Folk houses of different nationalities

Residential architecture is an integral part of a nation's traditional culture in a certain social and historical period, and it is also the epitome of traditional culture. The residential buildings of Dai, Hani, Bulang, Jinuo and Lahu nationalities in Xishuangbanna have formed many different forms and architectural styles due to the influence of natural environment such as climate, altitude, topography, building materials and social environment such as population, economy, religion, science and technology and ideology.

Sangyamu Beitou Zhulou

In ancient times, the Dai family had no house to live in, so they had to live in caves. A man named Paya Sang Mu learned how to build a house before he taught everyone how to build a bamboo house in A Dai.

Second, it rained heavily, and Paya Sang Mu hid under a big tree for shelter. He saw that there was a big dustpan next to the taro leaf fragments to keep out the rain, and the leaves were dry below. He thought that people could also build a shed with taro leaves to shelter from the rain, so he built a shed with branches and covered it with leaves and thatch to form a flat-topped shed. He moved out of the cave and lived in a small room.

Soon, there was a heavy rain. Leaves and thatch couldn't stop the rain. The rain stopped. The house kept leaking and there was no dry place. Paya Sang Mu had to move back to the cave.

Once, Paya Sammu went hunting in the mountains with a dog. It began to rain heavily again. He hid under the tree roots to avoid the rain, while the dog sat on the ground, his front legs held high and his tail dragged on the ground. Rain ran down the sloping dog hair, but the ground on the dog's chest was dry. Paya Sang Mu thought of building a house with a sloping roof to shelter from the rain. He cut off four branches, two high and two low, planted them on the ground, and built a sloping roof with leaves and thatch, which was high in the front and low in the back, allowing rain to flow down the slope. Because the house was built by learning to observe the posture of the dog sitting on the ground, Sang Mu called the house "Dumas", which means "the dog's head is covered with a berth". Sang Mu moved out of the cave and lived in Dumas. It's raining again, and the rain is running down the sloping roof. The room is very dry. Later, it was windy and rainy, and the raindrops were blown into oblique rain by the wind and floated into the house. The rainwater that flowed to the ground also flowed into the house, and the house was filled with water again. Paya Sang Mu thinks Dumas is still not good, but she can't figure out what kind of house to build.

King Paya Ying was very moved to see Paya Sang Mu constantly building houses and decided to give him some advice. One day, it was raining, and the heavenly king Pai Yaying became a beautiful phoenix and flew to the world. It landed in front of Paya Sang Mu and said to him, "Look at my two wings, can they keep out the wind and rain?" Phoenix stands with two long feet and its wings spread slightly to both sides, forming a "middle" posture. Paya Sang Mu was taken aback when she heard that Phoenix could talk. He folded his hands and bowed to the phoenix, carefully observing how the rain flowed down his wings, neck hair and tail. The ground below Phoenix is dry. Paya Sang Mu looked at the bottom and thought, determined to build a house like a phoenix standing in the rain.

Paya Sang Mu cut many trees into columns and thatched grass into rows of straw. The house stands at the foot of the column and is divided into two floors. People live upstairs and won't get wet. The roof is like a phoenix spreading its wings, with a building on the left and a building on the right, and the front building and the back building are all inclined, which can block the rain in all directions. This tall bamboo building can shelter from the wind and rain. Sang Mu lives in it, which is very comfortable. He named the house "Hate" (Dai language: Phoenix takes off).

After Paya Sang Mu's bottom cover became "hate", Dai family came to learn from him to build a house. Since then, the Dai bamboo house has been built village by village, and people have moved into the high-legged bamboo house from caves.

After Dai lived in Zhulou, he never forgot Paya Sang Mu, the founder of Zhulou. In order to commemorate the achievements of Bayasang, the Dai people changed the name of this building from "hate" to "hate Bayasang", which has been in use ever since.

Zanha sings exorcism and congratulates the new house.

In Dai villages, no matter which new house is completed, activities to congratulate the new house will be held, among which Zanha (singer) will be invited to sing to congratulate the new house. Do you know the origin of this custom? It comes from an old legend.

In ancient times, there lived a dragon in the river. This dragon visits the Heavenly Palace once a year. The dragon climbed into the sky with a straight and tall buried Bona tree. This tree grew on a big mound on the bank of the river. Xiaolong sent a snake and a demon, Ushala, to guard the tree for him.

One summer noon, the sun was steaming the earth, and the earth hole where the Wushalabing couple were hiding was as hot as a big fire pit. The snake demon couple thought that no one would come to cut down trees on such a hot day, so they climbed out of the cave and took a bath in the river.

Just then, a man named Paya Sang Mu braved the heat and went up the mountain to cut down the pillar of a new house. He saw that the tall and straight Bonner tree buried in the ground on the mound was really the best wood, so he cut it down and carried it back to be the pillar of the new house.

Ushalabing, the snake demon, and his wife took a long bath in the river before returning to the earth cave where they lived. They found that the climbing dragon tree on the mound had been cut off, and they were too scared to speak for a long time. After a long time, they decided to get the tree back. The male snake demon said to the female snake demon, "Look east, I will look west. Anyway, I want to get the Dragon King ladder back!" "

The male snake demon climbed about one hundred yards to the west, and the female snake demon climbed about one hundred yards to the east. They searched for three days, but they couldn't find the tree where the dragon climbed to heaven.

After the two snakes and demons met, they didn't dare to stay at home for a moment, so they quickly went to the north and south separately to find them. After climbing south for about 200 times, the female snake demon saw a village. I saw a group of noisy people in the stockade, shouting loudly that a new house was being built. Seeing that there were many people in the stockade, the female snake demon got into the grass, observed the new house being built, and carefully examined every piece of wood in the new house. She suddenly found that the pillar standing in the middle of the new house was the one she and her husband were looking for. The gorgon hurried home and told her husband what she had found. Hearing this, the male snake demon said happily, "OK, have a good rest in the afternoon. After dark, we will pull out that pillar and plant it on the mound. "

It was getting dark, and the female snake demon and the male snake demon climbed into the village together. When they found the new house, they entangled the pillar up and down, trying to pull it out and drag it away But the root end of the wooden column is buried deep in the soil hole, and there are many cross bars in the hole of the body, which is very strong. They couldn't pull out the post until dawn.

At dawn, the Paya Sangmu family moved their luggage out of the old house and wanted to move to a new home. When they entered the new house, they found two big snakes wrapped around the post. The two big snakes were not afraid at all when they saw people coming, but they were still tightly wrapped around the wooden post. Paya Sang Mu picked up a bamboo pole to hit the two snakes. The two snakes did not escape, but climbed up along the post, wrapped around the top of the wooden post and never came down.

Just as Baya Sang Mu was at a loss, the villagers came together with two Zanha to congratulate the completion of the new house. Zanha walked onto the bamboo building and sang several songs of blessing, which made the villagers jump for joy. Cheers shook the earth, and two snakes wrapped around the top of the pillar fell to the ground, climbed out of the house and hid in the grass. The Paya Sammu family moved into a new house.

From then on, whenever the new house of the Dai people is completed, the host will hold a banquet to invite the villagers to congratulate the completion of the new house, and must invite Zanha to sing, drive away the evil spirits in the house with songs, and let the new house owner be safe and happy.

Animals help Paya Sang Mu build a bamboo building.

On the shelf of Dai bamboo house, there are many parts of animal limbs, such as "dog's back", "egret's wings", "elephant's tongue" and "cat's chin" ... To ask the origin of these names, we have to listen to this ancient legend.

Paya Sang Mu used to hunt for a living. She likes dogs, cats, birds and animals very much. Later, he raised all the birds and animals he caught. Near his home, there are nests of birds and beasts everywhere.

One year, it rained heavily for several months in Bahners, and the flat became Wang Yang, and the bamboo house at the bottom of Paya Sang Mu was flooded. He quickly tied a bamboo raft, propped up a bamboo pole and escaped in the flood. Many animals struggled desperately in the flood, and birds in the sky were knocked down by heavy rain. Paya Sang Mu took pity on these animals and birds, rescued them from the flood with bamboo rafts, and transported them to the high slopes where the flood could not reach and released them.

I don't know how many days and nights passed, the wind stopped, the rain stopped, the flood receded and the earth reappeared. Paya Sang Mu returned to her original place of residence, and the bamboo building was washed away by the flood. Because he wanted to build a new house, he began to chop wood, split pillars and cut thatch. Knowing that the rescuer was building a new house, the animals rescued by Paya Sang Mu came from all directions to help him. After discussing with each other, the animals are willing to take something from themselves and put it on the bottom roof of Sangmu's house to help him build a new house quickly in return for saving his life. The little monkey gave his neck and head to the bottom of Sang Mu to make a "ring pile" (wooden hammer), the elephant gave his tongue to make a "peace palm" (bamboo building piece), the leech gave his body to the bottom of Sang Mu to make a grass raft, the tortoise was willing to lie at the foot of the stairs to make a "ding bu" (bamboo building piece), the old dragon was willing to make stairs, and the tuanyu gave his turtle shell to the bottom of Paya Sang Mu to make a fence. Swallows and sparrows flew to the mountain to build a thatched roof for Paya Sang Mu ... All the animals gave part of their bodies to the Hsinchu Building in Sang Mu, Paya, and made contributions to him. Thanks to the full help of the animals, Paya Sang Mu soon built a bamboo building.

From then on, Paya Sang Mu wrote all the contributions of animals on the design of bamboo buildings and passed them on to future generations. As a result, names such as "dog's back", "cat's chin", "elephant tongue" and "egret's wings" appeared on the roof truss of the bamboo building. People often carve faucets on the stairs of the bamboo building to commemorate the dedication of the old dragon.

Why is the central pillar of the Dai bamboo building called "Sao Lang"

Paya Sang Mu, the leader of the Dai nationality, plans to build a tall bamboo building. He has been busy for thirty-three days, cutting rafters, floors, beams and wooden columns, and cutting a lot of thatch. When he put up the roof truss, a gust of wind blew it up and the tall central column broke. Paya Sang Mu had to tear down the roof truss and cut down a central pillar again.

Paya Sang Mu saw trees that were either too big or too small or not straight. For three days in a row, they didn't find a suitable tree as the middle pillar. At night, he lay in his nest and sighed. At dawn, he heard a loud noise in the air, as if something had fallen outside. He rolled over and walked out the door, only to see a big straight plant standing in the open space next to the wopu. That tree is neither tall nor short, neither thick nor thin, just like a pillar. Seeing this tree falling from the sky, Paya Sang Mu knew it was a blessing from Paya Ying, so she knelt before the tree and thanked the heavenly king.

After dawn, Paya Sang Mu cut down the big tree, split it into pillars and started building again. Although the pillar is not too big, it is heavy and upright. The soil under the pillar gradually sank into a pit, and the pillar in the middle actually fell into the ground along the pit and disappeared.

After the pillar fell to the ground, it fell into the Dragon Palace with a bang. When the Dragon King saw it, he knew that the wooden pillar was a human thing, so he ordered all aquatic animals, such as Dragon Son, Dragon Son, King of Crab, King of Tortoise and King of Shrimp, Qi Xin to work together to carry the wooden pillar out of the Dragon Palace and the ground and return it to Paya Sang Mu.

Paya Sang Mu was pleasantly surprised to see the Dragon King and the Aquarium lift the wooden pillars out of the ground. He asked the Dragon King why the wooden pillar fell down. The Dragon King told him that it was a fallen pillar named "Sao Lang". As long as it stands upright on the ground, it will fall down. In order to prevent it from falling down, two kinds of leaves, Zhidao and Mang, must be placed under the foot of the column, because Zhidao has the power to support it and can support the wooden column upwards; Zhimang has a firm buffering power, which can block the sinking soil.

Paya Sang Mu went up the mountain to find two kinds of leaves, I know the island and I know the awn, spread them on the small piece of land where the post is to be erected, and then put the post on the leaves. Sure enough, the pillar stood up and stopped sinking, and the house was built. Since then, the Dai family has always called the central column "Sao Lang", and generations have followed the custom of knowing the island when building a house and calling it "Sao Lang" under the central column.

Dai nationality ganlan bamboo building

Gan Lan's architecture is one of the important features of Baiyue nationality, the ancestors of Dai nationality. Since ancient times, the Dai people living in Xishuangbanna have always regarded Ganlan Bamboo House as their traditional residence. In the Dai village in Xishuangbanna, which is full of flowers, bamboo buildings with unique shapes are hidden in bamboo forests and banana forests, and countless winding paths connect bamboo buildings. Peacocks are usually symbols of peace and friendship in the forest near the water. They spread their wings and paint intoxicating scenes.

Ganlan bamboo building has a unique style, which has the advantages of comfort, hygiene, moisture-proof and insect-proof. Dai's bamboo building is square and divided into two floors. People live on the upper floor, about 2 meters from the ground, and use a few pieces of wood (or big bamboo) as pillars. There is no wall on the lower floor, which is used for raising livestock and stacking things. The top of the bamboo building is mountain-folded, and the ground is covered with grass rafts. There are stairs, stairs, corridors and balconies, where you can hang things and enjoy the cool. The indoor bamboo fence is divided into two rooms, the inner room is the master bedroom and the outer room is the guest room. There is a fire pit four or five inches above the ground at the entrance of the guest room, which is used for cooking, heating and lighting. The outer room is the place where guests are received and the center of indoor activities. The bedroom is a big room. Men and women live in the same room for generations, lying on the floor, just separated by black mosquito nets. The indoor furnishings are simple, and the utensils are mostly bamboo products, except pots, pots and cans. The rest of the tables, stools, reeds, baskets and lunch boxes are all made of bamboo strips. There are many walls without windows, and sunlight and wind pass through these bamboo cracks. Outside the building, bamboo is used as a fence. In the courtyard, there are vigorous coconuts, pomelo trees with tall trunks, bananas with heavy fruits, sweet and delicious papaya and swaying bamboo bushes. Poetic and picturesque, dotted with rich subtropical scenery.

Dai bamboo building has two advantages. First, bamboo buildings can prevent mosquitoes, moisture and wild animals. Second, the materials for the construction of bamboo buildings are convenient in source, locally sourced and relatively economical. The materials used by Dai people to build bamboo houses are mainly bamboo and a small amount of wood. Daqingzhu is a specialty of Dai nationality. The thatched raft covered by bamboo house roof is made of locally grown thatched grass, which is widely available and economical. In addition, when building a new house, the Dai people have the habit of helping each other in the whole village. When a family builds a house, the whole village goes out to send grass rafts, bamboo and labor. Therefore, the Dai people build new houses very quickly, and a bamboo building can be completed in just over a day. When the new house was completed, the whole village went to congratulate it. Zanha, a folk singer deeply loved by the Dai people, even congratulated his master on moving into a new house with his own songs.

With the development of society, the number of Dai bamboo houses has also changed. The main changes are in building materials, from dry bamboo building to wood structure, brick-wood structure and steel-concrete structure. However, due to the love of the Dai people for their traditional architectural forms, most of the Dai houses still maintain the structure and shape of the trunk-column buildings, except for a few that have been converted into modern buildings.

"Nurturing" and "Nurturing" of Hani Nationality

Hani people in Xishuangbanna are all distributed in mountainous and semi-mountainous areas, and most of the houses they live in are "Ganlan" bamboo houses. Basically, it can be divided into two categories: one is called "raising" and the other is called "raising".

Yong 'ao, a Hani folk house, is a shed building, a primitive and ancient folk house building. Most of these houses are built on slopes. When building a house, you should dig a square terrace on the slope, then plant tree forks on the slope outside the terrace, put wood between the earth platforms of the tree fork terrace, spread bamboo basketry on the balcony about two or three feet above the ground, and then build a house frame on the "balcony" paved by the earth platforms and bamboo basketry and cover it on the grass roof. This forms an inner room with half the floor and half the bamboo basket building. This kind of shed bamboo building is suitable for the climatic and environmental conditions in mountainous areas, that is, warm in winter and cool in summer. Cooking on the floor is not only convenient, but also the whole family can lie on the floor on the balcony covered with bamboo basketry, which can keep warm in winter and cool and damp-proof in summer.

Therefore, before 1950s, "Yongkao" was a common residential building of Hani people in Xishuangbanna. "Ge Yong" is also a kind of "dry fence" building, which is basically similar to the Dai bamboo building, with one floor and one bottom. People live in the building, the ground floor room is closed, and livestock and sundries are stored. The rooms are all divided into two sides and three rooms with wooden boards or bamboo fences. The room inside is called "Ma Yong Piao", which is a female member's room and also serves as a kitchen with a fireplace for cooking and heating. The outer room, named "Boluo Pale Green", is the living room for male members and also doubles as a hall, with a fireplace for heating. There is a fire pit in the men's and women's room, and visitors go upstairs from the stairs in the men's and women's room according to sex. In addition to the two architectural forms of "holding up" and "holding down", Hani houses are also divided into mother rooms and ovaries. Mother's room is the house where parents or responsible brothers live. The mother's room, hani language called "lead the horse". Some people call it a big room, which is bigger than the ovary. It is not only the living room for parents, but also the center for family dining and entertaining guests. Building a relatively short "dry fence" building or bungalow near the "Ma Yong", that is, the ovary, is called "Yong Zha" in hani language. "Hugging" is a house where young people look for spouses and form small families. When the son grows up, build a new house, one for each person, without exception. When the parents were alive, the son and daughter-in-law lived in the ovary and didn't move from the ovary to the mother's room until they were in charge. The Hani people have the custom of building houses by mutual assistance since ancient times. One family builds a house and the whole village helps. When the new house is completed, a banquet will be held to entertain guests, singers will be invited to sing and lively activities will be held to congratulate the completion of the new house.

The "bottom page" of Lahu nationality

In the early 1950s, the Lahu people living in the remote mountainous areas of Menghai County lived along the matriarchal clan or matriarchal and paternal clan social form, which was embodied in the big house living of matriarchal clan or matriarchal and paternal clan. A family of several generations and dozens of people live together, forming a unique and typical residential form.

The so-called "bottom page" is a big family composed of maternal or paternal blood groups, and there is a small family composed of husband and wife under the big "bottom page", which is called "bottom". Therefore, the village composed of several "bottom pages" is the basic unit of Lahu society.

Lahu people are divided into Lahu Na (Black Lahu) and Lahu Xi (Yellow Lahu). The shells of the two branches are somewhat different. There are three bungalows in Lahu West, including bedroom, hall, kitchen and thatched roof. Rahuna lives in a dry building, which looks like a bamboo building in A Dai, but it is relatively simple.

Most of the bamboo buildings in Lahu nationality use chestnut, bamboo rafters, grass tops and bamboo fences instead of walls. There is no fence in the ground floor room, which is used to keep livestock and poultry, pile firewood and sundries and live in the building. Zhulou is a long house with a height of 7 to 8 meters, a width of about 10 meter and a length of 10 meter to 20 meters, depending on the number of people on each back page, with a construction area of about 100 square meter. The building doors are opened on the left and right sides of the girder, with wide wooden ladders and corridors in the building. On one side of the corridor is a living room with a "bottom page" (small family), and each room has a fireplace for small families to cook and keep warm. For example, Baka Naizhai's family, centered on the hostess and her husband, including their married daughter, son and their children *** 10 1, formed a "bottom page" family. The whole family * * * lives in a public house with two floors, 23 meters long and 10 meters wide. The room is divided into 9 compartments, and there are 9 fire pits in the room. This clearly shows that a "bottom page" (clan family) in this big house is a matriarchal family ("bottom valley") with nine fire pits as the unit. A large family survives through the paternal line.

Lahu people have a good habit of building houses with each other. Before building a house, men and women in the whole village went out, men stood on the rafters, and women went up the mountain to mow the grass. Start work on the same day and finish it on the same day. In the evening, a banquet was held to celebrate the new house. All the men and women in the village danced lusheng to congratulate and sprinkled water while drinking.

Keno big house

Due to the social form of Jinuo nationality, it was still in the transitional period from the end of primitive society to class society until 1950s. Therefore, paternalism, which reflects the primitive social form of Jinuo people, still exists in the folk houses of Jinuo people, and the big house is a unique form. For example, the Bai La Che family in Baya, Keno Mountain, has 70 people living in a bamboo building with a length of more than 30 meters and a width of 10 meter for several generations. In addition to the main fire pit, there are three small fire pits in the house, where the whole family can cook, eat, rest and have family meetings. On both sides of the fireplace are bedrooms, arranged in order of age and marriage. After the death of parents, they can be transferred in turn, with labor and consumption.

The other is that several generations of the same clan live in a big bamboo building and have the oldest paternal line. However, every small family has its own family economy and farming habits, but it has always been independently consumed by small families. For example, in the 1940s, Yano had more than 10 large suites. Among them, the largest longhouse is Mulabiao House, with 28 small families, 140 people. Each small family not only has its own separate room, but also has its own fireplace, which is engaged in production and consumption as a unit. Large families only hold traditional collective activities during festivals and important farming seasons, as well as weddings, funerals and weddings. From the view of living form, it is the primitive custom of living, but from the view of production and living consumption, it has gradually developed from collective ownership to family private ownership.

Keno's big house is a dry enclosure building with a very low floor, about one meter from the ground. The plane of the big house is rectangular, and the beams and columns of the house are wood structures. The walls are bamboo fences, and the roof is made of straw rows made of thatch. The room has no windows and the light is dim during the day. Each beam and column is fixed with a snap button, and the whole room does not need nails. The rafters and straw rafts of the house frame are tied tightly with rattan and bamboo. It is convenient to build a house with materials. When a family builds a house, the men and women in the village help, and a big house can be built in a short time.

Now the Jino clan has disappeared from Jino life forever. At present, the relevant departments of the province and state are establishing ethnic folk tourist attractions and Jinuo folk ecological villages in Bapozhai and Baka Xiaozhai, Jinuo township, and are in full swing to restore the original historical appearance. In the near future, you can witness the big houses and primitive customs of Jinuo people in Xishuangbanna.

China has a long history, a vast territory, diverse natural environment and different socio-economic environment. In the long historical development process, different forms of residential buildings have gradually formed in various places. This traditional residential building is deeply branded with geographical environment and vividly reflects the relationship between man and nature.