Brief introduction of Yong Zhengdi

Yongzheng Qing Sejong Yongzheng Gender: Male age: Qing nationality: Manchu birth and death year: 1678- 1735 Related events: Tan Ding's life profile Qing Sejong, named Aisingiorro Yinzhen, the fourth son of Emperor Kangxi, succeeded to the throne after Kangxi died of illness and became the third emperor of the Qing Dynasty. 13 years, legend has it that Lv Siniang, a chivalrous woman, was assassinated at the age of 58. Died of natural causes and was buried in Tailing, Hebei Province. Yongzheng is a very complicated and contradictory historical figure. He is an outstanding politician who is brave in innovation and diligent in being in power. He reformed and rectified Kangxi's accumulated evils in his later years, swept away the decadent wind, cleared the bureaucracy, stabilized the rule, enriched the state treasury and reduced the burden on the people. But after all, he was a feudal emperor with great shortcomings and limitations, and his succession to the throne was also very doubtful. Yongzheng's main achievement is to spread his talents underground. This is a major tax reform. China has been taxed since ancient times, and adult men, rich or poor, have to pay poll tax. Yongzheng carried out reforms, spread the per capita tax into mu, and determined the tax amount according to the number of mu. More land is paid, less land is collected, and no land is collected. It means "spread your money to the ground", and the poll tax is cancelled in one fell swoop. This measure is beneficial to the poor, not to the landlords, and it is a major reform in China's fiscal and taxation history. Return envy to the public. In ancient China, silver and copper were used as money. When collecting taxes, silver and copper are lost in exchange, casting, preservation and transportation, so there is a certain surcharge when collecting taxes. This kind of surcharge, called "consumption envy" or "fire consumption", has been levied by local counties as extra income for local offices and officials. Consumption envy can't set the amount of levy, and counties will have to levy heavy taxes if they want to do whatever they want. Some will take one or two taxes and spend five or six dollars, which is a heavy burden for ordinary people. Yongzheng implemented the policy of "envy returning to the public" and changed this additional tax into statutory tax and fixed tax, which was managed by the governor. Tax revenue, in addition to office expenses, is used as a "pension fund", which greatly increases the salary of officials. In this way, it not only lightens the burden on the people, but also ensures the implementation of a clean government. Therefore, Yongzheng said, "Since the promulgation of this law, the administration of officials has been a little bit clear, so there is no need to reinvent the wheel." The establishment of the military department has popularized the memorial system. In the Ming dynasty, power was concentrated in the cabinet, so power came into being. Yongzheng of the Qing Dynasty further concentrated power in the hands of the emperor and established the military department, which served as the secretary team of the emperor, making suggestions, writing documents and managing government affairs for the emperor. It is characterized by dealing with political affairs quickly and secretly. The minister of military affairs directly deals with all localities and ministries, understands the local situation and conveys the emperor's will. This institution existed for 200 years until the late Qing Dynasty. The establishment of the military department was accompanied by the implementation of the memorial system. Because the previous official documents were complicated, many people read them, and it was difficult to keep them secret because of the time delay, but the memorial was submitted directly to the emperor, directly to the emperor himself. Yongzheng expanded the number of people who can play the emperor, so that officials with different identities can reflect the situation in time, report government affairs, and make the emperor examine the situation in order to make policies; It also enabled officials to supervise each other and let the emperor know their virtue, stupidity, laziness, achievements and honesty. Change the soil and return to the flow. China, southwest and other areas inhabited by ethnic minorities implement the chieftain system, and their positions are hereditary, and they only accept knighthood in the Qing Dynasty in name. Toastmasters are arrogant. This system has hindered national unity and the development of regional economy and culture. After Yongzheng ascended the throne, he abolished many chieftains in Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Sichuan and Hunan, and changed to a state-county system consistent with the whole country. "Returning home" is a serious struggle. Many chiefs resisted, and Yongzheng resolutely sent troops to suppress them. Although innocent people were also involved in the counter-insurgency war, it did harm ethnic minorities. But in the long run, "returning home" is a progressive measure, which attacks and limits the separatist regime and the privileges of chieftains, and is conducive to the economic and cultural development of ethnic areas. In addition, Yongzheng made many commendable achievements, such as punishing corruption, liberating untouchables, pacifying Rob's hiding in Tenzin, and sending ministers to Tibet, which contributed to the unification and development of China. However, Yongzheng also had serious shortcomings and limitations. Although there was no large-scale peasant uprising during his reign, sporadic resistance often occurred, and Yongzheng's repressive measures were very strict. No matter what the specific circumstances, anyone who resists the official will be punished as treason and beheaded. Even when resisting arrest, some people "* * * are in one place, although they are not hands-on, watching, that is, the same evil * * *", and they are determined to win. For private secret associations, officials are instructed to "visit irregularly, get the first blame, uproot and break off relations forever." Suzhou handicraft workers demanded higher wages, went on strike and called for rest, Yongzheng severely punished them, and erected a monument to call for rest forever. During the Yongzheng period, literary inquisitions became more and more frequent. Wang was beheaded for "flattering" Nian Gengyao, Justine was slaughtered for showing his body in public, and Lu was punished before the army for talking about current politics. The most sensational case is the Lv Liuliang case. Lu was a scholar with national thoughts in the early Qing Dynasty. He died 40 years ago. Later, and read Lu's book. Influenced by it, they turned against Yue Zhongqi, demanding that he clear up the Qing Dynasty and see the light of day again, which led to a major case. Lv Liuliang was beheaded and his son and students were executed. During the Yongzheng period, Wen Chao's network was very dense, which implicated many people and imposed heavy sentences. Intellectuals are easily criticized, forming a dull atmosphere of closing their eyes and not looking at reality and keeping their mouths shut about politics. Yongzheng abided by the creed of valuing agriculture over commerce. He said: "agriculture is the most important thing in the world, and workers and Jia are at the end." People who work more in the market plant less crops in the fields. If a group tends to be a worker, then there will be more producers of things, and if there are more things, it will be difficult to sell and the price will be low. It is because there are many people chasing the end that it is not only harmful to agriculture, but also harmful to industry. " The policies formulated according to this theory are bound to be detrimental to the development of industry and commerce. He also believes that mining is "absolutely infeasible". Because mining will tempt people to leave the farm and pursue their final career, and miners gather in one place, which is easy to make trouble, Yongzheng also stood firm in his foreign exchanges. At that time, more and more foreign businessmen came to China to trade, but Yongzheng banned Chinese businessmen from going abroad to trade, and set up various obstacles, claiming that "the sea ban is strict but not wide, and there is no good policy." Later, at the repeated request of coastal provinces, although the sea ban was slightly relaxed, there were still various restrictions. Especially for overseas Chinese businessmen and workers who have lived in foreign countries for a long time, "those who fail to return after the deadline are willing to emigrate and are not allowed to return to the mainland." At that time, advanced western countries were encouraging overseas trade, while China, even an outstanding monarch, lacked a world vision, restricted foreign exchanges and became a laggard in the international trend. Yongzheng was overjoyed and eager for success. Because of this, Henan reclaimed land, Sichuan Qingzhang, Shaanxi dug wells and Zhili cultivated fields. The original intention was to benefit the people, but in vain, it became a burden to the people. He is impatient, moody and cruel, which has caused many unjust, false and wrong cases. After his death, Qianlong succeeded to the throne, rebelled against the harsh rule of Yongzheng, and implemented the policy of "tempering justice with mercy" to avenge the dead, release prisoners and ease contradictions. Therefore, later generations commented: "The pure emperor ascended the throne and inherited the serious rule of Xian Di, all of them were lenient, and all the people rejoiced and sang like thunder." When you talk about Yongzheng, you will think of his succession. There have been two opinions in academic circles. One is that he was succeeded by Kangxi's testamentary edict, which is a legal inheritance; One thinks that Kangxi did not give him the throne, and Yongzheng seized the throne by imperial decree. Since Yongzheng tampered with history and destroyed archives after he acceded to the throne, there is no conclusive evidence to prove that his imperial edict usurped the throne. It is an eternal mystery that an axe sounds like a candle, but judging from various signs, there are indeed many doubts about his succession. In his later years, Kangxi abolished the prince, and the philosophers fought for the position, which made the position unclear. At that time, due to Junggar's invasion of Tibet, Kangxi ordered the fourteen sons of Yin Emperor to be General Fuyuan, sent troops to Tibet in a unified way, and gave him great power to use the yellow flag. Generally, the king said that Kangxi should be interested in grand etiquette and extremely high specifications. Kangxi praised Yin's talent. "The general is my prince. He is really a good general, leading the army and knowing that he has the ability to lead troops. " There are also many people who take Yin _ as their successor. For example, Huang Jiuzi Yin _ said that Yin _ is "smart and peerless" and "talent and morality are not as good as my brother"; "Fourteen master invasion now, the emperor attaches great importance to. This crown prince must be him in the future. " . But Kangxi died suddenly in Changchun Garden, and Yongzheng colluded with Longkodo, who was in charge of the military power in Ayumi Tokitoh's capital, to seize the throne, but left it alone? Far away in Qinghai, beyond the reach of the whip, so the emperor's dream became empty. Yongzheng later talked about the situation before Kangxi died and passed it on to Yongzheng. Careful scrutiny, full of contradictions. For example, Longkodo was the only minister who took care of his life, while other imperial edicts said that Longkodo was not in command when Kangxi died, and that the emperor's seventeen sons waited on him outside his bedroom when Kangxi passed the imperial edict, while other historical data proved that he was on duty in the palace when he allowed the ceremony, not outside the bedroom of Changchun Garden, and so on. Therefore, it is doubtful whether there is such a scene of near-death inheritance. Because Yongzheng usurped the throne, it caused collective resistance within the royal family. Except for the thirteen sons of Emperor Yun Xiang, most of Yongzheng's other brothers opposed Yongzheng's succession. Yin _, an opponent for the throne, was transferred back from the front and imprisoned forever. Yin's eight sons and nine sons were sworn enemies of Yongzheng, who hated them and persecuted them to death. Yin's tenth son, Yin's third son and his son were imprisoned forever, and Yin's twelfth son was demoted. Even Yongzheng's own son was dissatisfied with his father's actions and stood on the side of Ba Shu Yin, who was executed by Yongzheng. According to North Korea's records, when Yongzheng came to power, hundreds of imperial families and officials were killed. Chang, an official of the Ministry of Internal Affairs who was in charge of the emperor's daily life beside Kangxi, was killed immediately after Kangxi's death, which shocked him. This is probably because Zhao Changtai knew the truth about Kangxi's death and succession, so he was in trouble. Kangxi lived in Changchun Garden before his death and was buried in Dongling after his death, while Yongzheng lived in Yuanmingyuan instead of building Xiling, which seemed to be far away from his father. You know, Yongzheng's superstition is very strong. This kind of unreasonable behavior only comes from doing something I'm sorry for my father. Yongzheng later seemed to be ashamed and uneasy. Qianlong said: Yin _, Yin _ "It is inevitable to covet voyeurism, but when the emperor tests Shao and Deng Dabao and complains about it, there is no plot, and there will be no obvious rebellion." Huang Kao in his later years told me many times that he was unhappy and regretted it. Is this the inner expression of Yongzheng's conscience condemnation? Yongzheng's succession to the throne is full of doubts, probably because of the rectification and usurpation of the throne. This is not to deny his historical achievements, but to say that feudal rulers often nibbled at each other. In feudal society, even a wise monarch often used intrigue and cruel struggle to seize and consolidate his rule. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Emperor Taizong, Wu Zetian and Nurhachi all slaughtered their brothers, killing their children and forcing their fathers, and Yongzheng was no exception. As the supreme ruler, he is diligent in government affairs, insightful about the world, and resolutely carries out rectification and reform. The 13th year of Yongzheng was an important period of Qing dynasty's rule, connecting the preceding with the following, which laid the foundation for the prosperity in the later Qianlong period.

List of 24 Emperors in Qing Dynasty

There were twelve emperors in the Qing Dynasty. The list of emperors in Qing Dynasty is: Nurhachi, Huang Taiji, Shunzhi, Kangxi, Yongzheng, Qianlong, Jiaqing, Daoguang, Xianfeng, Tongzhi, Guangxu and Xuan Tong.

1. Nurhachi: Destiny Khan Aixinjue Luo Nurhachi, jurchen, founder of the post-Jin regime. In the first month of the forty-fourth year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty, it was called "Educating all countries to be wise and Khan" in Hetuala, with the title of Destiny. In office 1 1 year.

2. Huang Taiji: the eighth son of Nurhachi, Manchu. In September of the eleventh year of Destiny, after Jin Khan, the following year was the first year of Tiancong. In April of the tenth year of Tiancong, Huang Taiji proclaimed himself emperor in Shenyang, and changed his name to Chongde, taking this year as the first year of Chongde. 17 before and after the position.

3. Shunzhi: the emperor shunzhi Aisingiorro Fu Lin, ancestor of Qing Dynasty, the ninth son of Huang Taiji, and the first emperor after Qing Dynasty. At the age of 6, he acceded to the throne and was regent by his uncle Prince Dourgen. He came to power at the age of 14.

4. Kangxi: Emperor Aisingiorro Michelle Ye, the ancestor of the Qing Dynasty, the third son of the emperor shunzhi and the second emperor after entering the Qing Dynasty.

5. Yongzheng: Yong Zhengdi Aisingiorro Yin _, the fourth son of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty and the third emperor after the Qing Dynasty. On 13.

6. Qianlong: Emperor Hongli of Aisingiorro, the fourth son of Yong Zhengdi, was the fourth emperor after the Qing Dynasty entered the customs.

7. Jiaqing: Aisingiorro Yan, Emperor Renzong Jiaqing of the Qing Dynasty, the fifth emperor after entering the Qing Dynasty, was fifteen sons of Qianlong. Qianlong was publicly established as the Crown Prince in September, 60th year. On New Year's Day the following year, he was enthroned by Zen in Li Hong, so that year was the first year of Jiaqing, when he was 27 years old. In the first month of Jiaqing four years, Li Hong died of illness and began to lead the government. 25 years in power.

8. Daoguang: Aisingiorro Ning, Daoguang Emperor of Xuanzong in Qing Dynasty, the sixth emperor after entering the DPRK and the second son of Jiaqing Emperor. In July of the 25th year of Jiaqing reign, the following year was the first year of Daoguang reign, when he was twenty-nine. 30 years in power.

9. Xianfeng: Emperor Aisingiorro, the seventh emperor after the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, and the fourth son of Daoguang. Daoguang acceded to the throne in the first month of 30 years, and the following year was the first year of Xianfeng, when he was 20 years old. In office 1 1 year.

10. Tongzhi: Aisingiorro Zai Chun, Tongzhi Emperor of Mu Zong in Qing Dynasty, the eighth emperor after entering the customs. At the age of five, he ascended the throne of the emperor and became the puppet of his biological mother Empress Dowager Cixi for life.

1 1. Guangxu: Aisingiorro, Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty, was the ninth emperor after entering the customs. The son of Prince Yi of Alcohol, because of filial piety, led Empress Dowager Cixi to listen to politics for the second time. During his pro-government, he fought back in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 and strongly supported the political reform, but he was jailed until his death because of the failure of the political reform.

12. Xuan Tong: Emperor Xuan Tong of Qing Dynasty, Aisin Giorro Puyi, the last emperor of Qing Dynasty. Zai Feng's son, Prince of Alcohol, proclaimed himself emperor in the thirty-fourth year of Guangxu. 1911February, 2002 12, abdicated in the revolution of 1911. After that, he lived in the palace as a grandson. 1924165438+1October 5, was expelled from the palace by Feng Yuxiang.

Yongzheng's only brother who didn't kill.

The only brother Yongzheng didn't kill was Aisin Jiro Andrew Wang.

In the sixty-first year of Kangxi, Yin _, the fourth son of the emperor, succeeded to the throne, and Andrew was named Prince Heshuoyi, who also served as the deliberation minister and handled important government affairs. In the first year of Yongzheng, the Prime Minister was appointed as the Ministry. Since then, I have been fully assisting Yin _ to govern the country, and Yin _ has great trust in it.

In the third year of Yongzheng, Prime Minister Gyeonggi Water Conservancy was in charge of farming. In the seventh year of Yongzheng, because Junggar harassed the border areas, he was ordered to deal with two military aircraft in the northwest, and the praise of the Syrian Association doubled. Because of Andrew's great contribution to the governance of Yongzheng dynasty, he got the permission of hereditary replacement and became the iron hat king.

Aisingiorro Andrew Wong's achievements:

Huang Hongfa is good at distinguishing truth from falsehood in trial. He presided over dozens of major cases. At every trial, the suspect's confession implicates many people. Huang Hongfa is always careful not to make judgments.

He summed up the experience of prison trial, saying that the principle of prison trial is to observe its verbal expression first to understand the truth, to impress him if it is sincere, and to convince him with reasonable inference, nothing can't be true. Yongzheng praised his words as "words of benevolence and righteousness" and ordered the provinces to compile wooden tables for review from time to time.

The cause of Yongzheng's death was uncovered.

Although Yong Zhengdi was in office for a short time, he played an important role in history of qing dynasty and laid a good foundation for the prosperity of Kanggan. There are two mysteries about Yong Zhengdi, one is the mystery of succession, and the other is the mystery of death, which is also a strange case in history of qing dynasty.

First, normal death

Nature is a normal death recorded in the official history. Yong Zhengdi is one of the most diligent emperors in history. He only takes two days off a year and reads a lot of memorials every day. 1000 words. After the death of Kangxi, Yongzheng was left with a mess. Yong Zhengdi's reign was short 13 years, and he finally handed over the prosperous time to Qianlong, which is enough to show how hard-working Yong Zhengdi is, and his body naturally can't stand it.

Second, was assassinated.

Some people think that Yong Zhengdi died too suddenly, from physical discomfort to death in less than three days, so people are puzzled. Yong Zhengdi may have been assassinated. Historically,

Third, poisoning death.

It's hard to agree with the idea of being assassinated. After all, the palace guards patrolled day and night, and it was very difficult to assassinate the emperor. Therefore, it is more credible to say that there is poisoning. Modern scholars have found that Yong Zhengdi likes alchemy and pursues immortality. Many emperors in ancient times died of superstitious alchemy poisoning, and Yong Zhengdi was also doomed.

12 order of Qing emperors

Hello! 12 the order of the Qing emperors is:

Qing Taizu-Ai Xinjue Luo Nuerhachi

Emperor Taizong of Qing Dynasty-Huang Taiji of Aisingiorro

The ancestors of the Qing Dynasty-Fu Lin and Aisingiorro.

The Sage of Qing Dynasty —— Aisingiorro Michelle Ye

Sejong of Qing Dynasty —— Aisingiorro Yin _

Emperor Gaozong of Qing Dynasty —— Aisingiorro Li Hong

Renzong in Qing Dynasty —— Aisingiorro Yan

Ai Xinjue Luoning, Xuanzong in Qing Dynasty

The Literary School of Qing Dynasty —— Aisingjiluo Yi

Mu Qing Zon-Zai Chun, Aisin Choro

Qing Dezong-Aisingiorro in _

? -Essien Joro Puyi

Emperor Xuan Tong didn't have a temple number, because he was not buried in the ancestral grave of the Qing emperor, so there was no temple number to commemorate him.