What are the breeding methods of edible fungi?

The propagation modes of edible fungi are asexual propagation and sexual propagation.

(1) asexual reproduction

Asexual reproduction is the basic way of edible fungi reproduction, that is, new individuals can be produced without the cooperation of bisexual cells. Its characteristic is that it can reproduce many individuals. The asexual reproduction of most edible fungi is realized by asexual spores such as arthrospores, spores and chlamydospores. These spores can form new individuals after germination. Specific ways are:

1. Arthrospore (pollen spore) is a kind of thin-walled asexual spore, which is usually formed by mycelium fracture and is short-branched, and each node can grow into a new individual. Tremella fuciformis mycelium (whether mononuclear mycelium or binuclear mycelium) will break into arthrospores under the stimulation of adverse environmental conditions (such as heat, soaking, stirring, etc.). ), arthrospores will germinate into hyphae when the environmental conditions are suitable.

2. Chlamydomonas is a dormant cell with dense cytoplasm and thickened surrounding cell wall, which is often formed between hyphal cells. For example, the red substance formed when Volvariella volvacea mycelium matures is chlamydospore heap. When the conditions are suitable, chlamydospores germinate into mycelium again.

3. The conidia changed from a part of mycelium to conidiophore, and the spores produced in conidiophore were called conidia. For example, the mycelium of Dictyophora dictyophora can be broken into single-celled conidia. Conidia can germinate into mononuclear hyphae or binuclear hyphae under suitable conditions.

4. Spores (spores) are asexual spores formed by cell germination, also known as yeast conidia. For example, both mononuclear hyphae and binuclear hyphae of tremella can produce spores, which can germinate into mononuclear hyphae or binuclear hyphae under certain conditions.

(2) Sexual reproduction

The sexual reproduction of edible fungi is realized by the cooperation of cells of different sexes to produce sexual spores of a certain shape. It mainly goes through three stages: mass matching, nuclear matching and meiosis. Mass matching is a phenomenon of cytoplasm fusion of two cells; Nuclear matching is the fusion of two haploid nuclei into a diploid zygote nucleus; Integer division halved the chromosomes of zygote nuclei and regenerated four haploid nuclei.

Edible fungi achieve sexual reproduction by forming sexual ascospores and basidiospores.

1, the formation of ascospores Ascomycetes is the main feature of Ascomycetes, which occurs in Ascomycetes. Ascomycetes are developed from hooked side branches of binuclear cells. After the two nuclei of a binuclear hyphal cell are fused (paired) to form a zygote nucleus with two chromosomes, after three cell divisions, one of which is meiosis, the chromosomes are halved, and eight haploid nuclei are produced in a sac, and the cytoplasm of these nuclei is outside the sac, forming eight ascospores.

2. The formation of basidiomycetes is a unique feature of basidiomycetes, which is exogenous to basidiomycetes. Basket developed from the end of binuclear hyphal cells (rod-shaped). The coryneform basidiomycete cells undergo nuclear pairing and secondary cell division, one of which is meiosis, and the chromosome is split in half to form four haploid subnuclei, each of which enters the upper four stems of the basidiomycete, and then the four stems develop into four basidiospores. When the nuclei of basidiomycetes undergo meiosis, sex genes are separated, and heterozygous edible fungi nucleate into two or more mating types. Because different types of nuclei enter basidiospores respectively,