What kinds of hardwoods are there?

Hardwood mostly comes from deciduous broad-leaved trees, including oak, mahogany and birch, red oak, hard maple, poplar, beech and boxwood. Usually the price is higher, but the quality is better than cork. Its color and texture vary greatly, but due to the continuous destruction of tropical rain forests in recent years, the source of hardwood is in short supply, and most suppliers now only buy this kind of wood from carefully planned and certified reclaimed forest land.

The following hardwoods are introduced:

alder

Latin name of tree species: Alnus. Houttuynia cordata, cauliflower, Commelina communis, safflower, Commelina communis; ;

Names of foreign commodity materials: Alnus cremastogyne, common Alnus cremastogyne, European Alnus cremastogyne, gray Alnus cremastogyne, red Alnus cremastogyne, Alnus cremastogyne and Alpine Alnus cremastogyne.

Alias: black alder; Grey alder; Red alder; Heart-shaped alder, European alder, alder, Japanese alder, alder, alder;

Misleading name, previous name: beech in Myanmar

Distribution: This is the largest broad-leaved tree species along the Pacific coast, and it lives in the wet valleys along the coast. There is a small forest growing in the wet valley along the coast. Mostly in the northern hemisphere, such as Europe, Russia, West Asia and Japan; Populus davidiana is distributed along the Pacific coast of the United States and Canada.

Appearance: the wood grain is neat and the texture is clear. The sapwood is brown and the heartwood is lighter in color. Alnus cremastogyne wood has various colors, ranging from flesh color to light reddish brown. There is almost no difference between heartwood and sapwood, and the wood texture is even and straight. Cross-section wood has obvious polymerization phenomenon, and pleasing patterns can be obtained by cutting four sections.

Physical properties: medium weight, low compressive strength, impact resistance, toughness and corrosion resistance;

Machinability: tenon, good adhesion and good nail holding performance; After sanding and polishing, you can get a good surface, and after dyeing, you can make cabinets with other wood.

Uses: sanitary appliances (such as brooms), wooden poles, textile rollers, toys, shoes, artificial limbs, joinery, plywood interlayer, plywood.

Zitan (Agba)

Name: red sandalwood (scientific name: Gosweiler Odenlong Aina Xiang);

Type: hardwood;

Alias: Egba, Nitola, Ntola, tola, White tola, Moboron, Mutsekamambole,

Nigerian cedar;

Distribution: West Africa, mainly in Nigeria, Angola and Zaire;

Appearance: strong luster, staggered texture, thin and uniform structure; The heartwood is yellowish white or reddish brown, the sapwood is light and fuzzy, and the heartwood is similar to mahogany;

Physical properties: light, soft and low strength; Corrosion resistance (heartwood part); Medium steam bending performance;

Machinability: it can be turned, stretched and drilled, and sometimes the cutting surface needs adhesive; Good tenoning and gluing performance, and good nail holding performance; Easy to dye, especially after adding auxiliary materials, excellent surface can be obtained by grinding and polishing;

Uses: Top-grade materials of rotary wood structure, such as wood components, paneling, tables and chairs, handles, wooden nails, etc. for indoor connection. Other uses include making templates, boxes, toys, floors, outdoor wooden decorations, ship bottoms, offshore plywood and decorative boards.

African ebony

Name: African ebony (scientific name: Dios Pyrus spp.);

Type: hardwood;

Alias: also known as Nigeria, Ghana, Cameroon, Gabon, Madagascar, Kribi, Gabon, Zaire ebony;

Distribution: mainly distributed in central and southern Africa;

Appearance: fine texture, inconspicuous annual rings and metallic luster; Heartwood is black as a whole, sapwood is yellow and white;

Physical properties: high quality, high hardness, high strength, high toughness and corrosion resistance; Good steam bending performance; Pre-drilling is required before nailing and tenoning;

Machinability: some are difficult to machine and easy to break, which will soon blunt the tool; Good turning performance, natural black surface can be obtained after grinding;

Uses: piano keys, musical instruments, turning products, parquet floors, handicrafts, billiards clubs, brush handles and tableware handles.

East Indian ebony

Name: ebony in East India (scientific name: Dios Pyrus spp.);

Type: hardwood;

Alias: Indian ebony, Kamagon, Golden ebony, Makasar ebony;

Distribution: Sri Lanka, southern India;

Appearance: some wood grains are straight, some are irregular, and the texture is even and metallic; The color of heartwood is brown, dark black and gray, which varies with varieties, while sapwood is light gray;

Physical properties: high quality, high hardness, high strength, high toughness and corrosion resistance; Steam bending performance is good, but wood is fragile;

Machinability: because of its high hardness and difficulty in machining, heartwood has great wear on the machined surface of the tool; Pre-drilling is required before nailing and tenoning; Good adhesion, and a very good surface can be obtained after polishing;

Uses: luxury furniture, carvings and various turning products, such as knives, tool handles, billiard clubs and brush handles, as well as musical instrument parts such as combs and piano keys, veneers and decorative veneers.

Longfengtan (Freijo)

Name: Longfengtan (scientific name: Cordia Goeldiana);

Type: hardwood;

Alias: South American walnut, Frey Jorge, Jeanne, Cotillard; ;

Distribution: South America;

Appearance: the wood grain is basically straight, the texture is regular, the structure is rough and full of golden luster; Heartwood is golden brown, mature wood is dark brown, and the boundary with sapwood is not obvious;

Physical properties: the appearance and strength are similar to teak, and the hardness and weight are medium; The strength and seismic performance are low, and the bending strength and impact resistance are average; Steam bending performance is poor and durability is good; Heartwood has good resistance to brown rot and white rot caused by fungi;

Machinability: easy to process, but use sharp tools to avoid wood grain tearing; Pre-drilling is required before tenoning and nailing; The optical properties of adhesion, coloring and polishing are good, and it is generally necessary to fill the pores with fillers; Poor cutting performance;

Uses: Mainly used for joinery furniture, common furniture, wooden components and plates for indoor connection, and also used as a substitute for teak in shipbuilding industry. In addition, it is also used to make wine barrels, wine barrels, floors and decorative veneers.

Dalbergia saizhou

Name: Dalbergia odorifera (scientific name);

Type: hardwood;

Alias: violet, violet tower, violet wood;

Distribution: Brazil;

Appearance: the wood grain is straight, the texture is neat and uniform, and it is shiny; Heartwood is all purple-brown, with different shades of gold stripes, sapwood is beige;

Physical characteristics: the material is very heavy, hard and fragile, with high strength; Good corrosion resistance and durability;

Machinability: good machinability (using sharp tools), filling the pores with fillers before nailing and tenoning; Pay attention to the possible negative effects of wax surface when gluing; After sanding, you can get a very smooth surface with a natural wax-like protective layer, which will emit metallic luster over time. There is a great demand for antiques in the field of restoration and imitation;

Uses: Due to the lack of tree species and scarce supply, the use is mostly limited to the fields of woodworking products, inlaid handicrafts, turning products, carving handicrafts and so on.

Redwood (redwood)

Name: rosewood (scientific name: rosewood);

Type: hardwood;

Alias: Barwood, Conwood, Coral, African Coral, Muenge, Mbe, Mbil, MututiNgula, Vermillion, Yomo；;

Distribution: West Africa;

Appearance: the wood grain is straight or staggered, with medium structural porosity and large pores; Heartwood is red or purple, sapwood is light brown;

Physical characteristics: the material is heavy, hard and strong; First-class corrosion resistance and durability, not easy to warp and deform; Not suitable for steam bending treatment;

Machinability: easy to use manual and mechanical processing, easy to glue, good nail holding performance and easy to tenon; Good glossy surface can be obtained without coloring;

Uses: First-class wood for turning, used for all kinds of fine wood products (such as knives and shanks), high-grade fine wood furniture, ordinary furniture, carved products, veneers, parquet floors, dyes, connecting wood components, wooden nails, shuttles, spindles, paddles and boats.

African ebony (ebony)

Name: African ebony (scientific name: Dalbergia odorifera);

Type: hardwood;

Alias: Mozambique ebony, Senegal ebony, Mpingo；; Grenadillo, Banbanus, Ebene, Mufunjo and Congo Wood

Distribution: East Africa;

Appearance: mostly straight lines, uniform and delicate texture; Dull and slightly oily; The heartwood is narrow, dark purplish brown with black stripes, and the sapwood is white;

Physical properties: heavy material and high hardness; Low strength, low seismic performance and high corrosion resistance; Very stable and not easy to warp and deform;

Machinability: it has great wear on machining tools, but it can still cut smoothly and drill holes easily; When tenoning nails, it is suggested to fill the pores with fillers, which has good bonding performance; Excellent and shiny surface can be obtained by sanding and polishing;

Usage: It is often used to make woodwind instruments, such as flute, piccolo, oboe, clarinet, pickup, bagpipes, etc. It is also used for brush handles, knife handles, chess pieces, bearings, crutches, inlays and sculptures.

Remarks: It is considered as one of the best turning wood in the world.

Australian ebony (Australian ebony)

Name: Australian ebony (scientific name: Acacia nigra);

Type: hardwood;

Alias: black wattle tree;

Distribution: New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Tasmania;

Appearance: usually straight, sometimes mixed with curved texture; The wood grain is even, delicate and shiny; The sapwood is narrow, straw-colored, and the heartwood is black, with a unique banded black stripe;

Physical properties: heavy material and high strength; Moderate hardness, seismic performance and corrosion resistance; Stable performance, not easy to warp and deform, and good steam bending processability;

Machinability: easy to process by hand or machine; It is suggested to reduce the cutting angle to avoid fragmentation; Good steering performance; Good nailing and tenoning performance, excellent surface can be obtained by grinding and polishing;

Uses: high-grade furniture, wooden components for indoor connection, panels, panels, cabinets, tool handles, gun butts, turning products, walking sticks, billiards tables.

Brazilian rose wood

Name: Dalbergia nigra (scientific name: Dalbergia nigra);

Type: hardwood;

Alias: rosewood, Rio/Bahia rosewood, Lagerstroemia indica, piano rosewood, Kawena, Obuna, Balisard;

Distribution: Brazil;

Appearance: mostly straight, rough and porous; Containing resin and gravel; Heartwood is variegated, brown or purple with irregular black stripes, which is easy to distinguish from ivory sapwood;

Physical properties: heavy and hard materials, medium or high strength and seismic performance; Low toughness and good steam bending performance; Good durability (not easy to deform) and excellent corrosion resistance; It is much harder than other hardwoods used in furniture or veneer manufacturing in the United States;

Machinability: it can be machined in many ways, but it has serious wear on the cutting surface of the tool; Before tenoning and nailing, it is suggested to fill the pores with fillers; Good adhesion, provided that the oily surface is carefully treated (epoxy resin can be considered); Smooth and shiny surface can be obtained after treatment;

Uses: For hundreds of years, it has been one of the best wood for making high-grade furniture, joinery and paneling in the world, and it is also the best material for making cutting products such as knife handles, brush handles and bowling. It can also be used in piano panels, musical instrument keyboards, billiard tables, level meters and carving fields.

Indian rosewood (Dalbergia hardwood)

Name: Indian rosewood (Dalbergia odorifera);

Type: hardwood;

Alias: East Indian rosewood, Mumbai rosewood, Mumbai ebony, Hesham, Sisal, Malabard, Sisu, Biti, Elva Di, Karaluk; ;

Distribution: South India;

Appearance: generally, the wood grain is staggered, the texture is neat, and the structural pores are medium and thick; Heartwood is purple-brown, with striking dark stripes, sapwood is yellow-white, usually mixed with purple;

Physical properties: the material is heavy, hard and dense, with high bending strength and compressive strength; Moderate seismic performance, good durability (not easy to deform) and good steam bending performance; Heartwood is very durable;

Machinability: because wood contains calcareous deposits, it is difficult to process and wear tools; Good tenoning and nail holding performance, satisfactory bonding performance; After treatment, a better surface can be obtained, but it is suggested to fill the pores with fillers.

Uses: Mainly used for decorative purposes, including: ordinary furniture, joinery furniture, paneling and turning products, and also used for making musical instruments and measuring instruments, brush handles, parquet floors, sculptures, boats, hammers and decorative floors.

Brazilian tulip wood

Name: Dalbergia odorifera;

Type: hardwood;

Alias: Pau Rosa, Jacaranda Rosa, Pau De Fuso, Pinkwood, Bois de Rose.

Distribution: Brazil;

Appearance: Usually the wood grain is staggered, the texture is irregular and the structure is rough; Heartwood has a special visual impact, which is grass yellow with irregular patterns, mixed with yellow roses and pink purple tones, and the color becomes lighter with the increase of tree age;

Physical properties: heavy, hard, dense and easily broken wood; Low impact resistance, toughness and bending strength; Good durability (not easy to deform);

Machinability: because of its brittleness and wear on tools, it is difficult to machine; Before tenoning and nailing, the pores need to be filled with fillers; Good adhesion, fine and shiny surface can be obtained by sanding and polishing;

Usage:/kloc-it was widely used in furniture manufacturing in the 0/8th century, and now it is mainly used to make inlaid wood, inlaid handicrafts, edge sealing materials, turning products, brush handles and decorations and fine products in various fields.

American beech (beech)

Name: American beech (scientific name: beech);

Type: hardwood;

Alias: red beech, white beech, stone beech and winter beech;

Distribution: Canada, USA;

Appearance: generally straight, the texture is tight and uniform, and some textures are staggered. The heartwood is light brownish red or dark brownish red, and the sapwood is nearly white;

Physical properties: the material is heavy, hard and strong, with good seismic performance; Easy deformation and poor corrosion resistance;

Machinability: easy to machine with mechanical tools, but difficult to machine by hand; Warp is easy to occur, so it is best to fill the pores with fillers before fixing with nails and glue. Good surface can be obtained by dyeing and polishing;

Usage: Because it is odorless and tasteless, it is very suitable for making food containers. It can also be used for baskets, utensils, snack processing boards, chairs, handles, floors, abrasives, clothes hangers, advanced workstations, tool handles, wooden components for indoor connection and furniture.

Beech (Cyclobalanopsis) and Acer truncatum

Name: Cyclobalanopsis europaea, or beech, and beech, also known as English beech, French beech, Danish beech and Romanian beech. This species belongs to the same family as Cyclobalanopsis glauca (mainly distributed in Zhejiang, Anhui, Sichuan, Hubei, Shaanxi and other places) and Cyclobalanopsis glauca (mainly distributed in Zhejiang, An Wei, Jiangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, Hunan, Hubei and Sichuan).

The real beech in China is beech, and the main tree species are: (1) beech, also known as "beech", "beech" and "beech"; (2) Zelkova serrata, also known as "Taiwan Province Zelkova" and "Zelkova". Zelkova schneideriana is mainly distributed in the vast area south of the Yellow River Basin. It is an excellent material for textile, shipbuilding and furniture industry, and its structure and shear force are different from those of Cyclobalanopsis europaea. At present, it is under discussion to adopt Cyclobalanopsis europaea as the standard name in the forthcoming (China imported timber name standard).

Type: hardwood;

Distribution: Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Denmark, Romania, Yugoslavia, Poland, Hungary and West Asia are mainly distributed in Europe. Its timber consumption is the largest in Britain, and it is also one of the most famous, commercially valuable and demanding commercial timber in the world. Wood can meet all kinds of needs, logs can be used directly, and veneer and sawn timber can also be produced.

Appearance: Cyclobalanopsis europaea, known as the "queen of the forest", is one of the famous timber trees in Europe with its tall tree shape and beautiful appearance. Generally, the height of a tree can reach 30m, sometimes it can reach 45-50m, the diameter is more than 1.3m, the height under branches is generally 9- 15m, and it can reach more than l8m in dense forests. Its life span is very short, up to 250 years. In autumn, the leaves are golden yellow and reddish brown, which are very beautiful. In winter, the dead leaves do not fall, so young trees are often used as hedge trees in gardens. The difference of sapwood is not obvious or slightly obvious. The color of newly cut heartwood is white to light brown, which darkens in the air and is light reddish brown. The logs of Cyclobalanopsis europaea, which grow in the cold regions of northern Europe such as Denmark and northern Europe, often have dark wood cores called red hearts and often have dark stripes. In order to solve the problem that the color of heartwood changes under light, the most commonly used measure in Southeast European countries is to steam it immediately after cutting, so that the color of heartwood becomes fixed purple or bright red. The wood grain is straight, and there are wide wood rays in the longitudinal section. The wire saw board is very smooth, and the radial saw board has a charming silver pattern. The wood structure is fine and uniform. Wood is heavy and hard, odorless and tasteless.

Physical characteristics: Wood density varies greatly with climate and site conditions. The wood produced in Britain and Northern Europe is heavier and harder, with an average air-dried density of 72 1kg/m3 (moisture content is 12%), while the wood produced in Central Europe is lighter, with an average air-dried density of 670kg/m3. Wood has large shrinkage deformation and poor dimensional stability. The radial shrinkage from wet wood to air-dried wood is 4.5%, while the tangential shrinkage is 9.5%. In order to prevent cracking and deformation, soft drying standard should be used for drying. The content of main chemical components also varies from place to place. The cellulose produced in Poland is 5O.65, hemicellulose is 16.7%, lignin is 19.8%, and ash content is 1-3%. However, the cellulose and lignin produced in southern Europe are different from those produced in Poland, with cellulose content of 42.2-55.8% and lignin content of 65,438+09.6-23.6%.

The main material has excellent mechanical properties. The bending strength of Cyclobalanopsis glauca wood produced in Britain is 65Mpa, and that of air-dried wood (moisture content is 12%) is 1 18 MPa. The flexural elastic modulus of wet wood is 9800Mpa, and that of air-dried wood (moisture content is 12%) is12600 MPa. The compressive strength of wet wood along grain is 27.6Mpa, and that of air-dried wood (moisture content is 12%) is 56.3Mpa. Its wood strength properties are similar to those of European birch and Khaya anthoth-eca (trade name Afrocan mahogany) mainly produced in tropical Africa, Uganda, Tanzania and other countries.

Machinability: Wood is fast in drying and good in middle speed, but it is easy to crack, deform and twist when drying because of its medium permeability. When air drying and kiln drying, we must pay attention to prevent these drying defects and improve the drying quality. Wood has excellent machinability and is prone to heat when drilling. It is best to use a cutting angle below 30 degrees when planing. Excellent rotary cutting performance. Wet wood is easily sawed off when sawed. When cutting, the saw blade is easy to heat and deform. It's best to solve it with a narrow band saw. Wood has excellent bending properties. It's difficult to nail, so we should drill holes first. Excellent bonding, painting and dyeing properties. However, the manual processing of air-dried wood is more difficult. Due to the great variability of Cyclobalanopsis europaea, various processing properties and densities are closely related to the origin, so we should pay full attention to its variability and adopt different technologies to process and produce wood from different countries.

Usage: The wood radial cutting board has beautiful longitudinal pattern and wide wood line width, which is especially suitable for producing decorative veneers and decorative decks. It also produces building materials, furniture, floors, ship materials, musical instruments, plywood, children's toys, sporting goods, tool handles and so on.

European birch

Name: beech (scientific name: birch);

Type: hardwood;

Alias: birch, birch, birch; ;

Distribution: All parts of Europe are generally named after the place of origin, such as birch in Finland;

Appearance: usually straight and even in texture; It is milky white or light brown, and there is no obvious boundary between sapwood and heartwood;

Physical properties: heavy and hard substances; High bending strength and compressive strength; Good toughness and seismic performance; It is easy to deform in use and has poor corrosion resistance;

Machinability: it is easy to machine, but it will appear fuzzing, so it is suggested to reduce the cutting angle; Before nailing and tenoning, it is recommended to fill the pores with fillers; Excellent adhesion, coloring and polishing performance; Very suitable for turning;

Uses: spools, wooden nails, various handicrafts, brushes, brooms, frames, wooden components for indoor connection, furniture and veneers, which are the main plywood materials in Finland and Russia.

Paper birch (paper birch)

Name: paper birch (scientific name: Betula platyphylla);

Type: hardwood;

Alias: canoe birch, red birch, silver birch, white birch, Canadian birch, kenai birch;

Distribution: Canada, USA;

Appearance: the grain is straight and the texture is uniform; The heartwood is light brown and the sapwood is milky white;

Physical properties: moderate hardness and material weight (lighter than other birch); Moderate seismic performance, bending strength and compressive strength; Easy to warp and deform; Poor corrosion resistance;

Machinability: the machinability of mechanical tools is good, but sometimes it will break when planing; The wear degree of the tool surface is average, which is very suitable for turning. Good adhesion, coloring and optical rotation; It is easy to break, so it is best to fill the pores with fillers before tenoning and nailing;

Uses: It was once used by American Indians to make canoes, but now it is mainly used to make plywood. Other uses include turning products, such as spools, wooden nails, various handicrafts, crates, toys, barrels, wooden baskets, spoons, medical scrapers, veneers, paneling and stationery pulp.

Remarks: the performance is similar to that of maple, and it is often used interchangeably.

yellow birch

Name: Alegnihua;

Type: hardwood;

Alias: Betula americana, Betula Quebec, Betula sclerophylla, Betula alba, Betula palustris;

Distribution: Canada, eastern United States;

Appearance: usually straight texture, fine and even texture; Sapwood is light yellow, heartwood is light brown red;

Physical properties: heavy and hard material, high strength and toughness; High seismic performance, bending strength and compressive strength; Good steam bending performance; Low durability and corrosion resistance (easy to deform);

Machinability: easy to process, but sometimes difficult to process by hand; Before tenoning and nailing, the pores should be filled with fillers; Good adhesion, easy coloring and good optical rotation;

Usage: used in spool, shuttle, pin, wooden ball and other fields. Because it has excellent machinability. It is also a good material for plywood, furniture, paneling and wood products. Other uses include: boxes, wooden baskets, wooden tools, barrels, floors, interior decoration, doors, fixtures and musical instruments.

Remarks: the performance is similar to that of maple, and it is often used interchangeably.

Boxwood (boxwood)

Name: Boxwood (scientific name: Boxwood);

Type: hardwood;

Alias: Abassian, Circles, Europe, Persia, Turkish boxwood, which varies according to the origin;

Distribution: Europe, West Asia, North America;

Appearance: some wood grains are straight, and some are mixed with irregular stripes; The texture is very delicate and uniform, and the whole is pale yellow;

Physical properties: heavy material and high hardness; Medium strength, seismic and bending strength; Very stable, not easy to warp and deform, generally resistant to corrosion;

Machinability: because the material is hard, it is sometimes difficult to process (even burns may occur during processing); Irregular wood grain will lead to fragmentation during planing; Pre-drilling is required before nailing and tenoning; Good adhesion, excellent surface can be obtained by grinding and polishing (generally not colored to maintain its unique color);

Usage: It is one of the best wood for carving, and its excellent turning performance makes it an ideal material for making shuttles, textile rollers, pulley assemblies, mallets, especially tool handles, and also used for carving, rulers, woodcuts, musical instruments and veneers.

Poplar (white poplar)

Name: poplar (scientific name: poplar. );

Type: hardwood;

Alias: Populus deltoides, Populus canadensis, Populus balsamina, Populus triloba, there are many kinds of poplars;

Distribution: North America, Europe, Asia;

Appearance: most of them are flat wood grains with "fuzzing" phenomenon, and the texture is delicate and uniform; Heartwood and sapwood are milky white or light brown;

Physical properties: most poplars are light and soft, with poor strength, toughness, seismic performance, corrosion resistance and steam bending performance; Moderate warping deformation will occur during use;

Machinability: it is easy to process with manual or mechanical tools, but it is best to use sharp tools; Good gluing, tenoning and nailing performance; Coloring may cause unevenness, but it is easy to color and polish;

Uses: wooden frames of furniture, indoor connected wooden components, toys, turning products, matches, crates, boxes, wooden shovels, packaging, plywood, core boards, veneers and pulp wood.