Han culture and art

The Han nationality created splendid culture and art in ancient times with distinctive features. No matter in politics, military, philosophy, economy, history, natural science, literature, art and other fields, there are many far-reaching representatives and works. The Western Zhou Dynasty formed a perfect cultural achievement, that is, the culture of rites and music. The etiquette of the Zhou Dynasty is very complicated. According to "Zhou Li", there are five rites: Ji Li, Fierce Li, Wu Li, Bin Li and Etiquette. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, music was attached great importance, and there were special officials to manage it, and there were also music officials in the inscription. Da Wu and Zhou Dynasty Music and Dance were written by Zhou Wuwang Shang Ke. The education system in the Zhou Dynasty is relatively perfect, with six arts: ritual, music, shooting, imperial, skill and skill. The earliest classics in China are Zhouyi, Shangshu, Shijing, Zhou Li, Jing Yue (lost) and Shu.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there was a lively situation in which a hundred schools of thought contended, and the achievements of various ideological and academic schools also reflected the ancient Greek civilization. Other official and folk works, such as history books, ancient history, miscellaneous history, local chronicles, historical theory, make China the country with the richest ancient historical documents in the world, most of which are written by Han scholars. In the natural sciences, achievements in astronomy and mathematics have attracted worldwide attention, such as Zhang Heng (78 ~ 139), Zu Chongzhi (429 ~ 500), Yi Hang (commonly known as 683 ~ 727) and Guo Shoujing (123 1 ~ 65438). Ancient agriculture often includes many ancient scientific and technological achievements. According to incomplete statistics, over the past 2000 years, there have been more than 370 kinds of agricultural books that have been lost to this day, among which The Book of Bi Sheng, The Skill of Yao in Qi Min, The Book of Wang Zhennong and The Complete Book of Agricultural Administration are representative works of ancient agriculture.

In the development of China's ancient literature, the development of poetry occupies a prominent position, such as The Book of Songs, Songs of the South, Yuefu, Tang Poetry and Song Poetry, and many writers and works with high artistic achievements have emerged. Qu Yuan (about 340 ~ 278 BC), Li Bai (70 1 ~ 762), Du Fu (7 12 ~ 770), Liu Yong (about 987 ~ about 1053 BC) and Su Shi (/kloc-0). The names and novels of Xin Qiji (1 140 ~ 1207) developed greatly in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, such as Romance of the Three Kingdoms, The Journey to the West, The Water Margin and The Scholars. Short stories like Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio are well known. There are also many ethnic minority writers who have written in Chinese, resulting in many famous writers and masterpieces, among which Dream of Red Mansions is the most outstanding one. There are many other famous artists in painting, calligraphy, arts and crafts, music, dance, drama and folk art, and they have made amazing artistic achievements. In the development of these arts, especially the Han people are good at learning and absorbing the strengths of other nationalities, thus developing their own art and forming a unique style. It has a long history in the compilation of some books and masterpieces. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, there were Bei Tang Shuchao, Lei Ju, Tai Yu Pinglan and Yuan Gui. In particular, Yongle Dadian and Book Collection in Ming and Qing Dynasties are world-famous ancient encyclopedias, which not only show the brilliant achievements of China ancient culture with Chinese culture as the main body, but also show the spirit of cooperation and mutual learning between ancient Han scholars and minority scholars. The Han nationality occupies an important position in the long history of civilization in China, among which the traditional China ancient building culture of the Han nationality is a wonderful flower of Chinese culture. Like clothing, it fully embodies the Chinese people's understanding of philosophy, the universe and the world in every detail, and also embodies the unique national aesthetic taste.

In Shang Dynasty Oracle Bone Inscriptions, many Chinese characters borrowed the architectural image of the top of two slopes to create characters, and the "Bao" in the radical of modern Chinese characters is the direct expression of this architectural image. Compared with western civilization, the ancient buildings in China give full play to the advantages of wood as a building material, marked by the upturned roof and bucket arch; At the same time, the Great Wall, which stretches for thousands of kilometers along the 400 mm isoprecipitation line and has been built since the Warring States period, has become a symbol of Chinese civilization and national spirit after losing its historical role in defending the nomadic barbarians in the north.

China's ancient architectural art matured in feudal society. It is a unique art system with the longest history, the widest distribution area and the most obvious style. It is mainly composed of wooden buildings of Han nationality, including excellent buildings of various ethnic minorities. China's ancient architecture has a direct influence on Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese ancient architecture, and it also has an influence on Europe after17th century.

Since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, China has had the concept of overall management of the built environment. Although all the planning systems in "Zhou Li" about wilderness, metropolis, customs, townships, cities, mountains and temples may not have been realized, it at least shows that there was a large-scale regional planning idea of systematic planning at that time. The riding pipe advocates that "every country is the capital, not at the foot of the mountain, but above Guang Chuan", which shows that environmental relations must be considered in urban site selection. China's theory of geomantic omen originated very early. Apart from wearing the cloak of superstition, it mostly emphasized the relationship between environment and architecture. Ancient cities paid attention to the unified management of urban ontology and surrounding environment. Xianyang, Qin is a super-scale urban environment, starting from Sakan in the north, running through the Weihe River in the middle and reaching Nanshan in the south. At the peak, it is 200-300 miles from east to west. Famous capitals such as Chang 'an (now Xi 'an, Shaanxi), Luoyang (Northern Wei Dynasty), Jiankang (now Nanjing, Jiangsu) and Beijing (Ming and Qing Dynasties) have their business scope far beyond the city walls. Even ordinary governments, states and counties integrate suburbs into the overall urban environment. Important scenic spots, such as five towns in wuyue, Buddhism and Taoism, suburban gardens, etc. , are also released.

The first is environmental management; Mausoleum area pays more attention to geomantic geography. Most of the buildings in these places rely on the environment to show their artistic charm.

The political and ethical content of ancient architectural art in China requires it to show distinctive personality and specific symbolic significance, so many methods have been adopted. The most important thing is to use the environment to render different emotional appeal and atmosphere, so that people can get a variety of aesthetic feelings; Secondly, different building grades include volume, color, style and decoration. , is stipulated to express the social system and architectural content; At the same time, we also try our best to use many figurative auxiliary arts, even the words of plaques and inscriptions, to reveal and explain the character and content of the building. Important buildings, such as palaces, temples and temples, have specific symbolic themes. For example, Qin Shihuang built Xianyang, the palace symbolized Wei Zi, Weishui symbolized Tianhan, and Shanglinyuan dug a pond symbolized Penglai in the East China Sea. In Qing Dynasty, Emperor Kangxi built Yuanmingyuan, Summer Resort and Chengde.

The eight temples outside simulate important national buildings and places of interest, symbolizing the unity inside the house. There are five rooms and twelve halls in the hall, symbolizing everything in the world. The composition of some temples symbolizes the Buddhist world of Xumi Mountain. China's calligraphy, an original performance art of Han nationality, is called "China's calligraphy".

Wordless poetry, dancing without lines.

Painless paintings, silent music.

Chinese characters and foreign languages are different in stippling, structure and shape. It has subtle changes, different forms and different interests. "Through the rich changes in the intensity, shade and thickness of stippling lines, the ups and downs of writing content and thoughts and feelings, and the distribution of font spacing and lines, a beautiful composition layout has been formed. Some are carved like jade dragons, some are towering peaks, some are handsome and unrestrained, and some are bold and unrestrained, which makes the written words have a strong artistic color." Calligraphy is an invincible flower in national art, and the world can appreciate its spiritual style, artistic conception, life interest and aesthetic pursuit. China's calligraphy is an ancient art, from Oracle Bone Inscriptions and inscriptions on bronze to Da Zhuan, Xiao Zhuan and Li Shu, and then to cursive script, regular script and running script in the Eastern Han Dynasty and Wei and Jin Dynasties. Calligraphy has always exuded artistic charm.

Perception is the synthesis of emotion and thinking. Calligraphy is a science and an art, and its beauty comes from nature, life, social practice and other things. The characteristics, techniques, theories and artistic conception of calligraphy are extremely extensive. "There are books in my chest, and my writing is not bad." Learning calligraphy covers literature, philosophy, aesthetics, astronomy, geography, history and other aspects.

The traditional painting form of Han nationality is to paint on silk or paper with a brush dipped in water, ink and color. This kind of painting is called "Chinese painting" or "Chinese painting" for short. Many ethnic minorities are also good at Chinese painting, and there are many famous artists. Chinese painting reflects the national consciousness and aesthetic taste of the Chinese nation in content and artistic creation, and embodies the ancient people's understanding of nature, society and politics, philosophy, religion, morality, literature and art related to it. Traditional Chinese painting emphasizes "the nature of foreign teachers is the source of China's heart", melts things into nature, and requires "meaning to save a pen first, painting as best as possible", which is vivid in form and spirit. Because calligraphy and painting are in the same strain, both of them emphasize the use of brush to express thoughts and emotions, so painting, calligraphy and seal cutting influence and promote each other. Modern Chinese painting has made a breakthrough and development in inheriting tradition and absorbing foreign techniques. Han nationality has a musical tradition, and its music has a long history and unique creation. Before the Qin Dynasty, Han ancestors had created musical instruments and music, and invented musical rules. In the prosperous time of Han and Tang dynasties, Han music was good at singing and dancing; After the Song and Yuan Dynasties, opera music dominated. Nowadays, the world-recognized music rules, such as the five-degree law (which the Han people call the profit-loss dichotomy), the pure law and the average law, are all independently invented by the Han people, and their achievements, like the convergence of cars, have become the axis of world music theory. See Korean music for details.

drama

During the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, the music of Han nationality was mainly opera music. Drama in Yuan Dynasty is called "Yuanqu", which is divided into zaju and Sanqu. Yuanqu music comes from Tang and Song lyrics, Daqu, various Gongdiao famous songs and northern folk pop music. Among them, one piece of music is called Xiao Ling, and many pieces of music in the same Gongdiao seven-tone northern song are connected into a suite according to certain logic, with an introduction in front and an ending behind, which is called the number of sets. Nanxi Opera, called "Nanxi Opera" alone, is composed of five-tone Nanqu. After the mid-Yuan Dynasty, zaju moved south, and the North and South operas merged, forming a "combination of North and South". ?

National opera is one of the traditional arts of Han nationality. There are many kinds of operas, singing and dancing in the form of performance and rap. It is literary and military, and it is unique in the history of world drama. Its main features are as follows: Take Peking Opera, the representative work of Han Chinese classical opera art, as an example, one is that men dress up as women, and the other is that women dress up as men; The second is to divide life, Dan, essence and ugliness into four major industries; Third, there is an exaggerated makeup art-Facebook; Fourthly, "costume" (that is, costumes and props of China traditional operas) basically have fixed styles and specifications; The fifth is to use "procedures" to implement. The national operas of the Han nationality, from Nuo Opera in the pre-Qin Dynasty, Baihong in the Han Dynasty, Joining the Army in the Tang Dynasty, Zaju in the Song Dynasty, Southern Opera in the Southern Song Dynasty and Zaju in the Yuan Dynasty, to the unprecedented prosperity of local operas in the Qing Dynasty and the formation of Beijing Opera, have always been rooted among the Han people and loved by the people. Going to the theatre is still one of the main recreational activities of the Han nationality. Generally speaking, northerners like watching Peking Opera, while southerners like Yue Opera. All kinds of local operas have their own audiences. People who are far away from home even regard listening to and watching national operas as a sign of missing their hometown.

One of the biggest operas in China is the flower of traditional art in China. The biggest difference between Peking Opera performance art and western drama is symbolism and virtuality. In Beijing opera, a whip represents a horse, two chairs are stacked to represent a mountain, two flags are sandwiched in the middle to represent a car or sedan chair, and four soldiers walk around the stage to symbolize a group of people. Sometimes there are no props at all, such as opening doors, pushing windows and going upstairs. , only some symbolic gestures or graphics to express. In a sense, this symbolic performing art, which replaces reality with emptiness, can receive more vivid and touching artistic effects than using real objects. For example, the famous "Qiu Jiang" describes a girl boarding a heavy smoker's boat. There is neither a boat nor water on the stage. It is entirely based on the excellent performances of the actors to simulate boating, and vividly reflects the scene of a small boat rushing in the storm with clever gestures. The famous martial arts drama Sanchakou, in which actors perform fighting in the dark on the brightly lit stage, is unreasonable and difficult to produce a sense of reality. However, because the actors accurately showed the characteristics and laws of the night battle, the audience looked as if they were really fighting in the dark.

It is precisely because of its special artistic charm that Peking Opera is not only loved by the people of China, but also appreciated by audiences all over the world who transcend language barriers. Tea ceremony belongs to oriental culture. The difference between eastern culture and western culture is that eastern culture often has no scientific and accurate definition, but relies on individuals to approach it and understand it with their own understanding. As early as the Tang Dynasty in China, the word "tea ceremony" came into being. For example, in Feng Shiwen Ji Jian, "Tea ceremony is popular because of the extensive embellishment of Hung-chien's theory." In the Tang Dynasty, Liu also clearly stated in "Ten Virtues of Drinking Tea": "Tea is feasible and tea is Kaya's ambition."

Tea ceremony originated in China. At least before or during the Tang Dynasty, people in China first regarded tea as a way to cultivate one's morality. In the "Feng Ji" in the Tang Dynasty, there is such a record: "The tea ceremony is so prosperous that all princes and ministers drink it." This is the earliest record of tea ceremony in existing literature. In the monasteries of the Tang Dynasty, monks chanted sutras and meditated, all drinking tea, clearing their hearts and nourishing their spirits. At that time, tea banquets were very popular in society. In civilized and elegant social activities, the host and guest enjoy tea, enjoy the scenery and express their feelings. Tang Lvwen vividly described the elegant atmosphere of the tea banquet and the wonderful charm of tea tasting in the preface to the tea banquet on March 3. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, people were very particular about the environment, etiquette and operation of drinking tea. According to the agreed rules and ceremonies, tea banquets are divided into palace tea banquets, temple tea banquets and literati tea banquets. I also have a deep understanding of the self-cultivation function of tea. Song Huizong Evonne is a tea lover. He believes that the fragrance and taste of tea can make people carefree, quiet and interesting: "If tea is a thing, it is good at the delicacy of Fujian, the spirit of Zhongshan and the spirit of Sichuan. If it is clear and harmonious, it will not be known to young people." The lotus is carefree and clean, and the rhyme is high and quiet ... "