" contained in "Architectural Style" in Song Dynasty is similar to the umbrella frame structure. This practice can be seen in the gardens in the south of Qing Dynasty. After the Ming and Qing dynasties, the square pavilion used corner beams, and the polygonal pavilion used baked beams, which were layered on top of each other. The structure of the rectangular pavilion is basically the same as that of the building.

(4) Gallery

Covered passages in ancient buildings in China, including cloisters and verandahs, have the basic functions of sun protection, rain protection and rest. Gallery is an important part of China's ancient architectural features. As a transitional space between indoor and outdoor, the corridor under the cornice of the entrance hall is an important means to form a sense of realism and rhythm in architectural modeling. The cloisters around the courtyard play an important role in beautifying the pattern and volume of the courtyard space, which can cause different effects such as solemnity, liveliness, openness, profundity, occlusion and connectivity. The veranda in the garden mainly plays the role of dividing scenic spots, causing various spatial changes, increasing the depth of field and guiding the best viewing route. In the details of the corridor, there are often geometric railings, benches, gooseneck chairs (also known as beauty reclining or prince reclining), hanging and colored paintings; Partition walls are often decorated with various transparent windows, leaky windows, moon doors, bottle doors and other decorative building components.

(5) Taiwan Province Pavilion

In ancient China, the high rammed earth mounds on the ground were called terraces, and the wooden houses on terraces were called pavilions, both of which were collectively called terraces. The earliest terrace was just a small-scale open hall with columns and no walls. It was built on a rammed earth platform for overlooking, feasting and shooting. Sometimes it has the function of moistureproof and defense. There are many sites in Taixu, such as the Jindun Xintian Site in the Spring and Autumn Period, the Yanxiadu Site in the Warring States Period, the ancient city of Zhao in Handan, and the Xianyang Palace in the Qin Dynasty. , all of which retain a huge stepped rammed earth platform. A pavilion also refers to a big house that is open on all sides. After the Tang Dynasty, buildings near or built in water were called waterside pavilions, but they were completely different from pavilions.

(6) Temples

Ancient sacrificial architecture in China. Formal requirements are serious and neat, which can be roughly divided into three categories:

1, the ancestral temple. Ancient emperors and princes in China and other buildings dedicated to their ancestors were called ancestral temples. The ancestral temple of the emperor is called ancestral temple, and the temple system is different from generation to generation. The ancestral temple is the highest-level building. The buildings where nobles, dignitaries and aristocratic families worship their ancestors are called family temples or ancestral temples. Imitating the orientation of the ancestral temple, it is located on the east side of the mansion and has different scales. Some ancestral halls are equipped with Yixue, Yicang and Theater, which are beyond the scope of sacrifice.

2. Temples dedicated to sages. The most famous is the Confucius Temple in Kong Qiu, also known as the Confucian Temple. Kong Qiu is regarded as the ancestor of Confucianism, and emperors after the Han Dynasty worshipped Confucianism. The Confucius Temple in Qufu, Shandong Province is the largest. The temple dedicated to Guan Yu, a famous soldier in the Three Kingdoms period, is called Guandi Temple, also called Wu Temple. In some places, Sanyi Temple was built to worship Liu Bei, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei. Many places also offer sacrifices to famous officials, sages, righteous people and Xie Lie, such as Chengdu, Sichuan, and Nanyang, Henan, where Zhuge Liang's "Temple of Wuhou" is offered. Hangzhou, Zhejiang and Tangyin, Henan pay homage to the "Wang Yue Temple" and "Yuefei Temple" of Yuefei, a national hero of the Southern Song Dynasty.

3. Temples dedicated to mountains and rivers and gods. Since ancient times, China has worshipped natural objects such as heaven, earth, mountains and rivers and set up temples to worship them, such as Houtu Temple. The most famous temples are Taishan, Huashan, Hengshan, Hengshan and Songshan, among which Daimiao in Taishan is the largest. There are also a large number of sacrificial buildings from various religions and folk customs, such as the City God Temple, the Land Temple, the Longwang Temple and the God of Wealth Temple.

7) Altar

In ancient China, it was mainly used for offering sacrifices to heaven, earth and country. Temple of Heaven, Ditan, Ritan, Moon Altar, Valley Altar, National Altar, etc. Inside and outside Beijing. Altar is not only the main body of the sacrificial building, but also the floorboard of the whole building complex. The form of the altar is based on the theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements. For example, the main buildings of the Temple of Heaven and the Ditan are round and square respectively, which comes from the theory that the sky is round and the earth is round. The number and size of stones used in the Temple of Heaven are all odd, which is the saying that the ancients take heaven as positive and odd numbers represent positive. The Hall of Prayer for the New Year has three double eaves, covered with three-color glazed tiles: the blue of the upper eaves symbolizes the blue sky, the yellow of the middle eaves symbolizes the land, and the green of the lower eaves symbolizes everything. After sixteen years of Qianlong, three floors were all blue, which was designed to worship heaven.

(8) Tower

A towering point-like building dedicated to or collecting Buddhist relics (Buddha bones), Buddha statues, Buddhist scriptures, monks' remains, etc. Also known as "stupa" and "pagoda". Pagoda originated in India, and is often called "Buddha", "pagoda" and "floating picture". Tower is one of the most diverse architectural types in ancient China.

Tower is generally composed of underground palace, tower foundation, tower body, tower top and tower gate. The underground palace contains relics and is located below the ground in the middle of the tower foundation. Tower foundation includes base and pedestal. The pagoda is on the top of the tower and usually consists of sumeru, lotus, bowl cover, wheel and orb. There is also a pagoda, a treasure cover, a round lamp, a rising moon and a round ball at the top of the wheel.

There are many kinds of towers. There are more than 2,000 existing towers in China. According to the nature, there are pagodas and pagodas of monks' tombs for offering sacrifices; According to the materials used, it can be divided into wooden towers, brick towers, stone towers, metal towers and pottery towers. According to the structure and shape, it can be divided into pavilion tower, dense eaves tower, single-story tower, Lama tower and other special towers. The famous pavilions are Xi 'an Ci 'en Temple Pagoda, Xuanzang Pagoda of Xingjiao Temple and Yunyan Pagoda of Suzhou. The famous Miyan Pagoda includes Song Yue Pagoda in Dengfeng, Anjianfu Pagoda in Xi and Chihiro Pagoda in Chongsheng Temple in Dali. The famous single-storey pagodas include the Simen Pagoda in Licheng Shentong Temple, the stone pagodas in Yunju Temple in Beijing, and the Jingzang Zen Master Pagoda in Huishan Temple in Dengfeng. The pagoda is painted white, commonly known as "White Pagoda". The famous ones are the Baita of Miaoying Temple in Beijing and the Baita of Tayuan Temple in Wutai County, Shanxi Province. King Kong Throne Tower is famous for the King Kong Throne Tower in Beijing Zhengjue Temple.

(9) Screen wall

The wall built on the inside or outside of the courtyard gate as the barrier opposite the gate is also called zhaobi or zhaobi. The screen wall can form a transitional space, which is connected with the streets and lanes, but limited to the inside and outside of the gate. In Ming and Qing dynasties, the screen wall was divided into one shape and eight shapes in form. There are many eight-character walls on both sides of the gate of a large residential building in Beijing, which are opposite to the eight-character shadow wall across the road, forming a space slightly wider than the street in front of the gate; Inside the door, a zigzag shadow wall, left and right walls and screen doors form a square yard, which becomes two transitions from the street to the house. The screen walls of southern houses are mostly built outside the door. The shadow walls of rural houses are also made of rammed earth or adobe with tile roofs on them. Most of the shadow walls of palaces and temples are inlaid with glass. The palaces, temples, offices and first houses in the Ming and Qing Dynasties all had shadow walls. The famous Nine Dragon Wall in Datong, Shanxi Province is the glazed screen wall in front of Zhu Gui, the son of Zhu Yuanzhang, the grandson of Ming Taizu. The Beihai in Beijing and the Nine Dragon Wall in the Forbidden City are also famous.

(10) square table

The ancient buildings in China that have the function of praise, commemoration, guidance or symbol include memorial archways and China clocks. Archway, also known as archway, is a building with only a single row of columns, which is used to divide or control space. A single row of columns has a forehead, and other components without a top are called memorial archways, and those with a top are called memorial archways. This kind of roof is commonly known as "building", and the upper end of the column is higher than the roof, which is called "climbing over the eaves". When the archway is built at the entrance of palaces, gardens, temples, tombs and other large building groups, its shape level is high. Most of the archways in Tian Chong are built in key points of town streets, such as the starting point of roads, intersections, both ends of bridges and the facades of shops. The former becomes a prelude to the building complex, creating a solemn, solemn and profound atmosphere, which plays a foil role for the main building; The latter can enrich the street view and mark the location. In some towns in the south of the Yangtze River, many archways have been built across the street, mostly to "show fame and honor" or "commend filial piety". In mountain scenic spots, memorial archways are also built on mountain roads, which is not only a prelude to visiting temples, but also a sign of the progress of mountain roads.

Huabiao is a pair of pillars, which play a symbolic or commemorative role. The Han dynasty was called Huan Biao. Before the Yuan Dynasty, China's watches were mainly made of wood, with cross-shaped boards inserted on them and white cranes standing on top, which were mostly located at intersections, bridges and offices. After the Ming Dynasty, China's watches were mostly made of stone, and there was a sumeru under them. The upper end of the stone pillar is carved with moire slate, which is called cloud plate; The crane that stood at the top of the column was changed into a crouching beast, commonly known as "roaring the sky". The Chinese watch is surrounded by a stone fence. Exquisite relief is applied to China watches and railings. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Chinese watches mainly stood in front of palaces and mausoleums, and some stood at the bridge head, such as Lugou Bridge Head in Beijing. The huabiao in front of Tiananmen Square in Beijing and the huabiao around the Ming Tombs Pavilion built in Yongle period of Ming Dynasty are typical examples.

First, the Great Wall of Wan Li.

The Great Wall of Wan Li is one of the architectural wonders of the world. The Great Wall of Wan Li has always been regarded as a symbol of ancient civilization in China, and it is famous all over the world.

The Great Wall has a history of more than 2000 years, and its construction began in the Warring States Period. At that time, Qin, Zhao, Wei, Qi, Yan, Chu and other vassal States built the Great Wall to defend the northern nomadic people from invading the south and defending themselves. After Qin annexed six countries, in order to prevent the northern Xiongnu from plundering, a huge project to build the Great Wall was launched in 2 13 BC, connecting the original Great Walls of Qin, Yan, Zhao and Wei and expanding them. The whole project * * * requisitioned 300,000 migrant workers and took 10 years to complete. It starts from Lintao, Gansu (now Minxian) in the west, along the Yellow River to He Lin, Inner Mongolia, to Yinshan in the north, to Yanmenguan in Shanxi in the south and to the Great Wall in Liaodong in the east, with a total length of more than 3,000 kilometers. Because the Great Wall project is extremely arduous and the situation of migrant workers is very miserable, the legend of Meng Jiangnu crying at the Great Wall has been left.

In the Han Dynasty, besides rebuilding Qin Changcheng, the Great Wall in Shuofang, south of Hetao, Inner Mongolia, and the Great Wall in Liangzhou, west were also built. The western section of Liangzhou starts from Juyanhai (now Ejina Banner) in Inner Mongolia in the north, along Ejina River, passes through Gansu Jinta, and enters Xinjiang to Anxi, Dunhuang and Yumenguan in the west. The whole Great Wall is "five miles, one sill, ten miles, one pier, thirty miles, one fort, one hundred miles and one city", which constitutes a strict defense system.

After the Han Dynasty, the Great Wall was partially built in the Northern Wei Dynasty, the Northern Qi Dynasty, the Sui Dynasty and the Jin Dynasty, and was completely rebuilt in the Ming Dynasty. The Great Wall was built in the Ming Dynasty, starting from Jiayuguan in the west and reaching Yalu River in the east, with a total length of about 6,700 kilometers (13,000 kilometers). The whole reconstruction process lasted 100 years, which shows that the project is huge and arduous. Among them, the Great Wall to the east of Shanxi is built with rammed earth inside and the Great Wall to the west of Shanxi is built with rammed earth outside. There are many Guancheng on the whole Great Wall, all of which are built in steep places. The famous ones are Jiayuguan, Juyongguan and Shanhaiguan. Jiayuguan is the most complete one in the existing Great Wall Guancheng. Built in the fifth year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1372), it is known as "the first majestic pass in the world" with majestic momentum, meticulous layout and rigorous structure. It is said that when the Xiongguan was built, not only the design and construction skills were superb, but also the calculation of materials was very accurate. After the completion of Guancheng, there was only one brick left, which was placed in the small building of Guancheng as a souvenir by later generations. The Great Wall that people see now is mainly rebuilt in the Ming Dynasty, while the former Great Wall only has some remains.

The Great Wall stretches 10000 miles, crossing steep sections such as mountains, rapids and canyons. The difficulty of the project is unimaginable, which shows the majestic spirit and wisdom of the Chinese nation, and also reflects the superb level of survey, planning and design, construction technology, project management and military technology in ancient China.

Second, the Forbidden City.

The Forbidden City is located in the center of Beijing, with an area of 1087 mu and an area of more than 720,000 square meters. It is the imperial palace of Ming and Qing dynasties, and it is also the largest and most complete ancient wooden structure complex in the world. It embodies the architectural tradition and unique style of the Chinese nation.

The Forbidden City was built in 1406, which was the Miyagi built by Emperor Yongle in the Ming Dynasty when he moved the capital from Nanjing to Beijing. Generally speaking, it can be divided into two parts, namely the so-called outer court and the inner court. The outer court, centered on the three halls of Taihe, Zhonghe, Baohe, and flanked by Wenhua Hall and Wuying Hall, is the main place to exercise state affairs. The imperial palace is composed of the official history, Jiaotai Hall, Kunning Palace and the six palaces of the East and West, and it is the area where the royal family lives and lives. According to the tradition of four pillars as one room, there are nearly 10 thousand rooms with a construction area of about 6.5438+0.5 million square meters.

The palace is surrounded by the Forbidden City, with a height of 10 meter and a moat width of 52 meters. There are four gates in the whole city, east, west, north and south. The south gate is the meridian gate, the north gate is Xuanwu gate, the east gate is Donghua gate, and the west gate is Xihua gate. There is a tower in every corner of the city. Each turret has nine beams, eighteen columns and seventy-two ridges. It is a rare masterpiece in ancient architecture with complex structure and peculiar style. There is also a legend about the construction of turrets that Lu Ban compiled a basket of straw as a model demonstration. The architectural layout of the entire Forbidden City is rigorous and regular, with primary and secondary order. Through the changes and ups and downs of the body, the space is rich and changeable.

The meridian gate is the main entrance of the Forbidden City, and a group of buildings are built on the pier of the city wall. In the middle are nine wide double-eaved halls on the top of the palace. The temples connected by eaves and ridges on both sides extend outward, and there is a high corner pavilion in every corner. This group of buildings is called Wufeng Pagoda, which is magnificent. Enter the meridian gate, cross a big yard, cross the Jinshui Bridge and enter the Taihe Gate, which is the third hall of the outer court. Taihe is built on the high I-shaped abutment in front, middle and back. The abutment is 8. 13m high, divided into three layers and made of white marble. There is a stone carving imperial road on each floor, with fences, sentries and faucets on both sides. According to statistics, there are 14 14 carved balustrades, 1460 carved guard posts with dragon and phoenix patterns, and 165438 faucets. These stone carvings reflect the unique decorative art of traditional buildings in China. At the same time, it plays a drainage role in structure and function. Small holes are carved under the fence and at the protruding faucet of the lookout school. Whenever it rains, water comes out of the tap, just like a thousand dragons spraying water. This is a spectacular sight.

The Hall of Supreme Harmony, also known as the Golden Hall, is the place where the emperor issued decrees and held ceremonies. The main hall is 35.05m high, 63.96m wide and 37.20m deep. It is the largest building in the Forbidden City and the largest wooden structure in China. Its structure embodies the characteristics of traditional wooden buildings in China. That is to say, firstly, a wooden column is erected on the basis of bolts, the wooden column is put on the beam, a small short column (melon column) is put on the beam, and then a shorter beam is put on the frame; From the girder to the top, you can use small pillars to overlap several layers of beams, increase them layer by layer, and shorten them layer by layer to form double eaves; The top floor is erected with ridge melon columns, and purlins are crossed between the two groups of frames; Purlins are paved with wooden rafters, rafters are paved with wooden boards (kanban), and the boards are paved with grey-backed porcelain tiles; Because the beam frame is raised step by step and the beam is shortened step by step, a sloping roof is formed; The roof is provoked by a bucket arch, which can not only bear the load, but also increase the decorative effect, which is another major feature of traditional architecture in China. This structure is adopted in the Hall of Supreme Harmony. With 73 large wooden columns supporting the beam frame, a double-eaved roof is formed, with the upper eave vaulting out, monoclinic, triclinic, ninth order and the lower eave monoclinic, seventh order. The whole building is magnificent, showing the supremacy of imperial power.

Different from foreign countries, the inner court, as the queen's living and living area, presents the characteristics of deep courtyard, and the six palaces of East, West and West are integrated and arranged in an orderly manner. There is also a backyard imperial garden, which is beautiful and quiet for recreation.

The whole layout of the Forbidden City is symmetrically arranged with the meridian gate to Shenwumen as the central axis. The central axis extends south to Tiananmen Square and north to Jingshan, which coincides with the central axis of the ancient city of Beijing. Climbing the Jingshan Mountain and overlooking the Forbidden City, the cornices overlap, the glass is contiguous, and it is magnificent and colorful, which can be called the treasure of traditional architecture in China.

Third, the Summer Palace.

Landscape architecture is a combination of architectural beauty, artistic beauty and natural beauty, which is the result of mutual infiltration and blending of science and technology and art. China's landscape architecture art has a long history and is unique in the history of world gardening and has made remarkable achievements. In the past few years, tens of thousands of exquisite gardens have been created on the land of China. The Summer Palace is a large royal garden, which is now well preserved. It is the representative of traditional gardens in China and occupies an important position in the world garden architecture.

The Summer Palace is located in the northwest of Beijing, 8 kilometers (16 miles) away from Fiona Fang, covering an area of 4,350 mu, with a large scale and beautiful scenery. Its history can be traced back to the Jin Dynasty more than 800 years ago. Jin Zhangzong once built Jinshui Academy here, which was one of the eight academies in Xishan at that time. Its mountain is called Jinshan, and Yuquan water leads to the foot of the mountain as a pool, called Jinchi. In the Yuan Dynasty, it was said that an old man dug a stone urn on the mountain and renamed Jinshan Wengshan. Yuan Shizu once ordered Guo Shoujing to lead the water of Yuquan to the foot of the mountain twice, and dredged and expanded Jinchi into a large reservoir, renamed Wengshanpo and Dabo Lake, commonly known as West Lake or Xihaizi. The mud dug out of the lake was transported up the mountain to heighten Wengshan, becoming a scenic spot with high mountains and wide waters. In the Ming Dynasty, Wengshan was changed to Jinshan, Wengshan Park was changed to Jinhai, Yuan Jing Temple was built by the mountain, and a nice mountain garden was built on the lakeside, collectively known as Shan Hao Garden, commonly known as the scenic spot of West Lake. 1750, on the basis of Yuan Jing Temple, Emperor Qing Qianlong built Dahongzhi to celebrate his mother's birthday, changed Jinshan to Wanshou Mountain, dredged Jinhai and renamed Kunming Lake. The whole garden is called Qingyi Garden, and the project took 15 years to complete. Since then, Qingyi Garden in Wanshou Mountain, Jingming Garden in Yuquan Mountain, Jingyi Garden in Xiangshan Mountain, Changchun Garden and Yuanmingyuan Garden have all been called "three mountains and five gardens", and Qingyi Garden is unique, with the reputation of "where Yanshan Mountain is the most leisurely, and the romantic moon is unparalleled in Kunming". What makes people angry is that 1860, the British and French allied forces captured Beijing, and the three mountains and five gardens suffered bad luck. After being looted, it was set on fire, and Qingyi Garden was reduced to ashes except for a few buildings. 1886, Cixi embezzled naval funds, which lasted 10 years and was built and renamed the Summer Palace. 1900, the Summer Palace was looted and burned by Eight-Nation Alliance. 1902, Cixi was restored again. The existing Summer Palace not only embodies the superb attainments of China's ancient gardening skills, but also puts the crimes of foreign powers invading China and the corrupt behavior of the rulers in the late Qing Dynasty on the historical shame column.

The Summer Palace has inherited and developed the traditional features and gardening techniques of ancient garden buildings in China. The layout of the whole park can be roughly divided into Donggongmen and Dongshan, Qianshan, Houshan and Kunming Lake. The whole garden has the following outstanding features:

1, win with water. The water area accounts for 3/4 of the whole park. Designers design and arrange according to the characteristics of open waters. The main buildings and scenic spots face Kunming Lake or overlook the lake. In order to avoid the monotony of the open lake, the lake is divided into several areas with long dikes, and the islands such as Phoenix Wharf, Mirror Pavilion and Jianzao Hall are also arranged in the lake to symbolize the legendary three sacred mountains on the sea, such as Penglai, Abbot and Yingzhou, which makes the waters both open and interesting.

2. Lakes and mountains. Wanshou Mountain on the bank of Hubei is 58 meters high and stands upright like a green screen. The lakes and mountains set each other off. Qian Shan is the center of the whole garden, with a huge building complex in the middle. Starting from the wisdom sea at the top of the mountain, there are Buddha Pavilion, Qinhui Hall, Paiyun Hall, Paiyun Gate and Yunhui Yuyufang to reach the lake. Among them, the glazed tile Pearl-free Hall (Wisdom Sea) and the Buddha Pavilion with a height of 4 1 m are magnificent and the most distinctive buildings. On both sides of this central axis, there are many foil buildings. There are long outlines and stone fences around Baoshan Lake, which clearly distinguish the lake from the mountain and closely link them.

3. The contrast is sharp. The buildings in the front hill are resplendent and magnificent, while the buildings in the back hill are hidden and the scenery is quiet. Kunming Lake is magnificent, the Houhu Lake (Suzhou River) is quiet and exquisite, the East Palace Gate is densely built, and the west embankment and the west embankment are beautiful. The strong contrast makes tourists feel different, thus increasing their interest.

4. The scene follows the steps. According to different regional characteristics, buildings, terraces, pavilions, pavilions, halls, pavilions, pavilions, curved corridors and rockeries are combined to form different scenic spots. There are obvious differences and organic connections between scenic spots, which make people stroll in the park, and the scenery changes everywhere and emerges endlessly.

5. borrow scenery. Designers not only consider the mutual cooperation and borrowing of the scenery in the garden, but also make full use of the surrounding scenery, so that the peaks of Xishan Mountain, the smoke willows of Xidi and the tower shadow of Yuquan Mountain all look like the scenery in the garden. This ingenious technique of interior and exterior scenery in the garden gives people a feeling that the scope of the garden is more expanded.

6. There is a garden in the garden. At the eastern foot of Wanshou Mountain, a humor garden was built according to Wuxi Huishan Garden. It is centered on the pool, with halls, pavilions, pavilions, corridors and small bridges. It has its own independent pattern and has become a garden in the garden. Moreover, it is elegant and quiet, which is in sharp contrast with the dense palace buildings in the East Palace, giving people a brand-new feeling.

7, set the scene to write. There are many scenic spots in the park, but they are not rigid imitations, but unique charm. For example, the Humorous Garden imitates Huishan Garden, Xidi Sixth Bridge imitates Su Causeway, the Tang and Jingming Buildings imitate Yellow Crane Tower and Yueyang Tower, and Suzhou Street imitates Suzhou Street. , but there is a big difference.

The Summer Palace brings together the essence of traditional garden architecture in China. It is "man-made, just like nature" and a masterpiece of garden architecture.

China architecture is basically a closed and independent system from the pre-Qin period to the middle of19th century, and its style has not changed much for more than 2,000 years, which is generally called China ancient architecture. /kloc-After the mid-9th century, with the change of social nature, a large number of foreign buildings, especially western architectural styles, have been introduced, and China's architecture has had more contact and exchanges with the world's architecture, and its architectural style has undergone tremendous changes, which is generally called modern architecture in China. This paper mainly studies the ancient architecture in China.

The ancient architecture in China has matured in feudal society. It is a unique system with the longest history, the widest distribution area and the most obvious style. It is mainly composed of wooden buildings of the Han nationality and also includes excellent buildings of various ethnic minorities. China's ancient architecture has a direct influence on Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese ancient architecture, and it also has an influence on Europe after17th century.

Compared with European ancient architectural art, the aesthetic value and political and ethical value of China ancient architecture are highly unified; Rooted in profound traditional culture, it shows a distinct humanistic spirit; Holiness and comprehensiveness. The specific performance is as follows:

1) Attach importance to the overall management of the environment.

Since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, China has had the concept of overall management of the built environment. Although all the planning systems in "Zhou Li" about wilderness, metropolis, customs, townships, cities, mountains and temples may not have been realized, it at least shows that there was a large-scale regional planning idea of systematic planning at that time. The riding pipe advocates that "every country is the capital, not at the foot of the mountain, but above Guang Chuan", which shows that environmental relations must be considered in urban site selection. China's theory of geomantic omen originated very early. Apart from wearing the cloak of superstition, it mostly emphasized the relationship between environment and architecture. Ancient cities paid attention to the unified management of urban ontology and surrounding environment. Xianyang, Qin is a super-scale urban environment, starting from Sakan in the north, running through the Weihe River in the middle and reaching Nanshan in the south. At the peak, it is 200-300 miles from east to west. Famous capitals such as Chang 'an (now Xi 'an, Shaanxi), Luoyang (Northern Wei Dynasty), Jiankang (now Nanjing, Jiangsu) and Beijing (Ming and Qing Dynasties) have their business scope far beyond the city walls. Even ordinary governments, states and counties integrate suburbs into the overall urban environment. Important scenic spots, such as five towns in wuyue, Buddhism and Taoism, suburban gardens, etc. , also put environmental management in the first place; Mausoleum area pays more attention to geomantic geography. Most of the buildings in these places rely on the environment to show their artistic charm.

2) Monomer images are merged into the group sequence.

In ancient China, the form of single buildings was relatively simple, and most of them were stereotyped. Isolated single buildings do not constitute a complete artistic image, and the artistic effect of buildings mainly depends on the group sequence. A temple, as a foil in the sequence, will not be too big, and its image may be relatively dull, but if it is the main body, it may be very tall. For example, there are not many single building styles in the Forbidden City in Beijing in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, but through the transformation of different spatial sequences, each single building shows its own independent personality as a whole.

(C) the unity of structural technology and artistic image

The wood structure system of ancient buildings in China has strong adaptability. This system consists of four columns, two beams and two beams, which form a basic framework called a compartment. Compartments can be connected left and right, front and back, overlapped up and down, combined at will, or modified into octagon, hexagon, circle, fan or other shapes. There are two kinds of roof frames: lifting beam type and bucket type. In either case, the roof can be made into an arc shape without changing the frame system, and the cornices can be made up at the corners of the house, and the styles such as double eaves, hooks, interspersed and hanging can also be made. The artistic modeling of single building mainly depends on the flexible collocation of rooms and multi-style arc roofs. In addition, the components of the wood structure are convenient for carving and painting, so as to enhance the artistic expression of the building. Therefore, the modeling beauty of ancient buildings in China is also manifested as structural beauty to a great extent.

Standardization, diversification and unity

The buildings in China are mainly made of wood. In order to facilitate the manufacture, installation, work estimation and material calculation of components, it is inevitable to standardize components, which also promotes the modularization of design. As early as the Spring and Autumn Period, standardization and modularization sprouted in Kao Gong Ji, and matured in the Tang Dynasty at the latest. By the third year of Song Yuanming (1 100), the "architectural style" was completely standardized, and the "Regulations of the Ministry of Industry" promulgated in the twelfth year of Qing Yongzheng (1734) was further simplified. The standardization of architecture promotes the unity of architectural style and ensures that every building can reach a certain artistic level. Standardization does not limit the composition of the sequence too much, so the standardization of single buildings and the diversification of group sequences can go hand in hand. As a space art, it is obviously a mature and progressive phenomenon. The single buildings in ancient China seem to have changed a little, but the group combinations are varied, because of the high unity of standardization and diversification.

(5) Poetic natural gardens

China Garden is an outstanding achievement of ancient architecture in China and an important typical garden in the world. The aesthetic taste of people with cultural literacy, using the method of building space composition, typifies natural beauty and turns it into garden beauty. The interest contained in it is poetic; The spatial composition technique adopted is free, flexible and smooth sequence design. China gardens pay attention to "skillful borrowing and skillful body" and attach importance to the exquisite interpretation of scenery, so as to organize rich viewing pictures. At the same time, it also simulates natural mountains and rivers, creating special skills of overlapping mountains and managing water. Whether mountains and rivers are connected or not, poetry and painting can be more profound and interesting.

(six) pay attention to the performance of the building's character and symbolic significance.

The political and ethical contents of ancient architecture in China require it to show distinctive personality and specific symbolic significance, so many methods have been adopted. The most important thing is to use the environment to render different emotional appeal and atmosphere, so that people can get a variety of aesthetic feelings; Secondly, different building grades include volume, color, style and decoration. , is stipulated to express the social system and architectural content; At the same time, we also try our best to use many figurative auxiliary arts, even the words of plaques and inscriptions, to reveal and explain the character and content of the building. Important buildings, such as palaces, temples and temples, have specific symbolic themes. For example, Qin Shihuang built Xianyang, the palace symbolized Wei Zi, Weishui symbolized Tianhan, and Shanglinyuan dug ponds symbolized Penglai in the East China Sea. Qing Kangxi