Three tribulations of Nurhachi, the founding emperor of Qing Dynasty, in his youth.

A prerequisite for Nurhachi's success is the tempering of a miserable life: his stepmother's unkindness made him develop a self-reliant and self-reliant character; The horse market transaction opened his eyes; Father, ancestors, * * * He resolutely got rid of the mediocre life of ordinary people and embarked on the road of being a king.

Nurhachi was born in Hetuala, Nuzhen Susuhu River, Jianzhou. Hetu ala is the antonym of Manchu "hetuala", which means Yokooka. Hetuala is a mountain city, and the Sushuhu River passes under it. From Sushuhu to Hetuala, a spacious plain has been formed. Susuhu River Plain has deep soil layer, fertile soil, abundant rainfall and suitable climate for agriculture. The fields, valleys and hills on both sides of the river have been reclaimed. In the spring ploughing season, cattle are abundant in scattered grain.

Tucker lives in Hetuala and has five sons and a daughter. His wife is the daughter of Governor Agu, surnamed Sitara, and has a residence in Muqi. Later, the Qing Dynasty honored Xitala as the Queen of Xuan. The Sitara family gave birth to three sons and a daughter: the eldest son Nurhachi, the third son Shuhaqi, the fourth son Yalahaqi and a daughter. Tucker's stepwife, Nora, whose name is Sister Ken, is a family girl raised by Hada Belwin. She is mean and has only one child, the fifth son, Bayara. Tucker's other wife, Guruli's daughter Li Jiashi, also raised a son, the second son Muerhazi.

Tucker's family was a middle-class family among the Jurchen people who founded the state at that time, and Aha raised them at home. "Aha" is the antonym of "Aha" in Manchu, sometimes called coating aha or coating. Aha, coating aha or coating is a slave. They carry water, cut wood, wash rice and cook at home; In spring, Qiu Cheng cultivates and grows crops in the fields; Gathering and grazing, hunting and fishing are also carried out.

Like other jurchen families, the Tucks live in a house made of mud, wood and grass, and the house and yard are fenced. Living in the south, west and north of the room, there are fire kang, commonly known as "brick kang" The chimney, named Hulan, is made of hollow logs and is located at the back of the house. Later, Vencent Yang recorded in "A Brief Introduction to Liu Bian": "The tent is open to the southeast, and the heatable adobe sleeping platform is five inches high, surrounded by Nan Zhou on three sides, west and north, and its east is empty. There are men and women cooking on the south kang and the north kang. Lying at night, respecting the west in the south and humble in the north. " On the wall of Xikang in the house, there is a "board" for ancestor worship, and a sacrificial plate stands to worship ancestors. In the southeast corner of the courtyard, there stands a wooden pole more than a foot high, commonly known as "single pole", which is used to worship heaven. This custom first affected the Qingning Palace in Shengjing, and later affected the Kunning Palace in Beijing ―― the south, west and north sides of the palace are connected by dragons and kangs, and window paper is stuck outside the window; In front of the palace stood a sacred pillar, that is, a "single pillar". Tucker believes in shamanism. Shamanism is a primitive religion widely believed by Tungusic people in Northeast Asia and Northeast China. Shaman, also known as Samo and Zama, is Manchu saman, which means witch in Chinese. Shaman's sacrificial prayer was combined with setting poles to worship heaven, and later developed into a hall child. "Tangzi" is the Chinese transliteration of the Manchu word "Tangse", which is the place where it worships the gods. "Tangzi is a shaman's sacrifice, mainly to heaven" (Mo Dongyin: Shamanism of Manchu in the early Qing Dynasty, on Manchu history).

At that time, the custom of Jurchen nationality was that men shaved their hair and hung braids, wore robes and jackets, and the cuffs were long before and short after, commonly known as horseshoe sleeves and a foot belt. The woman is Tianzu, wearing a robe with narrow cuffs, which was later commonly known as cheongsam. Jurchen men and women are good at riding and shooting. After the boy is born, he hangs a bow and arrow in front of the door, which symbolizes that he will become an excellent shooter in the future. Six or seven-year-old boys learn to shoot with Phila. "Fei Lan" is the antithesis of "Feilan" in Manchu, which means a small bow made by Liu Yu in Chinese. "The Origin of Manchuria" records: "Children use elm vitamin bow, which is called Fei Lan. Take Hao Jing as the vector, feather as the feather, and say, "Go and survey. "Niukan" is the antonym of "Niukan" in Manchu, which means that "Liu Jing" is a small arrow with a handle and feathers in Chinese. When you grow up, ride a horse and shoot at the mountain with a bow. After riding and shooting, the children sat around and threw rollo. " Lolo, also called Rodin, is the dual of Lolo and lodan in Manchu. It is a kind of play bone, and it is often won by cleverness. Nurhachi grew up in the above environment when he was a teenager. He was strong, brave, witty and calm, and skillful in bowing horses.

The Nurhachi family was originally a middle-class family of Jianzhou Jurchen. However, in Nurhachi's youth, he suffered three major hardships, namely, he lost his mother when he was young, he was in a foreign land, and he lost his father and mother.

Nurhachi suffered his first great ordeal as a teenager. His biological mother died when he was ten years old, and his stepmother Nora treated him badly. Records of Manzhouli recorded that Khan lost his mother when he was ten years old. My stepmother was jealous, and my father was confused by her stepmother's words, so he separated. He was nineteen years old and left his family property alone. (Records of Manchuria (volume 1)

Nurhachi's biological mother died, and his stepmother gave birth to a half-brother. He is in a difficult situation at home. During the harvesting season from March to May and from July to 10, Nurhachi and his friends entered the vast forest and lived in a shed. Each shed can accommodate three or four people, collecting during the day and living in the shed at night. He dug ginseng, picked pine nuts, hazelnuts and mushrooms, and rushed to Fushun horse market to trade, using the money he earned to maintain or supplement his life. During this period, he took part in labor and contacted the people, which had a great influence on his later political career.

At that time, the trade between Han nationality and Nuzhen and Mongolia was mainly concentrated in Zhenbeiguan (70 miles northeast of Kaiyuan City), Qinghe Pass (60 miles southwest of Kaiyuan City), Guang Shun Pass (60 miles east of Kaiyuan City), Xin 'an Pass (60 miles west of Kaiyuan City) and Fushun Pass (30 miles east of Kaiyuan City). This kind of market is called "Horse Market", which stipulates: "It is held twice every month from the first day to the fifth day and from the 16th to the 22nd. Every savage will send horses and local goods to another place for inspection, and then put them into the market, and those who own the goods will be allowed to trade with them on an equal footing. " (Ming Wanli Hui Dian Juan 129) When the "city circle" was opened, Han people, jurchen people and Mongols were bustling and merged into one city. Jurchen brought ginseng, pine nuts, hazelnuts, mushrooms, fungus, honey, Oriental Pearl, linen, horses, mink, lynx skin and so on to participate in the trade. They bought cattle, plough seeds, wood and other production tools from Han people, as well as daily necessities such as cloth, iron pots, water boots, needle and thread.

Nurhachi often travels to and from Fushun Guanma City for trade. He made friends with the Han people, understood the feudal economic situation of the Han people, and was familiar with the political trends of the Ming Dynasty. Get to know Han intellectuals and be influenced by Han culture. In the fair trade exchanges, he is familiar with the advantages of mountains and rivers and the dangers of roads in Liaodong area. Through extensive contacts with Mongolians and Han people, he has learned Mongolian and has a general understanding of Chinese and Chinese characters. Huang Daozhou said that Nurhachi "looked at the Three Kingdoms and the Second Biography of the Water Margin and claimed to have a plan" (Huang Daozhou: "Natural History Collection? Four yi slave chiefs "(20). For example, when North Korea Shen Zhong arrived in Feiala, he saw a broken couplet on the gate of Shuerhazi's house. The remainder of the first part of the couplet is "in the green hills", and the remainder of the second part is "living in the green forest" (Japanese version of "The Ancient Town of Hezi, Erdao, Xingjing, 9th edition). This reflects their love for China's Zhang Hui novels and their deep influence on Han feudal culture. In a word, Fushun-Guanma trade is like a big school, from which Nurhachi can learn social economy, political culture, folk language and military geography knowledge, so as to increase his knowledge, enrich his wisdom, broaden his mind and temper his will.

Nuerhachi suffered the second great tribulation when he was young. The legend of Hanwang and "Qing Dynasty" is that he went to the account of Li, the company commander of Liaodong after the Ming army attacked Wanggao Village, the Jurchen of Jianzhou. First, the right-back of Jianzhou commanded Aric, and the soldiers were stronger than Ma Zhuang, relying on their own strength. He ambushed and captured Heichun, the deputy governor of Liaodong in the Ming Dynasty, forty-one years ago in Jiajing. In July of the second year of Wanli, together with Lai, he killed the Ming guerrillas. Appreciate the high, and the high will correct the public into sin. Li, the company commander of Liaodong in the Ming Dynasty, defeated Wang Gaobing. In October, he led an army to attack Wanggaozhai. Wanggaozhai is dangerous, the city is solid and dense, and soldiers guard it. Li Du attacked his stronghold with artillery, firearms and axes.

After Aric's defeat, he went to Hada the following year. Wang Tai led his son Hulgan to bind the king and present him to the Ming border official. After Aric "trapped city" ("Qing draft? Wang Gaochuan (Volume 222) was 47 years old.

After the death of Wang Gao, Nurhachi went to the account of Li, the company commander of Liaodong in the Ming Dynasty. Nurhachi defected to Li, or he was adopted by Li in Fushun; Or Li Shimin was captured as Wang Gaozhai who surrendered.

"Yao Gong Wen Zhan Ji" records: Nurhachi ..... Catch the trail, please die. If you become a beam, pity it, don't kill it, and leave it under the account. (Yao Gong Wen Zhan Ji, volume 1)

According to what I heard in the mountains, Mao was eight feet long and had extraordinary intelligence, so he was transferred to Liang Biao. Every battle must be boarded first, and meritorious deeds must be built repeatedly. (Peng: I heard it in the mountains, volume 1)

"Ye Heguo's Baylor Riding" records: Renwu, ten years, autumn and September, Xin Haishuo, Taizu likes Ye Heguo. I hurried me when it was difficult for Li to take off. Baylor Yang's slave is an extraordinary man, and he is both a gift and a preferential treatment. ("Ye Heguo's Baylor Family Ride" bill-clearing version)

Yehebeile Yang's slaves valued Nurhachi, loved his wife, gave him horse armor, and sent troops to escort him back to Hetuala.

Another example is Notes on the History of Ming Dynasty? There are similar records in books such as Biography of Li. Some people think that this matter was written by a famous person, which is not enough for credit. Xu Gan compiled Ye Heguo's "Baylor Family Ride" during the Kangxi period, and A Gui revised the founding strategy of the Qing Dynasty during the Qianlong period. Even in the Manchu folk legend of Hanwang, Nurhachi's experience is described:

At that time, there was a catastrophe in the Ming Dynasty, and the world was in chaos. After going down the mountain, he joined Li's men. Seeing that Li was beautiful, cute and smart, he left him under the account and went to be an extremely bookish himself.

One night, after washing his feet, the company commander proudly said to his beloved concubine, "Look, the reason why I can be a company commander is precisely because I have these seven moles on my feet!" " "His beloved concubine said to him," There are seven red moles at the feet of our bookish account! " "The company commanders were shocked when they heard about it. This is obviously a symbol of the son of heaven. Some time ago, I received an imperial edict that Ziweixing fell, and there was a statue of the son of heaven in the northeast, and I was ordered to catch it closely. The man who should be arrested is right in front of us. The company commanders secretly ordered to be a prison car, ready to escort Hanwang to Beijing for beheading.

The company commander's concubine likes Hanwang best. She was very sorry to see that the company commander had to deal with it like this. I want to save Hanwang, but I can't. So I asked the person in charge to discuss it with him. The colonel's entourage immediately replied: "Thirty-six plans, walking is the best policy." After the decision, he quickly called Hanwang to tell him what had happened and told him to run quickly. Hearing this, Hanwang broke out in a cold sweat and said gratefully, "The rescue of my wife is really the rebirth of my parents. When it succeeds, it respects its wife first and then its parents. " Madam thanked her, stole a big green horse in a hurry, went out the back door, got on the horse and went to Changbai Mountain. At this time, Wang Han was accompanied by his usual dog. After escaping, Li's concubine hung on a willow branch, hung a white silk, put her neck inside, and died as soon as the drum rang.

The next day, the company commander disappeared from Hanwang. He was at a loss and suddenly found his beloved concubine hanging there. When Li realized it at once, he flew into a rage. In a rage, she was beaten all over * * *, and was beaten forty times (when Manchu worshiped their ancestors, they turned off the lights for a while, which is said to be a memorial to their wives; Because he was naked when he died, he turned off the lights to avoid shame. Then send troops after it, and we must get it back.

Let's talk about Hanwang's escape one night. Just as he was about to dismount and rest, he suddenly heard a cry of killing the sky behind him. Knowing that the pursuer had arrived, he rode away. However, the pursuer was getting closer and closer, and ten thousand arrows were shot from behind, killing the Qing horse. Hanwang said sadly, "If we can win the world in the future, we will never forget the Qing Dynasty!" Therefore, Hanwang later raised the title of "Qing (Qing)". Hanwang's war horse died, and the pursuer was about to catch up, so he had to run away on foot. When I was in danger, I suddenly found a hollow tree by the roadside. Hanwang used his quick wits to get into the tree hole, and there happened to be many crows flying and gathering on it. The pursuer arrived here and saw a flock of crows landing on the tree, so he continued to rush forward. Wang Anquan is out of danger. After the pursuers had gone far, Hanwang came out of the tree hole and hid in weeds and reeds. He only saw a dog with him. Hanwang was so tired that he fell asleep as soon as he lay down. The pursuers rushed for a while, but nothing arrived; After searching for a long time, four people were not there. So he set fire to the wasteland and retired.

Wang Han sleeps like a clay figurine; The fire in the sky is about to burn to the edge. At this time, the dog behind him ran to the river, soaked himself, and then ran back and rolled around Wang Han. Going back and forth many times, I finally got all the grass around Hanwang wet. Hanwang was not killed by fire, but the puppy died beside Hanwang because of overwork.

Hanwang opened his eyes and woke up, looking around, a piece of ashes. The dog that followed him died next to him, soaked to the skin. I will soon understand. Hanwang swore to the dog: "Never eat dog meat for generations to come, * * * dog skin." This is why Manchu people avoid eating dog meat and wearing dog skin.

Hanwang fled to Changbai Mountain and dug wild vegetables and ginseng with wooden poles for a living. In the mountains, Hanwang remembered that he could save the day in all kinds of critical moments, which was the blessing of God. Thought of here, Hanwang raised his pole to worship heaven. At the same time, I remembered the rescue of the crow, and I was equally grateful. I hung something on the pole for the crow to eat, which means to repay the crow for saving his life. After learning it, it became a custom. Later, Hanwang led his troops down the mountain and captured Shenyang.

The above quoted a legend about the youth of the late Jin Khan Nurhachi. Legend has it that Manchu wooden poles worship heaven, as mentioned earlier; Respect for crows is the heritage of primitive totem worship; As for the respect for dogs, apart from the legacy of primitive totem worship, it is also related to the folk custom that Manchu still hunts and dogs are closely related to their owners. But legend is different from history, it is full of mystery; Legend is also different from myth, which bears the imprint of history. The Legend of Wang Han reflects the shadow of the fragment history of the outstanding Manchu leader Nurhachi when he was young.

"Thirteen Legacies A" fought with hatred. Nurhachi experienced the third great tribulation in his youth. His grandfather Jue Chang 'an and his father Takshi died in a fire when the Ming army attacked Ataigule village. This is the direct reason why he began to struggle with his father's "Thirteen Legacies".

When Nurhachi rose, the tribal contradictions and ethnic contradictions in Jurchen society were complicated and interacted. The struggle between tribes has become increasingly acute, and the war between tribes has intensified. By the end of16th century, the original "Jianzhou Sanwei" had actually merged into five departments, namely, Jianzhou-Suzhou River Department, Hunhe Department, Wanyan (Wang Jia) Department, Dong 'e Department, Chen Zhe Department and Changbai Mountain Department-Yalu River Department, Zhusheli Department and Yinna Department.

At that time, among the ministries in Jianzhou, Wang Gao was the most powerful. In the second year of Wanli, Aric abandoned Gongcheng in the Ming Dynasty, and people were trapped and attacked Liaoshen on a large scale. Li Dengbing, the company commander of Liaodong in the Ming Dynasty, "destroyed the nest and cut thousands of steps" (A Record of Ming Shenzong in Cabinet Library, Volume II). The following year, Aric invaded the frontier again and was defeated by the Ming army. Aric defected to Wangtai of Nuzhen Hada Department in Haixi. Wang Tai tied Wang Gaoxian.

After Aric's death, his son Ron Artest wanted to avenge his father. For ten years in Wanli, he attacked Hada with sake and Yang Jianu. Li Qibing, the company commander of Liaodong in the Ming Dynasty, attacked Cao Zigu and captured 1563 people. In February of the 11th year of Wanli, Li led troops from Wanggangtai in Fushun to the garrison village to avoid disaster. "The village is steep, the walls stand on three sides, and the moat is very solid" (Ming History). Li lost his soldiers, lost his soldiers, and could not attack for a long time.

At that time, Nikan Wailan, Duke of Thuren in Suksu River Department, was supported by the Ming Dynasty, and Li, the company commander of Liaodong, regarded him as a puppet in an attempt to strengthen the rule of the ministries of Jianzhou Jurchen through him. Nikan Wailan led the Ming army to attack Artest in Gule Village. Ron Artest's wife is Jue Chang 'an's granddaughter (the daughter of Uncle Leidun in Nuerhachi). Seeing that Gulezhai had been besieged for a long time, Chueh-min Chang 'an wanted to rescue his granddaughter from the fire and persuade Artest to surrender, so he took his son Taksi to Gulezhai. Tucker waited outside the door, but Chueh-hsin went into the stockade alone. After waiting for a long time, Taksi also went to the village. The Ming army attacked the city, and the situation was urgent. Chu Changan and Tucker's father and son were surrounded in the village.

Li, the general company commander of Liaodong, was unable to attack the city, so he wanted to bind Nikan Wailan to the defeated army and beg for the crime of insulting his teacher. Nikan Wailan was afraid, and he was willing to go to the gate for help. When he arrived at the gate, he shouted and lied, "Since all the soldiers from China are here, how can you let your team go?" ! You might as well kill Artest and surrender. The master has orders. If you can kill Artest, you will be the master of this city! "(The Official History of Manchuria 1) Some of Artest's men believed it, so they killed Artest and surrendered. After Li surrendered to the village, he was "lured out of the city and slaughtered by men, women and children" (Record of the Qing Emperor 1)! Nuerhachi's grandfather Jue Chang 'an and his father Taksi were also killed by the Ming army occupying Gule Village in the chaos.

Nurhachi was shocked and heartbroken when he heard the bad news of his father's suffering. He went to the border officials of the Ming Dynasty and said, Why were my ancestors and father killed? You are my sworn enemy! what did you say ? (Record of Nuerhachi, Emperor Taizu of Qing Dynasty (volume 1)

The envoys of the Ming Dynasty apologized and said, "I didn't mean to!" Then return the ancestors' bones, saying, "Write 30 letters to the viceroy and 30 horses" (Record of the Emperor Taizu Gao 1).

However, on the one hand, the Ming Dynasty comforted Nurhachi, on the other hand, it helped Nikan Wailan to build a city in Jiaban and fostered him as the "master of the country". At that time, many ministries and commissions of Jianzhou Jurchen, seeing that Nikan Wailan was very powerful and supported by the Ming Dynasty, voted for Nikan Wailan. Even the descendants of the ancestors of Ningguta, who are of the same race as Nurhachi, vowed to kill Nurhachi and join Nikan Wailan. Nurhachi was extremely dissatisfied with the Ming Dynasty's support for Nikan Wailan, but he was unable to attack the Ming Dynasty by dispatch troops, so he killed his father and his father and poured out his revenge on Nikan Wailan. He said to the border officials of the Ming Dynasty: "Whoever killed my ancestors and father was instigated by Nikolai Wailang, but I am willing to lock this person up with me!" (A Record of Liu Yilong 1) politely declined, and Amin, a border official, refused his request. Nurhachi sacrificed a cow to heaven, and he started fighting with hatred.

Nurhachi needs to form a team to avenge his ancestors and father and kill Nikan Wailan. He skillfully drew people who were dissatisfied with Nikan Wailan to his side. For example, Guala, the owner of Salhu village in Susuhu River system, was once framed by Nikan Wailan and was under the jurisdiction of Fushun border in the Ming Dynasty. Guala's brother Nomina, Jiaha Mountain, the owner of Jiamu Lake, Changshu, the owner of Zhanhe Village, and his younger brother Yang Shu all resent Nikan Wailan. After they voted for Nurhachi, they said, "Remember, we are the first, don't treat it as a compilation, treat it like brothers and sisters." (The Official History of Manchuria (volume 1)) Nurhachi and the four castellans swore to heaven that * * * would fight against Nikan Wailan.

In May of the 11th year of Wanli, Nurhachi led more than 100 soldiers in the name of revenging his grandfather, and in the name of "Tuk left behind thirteen lieutenants", attacked the town of Toulon, the resident of Nikon Wailan. Toulon is full of "Runtu Horton", which means "Runtu" and "Horton" means city. This is a battle to defeat Rikanwailan and conquer Toulon. However, Nurhachi led Nomina to attack the city of Toulon, but Nomina broke her word. Nikan Wailan predicted the news, left Toulon with his wife and fled to Overtime City. Nurhachi conquered Toulon and returned home in triumph at the age of 25.

From then on, the budding Nurhachi adopted the strategy of "serving people with virtue and defeating the enemy with the enemy" (Record of Emperor Taizu Gao 1), which opened the curtain of the war to unify the ministries of Jurchen.