What is the knowledge about Spring Festival and Spring Festival couplets?

The Spring Festival is coming, which means that spring is coming, everything is renewed, vegetation is renewed, and a new round of sowing and harvesting season is about to begin. People have just spent the long winter in the world of ice and snow, and have long been looking forward to the day when spring flowers are full of vitality. When the new year comes, it is natural to greet this festival with joy and singing.

Spring Festival is also called Lunar New Year, Lunar New Year, Lunar New Year and Lunar New Year, commonly known as "Chinese New Year, Chinese New Year, Chinese New Year". The Spring Festival has a long history, which originated from the activities of offering sacrifices to gods and ancestors in the beginning and end of the Shang Dynasty. In ancient times, the Spring Festival once referred to beginning of spring in the 24 solar terms, and later it was changed to the first day of the first lunar month (that is, the first day of the first lunar month), which was regarded as the beginning of the lunar year, that is, the beginning of a year. According to the China lunar calendar, the first day of the first month is called Yuanri, Chen Yuan, Jacky, Yuanshuo and New Year's Day, commonly known as the first day of the first month. This is the biggest and most lively traditional festival in China. In the traditional sense, the Spring Festival, from the eighth day of the twelfth lunar month in La Worship, or the 23rd and 24th of the twelfth lunar month, to the end of the Lantern Festival on the 15th day of the first lunar month, and even in some places, the whole first lunar month reaches its climax on New Year's Eve and the first day of the first lunar month.

Spring Festival is the most important traditional festival of Han nationality. During the traditional festival Spring Festival, people will hold various celebrations, most of which are to offer sacrifices to gods and buddhas, ancestors, bid farewell to the old and welcome the new, and pray for a bumper harvest. Yao, Zhuang, Bai, Gaoshan, Hezhe, Hani, Daur, Dong, Li, Manchu, Mongolian, etc. There is also the custom of the Spring Festival, but the form of the festival has its own national characteristics.

The Spring Festival is the main festival to celebrate the New Year in many countries and regions in East Asia. Vietnamese is called "TT nguyênánán" and Japanese is called "the first month" (Note: the Japanese festival "the first month" is similar to New Year's Day in China, that is, 1. After the Meiji Restoration, it was renamed the old first month. Now, besides China, Korean Peninsula, Viet Nam and Japan, Spring Festival is one of the most important festivals in Mongolia, Laos, Myanmar, Cambodia, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia and other places.

Spring Festival, Tomb-Sweeping Day, Dragon Boat Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival are also called the four traditional festivals of the Han nationality in China. The word "Spring Festival" has been selected as the largest festival in China, and world record association and China rank first among the four traditional festivals in China. On May 20th, 2006, the folk custom of "Spring Festival" was approved by the State Council to be included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list.

According to Er Ya, Yao and Shun called the year "Zai", Xia called it "Nian", Shang called it "Sacrifice", and it was not until Zhou called it "Nian". * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Spring Festival couplets, pronounced as chūn lián, are also called "door pairs", "spring stickers", "couplets" and "couplets". It depicts the background of the times and expresses good wishes with neat, dual, concise and exquisite words, which is a unique literary form in China. Spring Festival couplets originated in Fu Tao (rectangular red boards were hung on both sides of the gate in the Zhou Dynasty). According to the Book of Rites, the peach symbol is six inches long and three inches wide, and the words "Shen Tu" and "Lei Yu" are written on the mahogany board. "On the first day of the first month, I made a peach symbol for this family and named it Xianmu. All ghosts are afraid of it." Therefore, the Qing Dynasty's "Yanjing Shi Sui Ji" said: "Spring Festival couplets, that is, Fu Tao." During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, in the court, some people wrote couplets on peach symbols. According to the Records of Shu Family in the History of Song Dynasty, Meng Changjun, the master of the later Shu Dynasty, ordered Zhang Xun, a bachelor, to write a poem on the mahogany board, "Because he is not working, he pretended to say,' Spring Festival, Changqing Festival'". This is China's first Spring Festival couplets. Until the Song Dynasty, Spring Festival couplets were still called "Fu Tao". There is a saying in Wang Anshi's poem that "thousands of households are the narrowest, and new peaches are always replaced with old ones". In the Song Dynasty, the peach symbol was changed from mahogany board to paper, which was called "Spring Sticker". The earliest Spring Festival couplets in the world recorded in world record association, China are: "Three Yang begins to spread, and four orders begin to open." This Spring Festival couplets is recorded on the Dunhuang suicide note (volume number Stein 06 10) unearthed in the Tibetan Sutra Cave in Mogao Grottoes. This suicide note recorded twelve pairs of Spring Festival couplets, written at the beginning of the year, the day of beginning of spring. This couplet is the preface and the first couplet, which was written by Liu Yu in the 11th year of Kaiyuan in Tang Dynasty (723), 240 years before Meng Chang, the owner of Shu, wrote this couplet. "Sanyang cloth;" "The Four Orders First Open" broke the world record of "Spring Festival in Qing Yu, Spring Festival in Changchun" and was selected as the earliest Spring Festival couplets in world record association, China.

The folk custom of pasting Spring Festival couplets began in the Song Dynasty and prevailed in the Ming Dynasty. According to historical records, Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming emperor, loved couplets. He not only wrote it himself, but also often encouraged courtiers to write. Zhu Yuanzhang strongly advocated posting couplets. After establishing the capital of Jinling (now Nanjing), he ordered ministers, officials and ordinary people to write a couplet and put it on the door before New Year's Eve. He wore casual clothes and went door to door to watch the excitement. Scholars at that time also regarded couplets as elegant enjoyment, and writing Spring Festival couplets became a social fashion. By the Qing Dynasty, the ideological and artistic quality of Spring Festival couplets had been greatly improved. Liang Zhangju's monograph Poetry of Spring Festival couplets discusses the origin of Spring Festival couplets and the characteristics of various works. Spring Festival couplets had become a literary and artistic form at that time. There are many kinds of Spring Festival couplets, which can be divided into door heart, frame pair, horizontal batch, Spring Festival couplets and bucket couplets according to the place of use. The "door core" is attached to the center of the upper end of the door panel; The "door frame pair" is attached to the left and right door frames; "Horizontal batch" is attached to the crossbar of the door; "Spring strips" are posted in corresponding places according to different contents; "Dou Jin", also known as "door leaf", is a square diamond, often attached to furniture and screen walls. At the same time, every household should put the word "Fu" on the door, wall and lintel. Sticking the word "Fu" during the Spring Festival is a long-standing folk custom in China. According to Dream of Liang Lu, "When I was young, I would visit department stores, draw door gods and spend the Spring Festival ..."; "Scholars, big or small, must sweep the floor, clean the family, change the door gods, hang Zhong Kui, nail peaches, stick spring cards and worship their ancestors." The "spring card" in this article is the word "fu" written on red paper. The word "fu" is now interpreted as "happiness", but in the past it meant "good luck" and "good luck". No matter now or in the past, the word "Fu" posted in the Spring Festival has pinned people's yearning for a happy life and wishes for a better future. In order to fully reflect this yearning and wish, the people simply turn the word "Fu" upside down to mean "Fu has arrived" and "Fu has arrived". There is also a legend that the word "fu" is posted upside down among the people. Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming emperor, took the word "fu" as a secret memory and prepared to kill people. In order to eliminate this disaster, kind Ma Huanghou asked all the families in the city to put "Fu" on their doors before dawn. Naturally, no one dares to go against Ma Huanghou's will, so the word "Fu" is posted on every door. If one of the families can't read, turn the word "fu" upside down. The next day, the emperor sent people to the streets to check and found that every family had posted the word "Fu", and another family had posted the word "Fu" upside down. When the emperor heard the news, he was furious and immediately ordered the body guard to cut down the house. When Ma Huanghou saw that things were not good, he quickly said to Zhu Yuanzhang, "The family knew that you were visiting today, and deliberately turned the word" Fu "upside down. Isn't this what' Fudao' means? " When the emperor heard the truth, he ordered his release, and a great disaster was finally eliminated. Since then, people have turned the word "Fu" upside down for good luck and in memory of Ma Huanghou. Others elaborate the word "Fu" into various patterns, such as longevity, longevity peach, carp yue longmen, abundant grains, dragons and phoenixes, and so on. In the past, there was a folk saying that "on the 24th of the twelfth lunar month, every family wrote big characters". The word "fu" used to be handwritten, but now it is sold in markets and shops. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Paper-cutting, also known as paper-cutting, window grilling or painting scissors. The difference is that when creating, some use scissors and some use carving knives. Although the tools are different, the artistic works created are basically the same, which is collectively called paper-cutting. Paper-cutting is a kind of hollow art, which gives people a sense of emptiness and artistic enjoyment visually. Its carrier can be paper, gold foil, silver foil, bark, leaves, cloth, leather and other sheet materials. China folk paper-cut handicraft art has its own formation and development process. China's paper was invented in the Western Han Dynasty (6th century BC), before which the art of paper-cutting could not have appeared. But at that time, people used thin materials to make handicrafts by hollowing out and carving, but it was popular long before paper appeared, that is, cutting gold foil, leather, silk and even leaves by carving, carving, picking, carving and cutting. According to Records of the Historian Jiantong Di Feng, in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, a king claimed the title of king, and cut a plane tree leaf into a "reed" and gave it to his younger brother, who was named Hou in the Tang Dynasty. During the Warring States period, leather carvings (one of the cultural relics unearthed from Chu Tomb No.1 in Jiangling, Hubei Province) and silver foil carvings (one of the cultural relics unearthed from the Warring States site in Guwei Village, Huixian County, Henan Province) were all demolished together with paper-cutting, and their appearance laid a certain foundation for the formation of folk paper-cutting. The earliest paper-cutting works in China were discovered in 1967, when China archaeologists discovered two paper-cuts with flowers of the Northern Dynasties in Astana near Gaochang site in Turpan Basin, Xinjiang. They use hemp paper, all of which are folded sacrificial paper-cuts. Their discovery provides physical evidence for the formation of Chinese paper-cutting.

The history of paper-cutting handicraft art, that is, paper-cutting in the true sense, should begin with the appearance of paper. The invention of paper in Han Dynasty promoted the appearance, development and popularization of paper-cutting. Paper is a moldy material. In the southeast of China, the climate is humid, coupled with rainy days in May and June every year, paper products will rot over time, and folk paper-cutting is a popular thing. People don't keep it as a treasure, and they can cut it if it is broken. In the northwest of China, the weather is dry, the climate is dry, and the paper is not easy to get moldy, which may also be one of the important reasons for the discovery of paper-cutting in the Northern Dynasties in Turpan, Xinjiang.

Paper-cutting in Tang Dynasty-Paper-cutting in Tang Dynasty has been in a period of great development. There is a saying in Du Fu's poem that "warm water fills my feet, and paper-cutting calls my soul". The custom of paper-cutting calling my soul has spread among the people at that time. The paper-cut in the Tang Dynasty, which is now in the British Museum, shows that the paper-cut at that time had a high level of manual art and a complete picture composition, expressing an ideal realm between heaven and earth. Popular in the Tang Dynasty, the carved patterns of flowers and trees have the characteristics of paper-cutting. For example, the pattern of "Duiyang" in Masakura Hospital in Japan is a typical artistic expression of hand cutting. In the Tang dynasty, there was also block printing made of paper-cutting. People carved it into wax paper with thick paper, and then printed the dye on the cloth to form beautiful patterns.

In Song Dynasty, the paper industry was mature and there were many kinds of paper products, which provided conditions for the popularization of paper-cutting. For example, it can be used as "fireworks" for folk gifts, "window grilles" pasted on windows, or as decorations for lanterns and teacups. The application scope of folk paper-cutting in Song Dynasty gradually expanded. Jiangxi Jizhou Kiln uses paper-cut as the pattern of ceramics, and makes the ceramics more exquisite by glazing and firing. Folk also use paper-cutting to carve figures in shadow play with the skins of animals such as donkeys, cows, horses and sheep. The engraved version made by the blue printed cloth technology is carved into patterns with oil cardboard, and the scratched patterns are made by paper-cutting technology, which is divided into yin and yang engraving. Long lines should be cut off to distinguish facts from truth.

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the paper-cut handicraft art matured and reached its peak. Folk paper-cut handicraft art has a wider range of applications, such as flower decorations on folk lanterns, decorative patterns on fans and embroidery patterns, all of which are reprocessed with paper-cut as decoration. What's more, Chinese people often use paper-cutting as decoration to beautify the home environment, such as door battlements, window grilles, cabinet flowers, wedding flowers and ceiling flowers, which are all used to decorate doors, windows and rooms. In addition to the paper-binding pattern craftsmen who appeared after the Southern Song Dynasty, the most basic team of folk paper-cutting handicrafts in China is rural women. Female red is an important symbol of the perfection of traditional women in China. As a compulsory skill of needlework, paper-cutting has become a skill that girls have to learn since childhood. They want to learn paper-cut patterns from their predecessors or sisters, cut out new patterns through cutting, re-cutting, painting and cutting, and describe the natural scenery they are familiar with and love, the scenery of fish, insects, birds, beasts, flowers, trees, pavilions and bridges, and finally reach the realm of their will.

China folk paper-cut handicraft art, like an ivy, is ancient and evergreen, and its unique popularity, practicality and aesthetics have become a symbolic meaning that meets people's psychological needs.

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * New Year pictures are a kind of Chinese painting. "Doorman painting" began in ancient times. During Guangxu period of Qing Dynasty, it was officially called New Year Pictures, which was a unique painting school in China and an art form loved by rural people in China. Mostly used for posting in the New Year, decorating the environment, with the meaning of wishing the New Year auspicious and festive, hence the name. Traditional folk New Year pictures are mostly made of wood watermarks. The old version of New Year pictures has different names because of different frame sizes and processing methods. The whole painting is called "Palace Tip", three pieces of paper are called "Three Talents" and many detailed processes are called "Painting Palace Tip" and "Painting Three Talents". The colors of gold powder coating are called "Golden Palace Tip" and "Golden Tricks". Products before June are called "green edition", and products after July and August are called "autumn edition". Traditional New Year pictures are mainly woodcut watermarks, which pursue simple style and lively atmosphere, so the lines are simple and the colors are bright. The content includes flowers and birds, fat children, golden roosters, spring cattle, myths and legends, historical stories and so on. It expresses people's longing for a bumper harvest and a happy life, and has strong national characteristics and local flavor. The main producing areas are Yangliuqing in Tianjin, Taohuawu in Suzhou and Weifang in Shandong. There are "Moon Brand" New Year pictures in Shanghai, as well as in Sichuan, Fujian, Shanxi, Hebei and even Zhejiang. The four famous "Hometowns of New Year Pictures" in China are Mianzhu New Year Pictures, Suzhou Taohuawu, Tianjin Yangliuqing and Shandong Weifang. New Year pictures made in these places are deeply loved by urban and rural people.

The appellations of New Year pictures vary greatly from place to place, such as "Draw a picture" and "Protect a picture" in Beijing, "Draw a picture" in Suzhou, "Flower Paper" in Zhejiang, "Divine Symbol" in Fujian and "Doufang" in Sichuan. Today, New Year pictures are gradually called "New Year pictures" everywhere.

New Year pictures are a folk craft for Chinese people to pray for good luck and welcome the New Year, and it is also a folk art expression that carries people's yearning for a better future. Historically, people called New Year pictures "paper paintings", called "painting stickers" in the Song Dynasty and "painting" in the Qing Dynasty. Until the Daoguang period of the Qing Dynasty, scholar Li Guangting wrote in his article: "It is a child's ear to paste New Year pictures after sweeping the house." New Year pictures got their name from this.

New Year pictures are simple in lines, bright in colors and warm and pleasant in atmosphere, such as pictures of spring cows, New Year's Eve, Jia Sui, playing with babies, family happiness, watching lanterns and fat dolls. Some take immortals, historical stories and dramatic figures as themes. Many of them are used to put up door paintings, which are mixed with the concepts of "God protects the courtyard", such as "Tiancha", "Tianguan" and "Qin Qiong respects virtue", etc. The genre (or form) includes door paintings (single picture, folio) and horizontal and vertical single picture and four screens. There have been records about New Year pictures in the Song Dynasty, and the earliest woodcut New Year pictures seen at present are the graceful appearance of the Southern Song Dynasty and the Sui Dynasty. In the middle of Qing dynasty, it was especially popular. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), New Year pictures became more popular and brought forth new ideas.

The art of New Year pictures was initiated by China, and it also reflected the history, life, beliefs and customs of China society. Every Lunar New Year, I buy two New Year pictures and stick them on the door, which is the case in almost every family. From the gate to the hall, there are all kinds of colorful New Year pictures symbolizing good fortune. The reason why the Spring Festival is full of joy and excitement is that New Year pictures have played a certain role in it. Generally speaking, rich people always like to hang birthday stars, purple stars, blessings, blessings and longevity characters in the hall. Flowers and birds, such as Zhi, Mei Lan and Zhu Ju, are naturally popular.

For thousands of years, New Year pictures are not only colorful decorations for New Year's festivals, but also carriers and tools for cultural circulation, moral education, aesthetic exchange and belief inheritance. It is also a popular reading material that can read pictures; For the New Year pictures with the color of current politics, it is still a kind of media that is deeply loved by all kinds of people. This kind of content can be regarded as an encyclopedic folk art, which contains the complete folk spirit of China.

New Year pictures are also a dictionary of regional culture, from which we can find the distinctive cultural personality of each region. These personality factors can be recognized at a glance not only in the subject matter, but also in the genre, color, lines and different flavors of the origin of each New Year picture. You can know all the people in China from the New Year pictures.