The last emperor of song dynasty: surrender first and then be killed.

The last emperor of Song Dynasty: First surrender, then become a monk, and then be killed.

Du Fu died in July of Xianchun 10, leaving behind three underage sons: Zhao, born by Yang, was 7 years old, Zhao Xian, born by Quan Empress, was 4 years old, and Zhao Min, born by Yu Xiurong, was 3 years old.

Queen Xie called the ministers to discuss the establishment of the emperor. Everyone thought that Zhao, born to Yang, was the oldest, but both Jia Sidao and Empress Xie advocated the establishment, so Emperor Zhao Xian was established to show respect for the emperor. At this time, Emperor Gong was still young, and Empress Dowager Xie listened to politics, but the real power of the imperial court was actually in the hands of Prime Minister Jia Sidao. During Du Li's period, the demise of the Song Dynasty was irreversible. Less than two years after Emperor Gong ascended the throne, Song Ting surrendered to the Yuan Dynasty. Shi Jiangshan was taken away from the orphans and widows by Mao in the last week, and finally lost to the orphans and widows. Later generations wrote poems and quipped:

He cheated his orphans and widows in Chen Qiaoyi.

Who knows that more than 300 years later, orphans and widows were also bullied.

Widows and Orphans: The End of Southern Song Dynasty

When Zhao Xian ascended the throne, Songshi Jiangshan was in turmoil. Mongolian fighters marched south in a big way, and the situation was out of control, and the rule of the Song Dynasty was paralyzed.

In September of the tenth year of Xianchun, the Yuan Army launched a general attack on the Southern Song Dynasty. In December, Bo Yan led the troops into Ezhou, defeated the defenders of Hubei and Han led by Song Xiagui in Qingshan Rocky, and Hanyang and Ezhou fell one after another. Leaving some soldiers guarding Ezhou, personally leading the main force, taking Song Jianglu as the front line and continuing eastward. The defenders of the cities along the Yangtze River are mostly Lu's own troops. Wherever the Yuan army went, these people rolled over and fell to the ground, and the Yuan army was able to successfully break through the Yangtze River defense line. In the spring of the first year of Deyou, he conquered Anqing, Chizhou and other military towns and reached the gates of Jiankang.

After the fall of Ezhou, the Yangtze River defense line was wide open, and it entered and exited the Southern Song Dynasty earthquake. All walks of life in Beijing pinned their hopes on Jia Sidao, calling on his teachers and officials to personally sign, hoping that he could achieve the same success as Li Zongchao. Jia Sidao had to set up a viceroy's office in Lin, ready to fight. Liu Zheng, commander-in-chief of the Mongolian army, was a military commander in the Song Dynasty. During the reign of Li Zongjiaxi, Jia Sidao carried out a plan to exclude dissidents among military commanders. Liu Zheng was persecuted by his superiors and forced to surrender to Mongolia. Jia Sidao knows Liu Zheng like the back of his hand. I was afraid of Liu Zheng, so I didn't dare to send troops before the first month. This is the first year. He said happily when he heard that Liu Zheng had passed away. I am very lucky. Above, Gong Di, Viagra Rooster Carnival special meeting asked to go out.

Jia Sidao dispatched more than 100,000 soldiers from all walks of life, loaded with countless gold silks, armor and supplies, and even left Beijing with his wives and concubines. This battlefield stretches 100 miles. In February, I went to Wuhu to see Xia Gui. When Guiyi saw Jia Sidao, he pulled out a piece of paper from his sleeve, which read: Song and Li are 320 years old. The implication is that the Song Dynasty lasted for nearly 320 years, and the national situation was exhausted. Don, don't die for this. Jia Sidao nodded tacitly.

After arriving at the front line, Jia Sidao led an army to station in Lugang, and ordered Sun Huchen, a general, to lead the former army in Dingjiazhou in the lower reaches of Chizhou, and Xia Gui led 3500 warships on the river. Jia Sidao knew the bravery of the Mongolian army well, and dared not confront it head-on. He still dreamed of breaking away from the old road of making peace with Kublai Khan in 1259. So, he ordered the release of Yuan prisoner and sent litchi, oranges and other items to him, hoping to make peace by collecting money. However, at this time, the goal of the Yuan Army was to destroy the Southern Song Dynasty. Confess to the emperor and accept co

After the battle of Lugang, the troops in the Southern Song Dynasty suffered heavy losses and their morale was seriously frustrated. Continue to walk eastward along the Yangtze River. In October of the first year of Deyou, the Yuan Army advanced to Lin from three aspects. Bo Yan led Zhong Jun to attack Changzhou. Changzhou is located in the traffic artery, guarding Lin 'an, and its strategic position is very important. Bo Yan invested 200,000 troops here, and Changzhou Governor Yuyao and General Zhao Chen fought bravely. The residents outside Bo Yan were driven to transport earth to fill the moat, and even the earth movers were treated as piles, and finally the levee around the city was built. 165438+1October 18, the general attack of the Yuan Army. Two days later, Changzhou City was breached and the Yuan Army carried out a cruel massacre. Thousands of people died, but only a few survived. The Changzhou Massacre produced the deterrent effect that Mongolian invaders hoped for. Later, the Yuan army approached Pingjiang, and the defenders at Pingjiang surrendered without fighting.

With the approaching of the Mongolian fighters, the people of the Lin family were in panic, and a large number of people tried to flee the capital, especially the officials of the imperial court, who took the lead in fleeing to save their lives. People who know the Privy Council have waited for dozens of ministers to flee overnight. Weng and Nie, who signed the Privy Council Order with him, secretly instructed Yushitai and the admonition officer to impeach themselves, so as to step down and run away. Before Yu was published, both of them had escaped. Empress Xie severely condemned these disloyal officials and issued an imperial edict saying: For more than 300 years since the founding of the People's Republic of China, I have always treated the literati in the Song Dynasty with courtesy. Now I am in great trouble with the new king who inherits me. Your courtiers, big and small, no, I don't see anyone calling for national salvation. Bureaucrats turned against each other, the chieftain's county order was abandoned, the city was lost outside the city, the eyes and ears department could not correct the attack for me, and the 23 rd ruling party could not. They don't advocate collective labor, so they collude inside and outside. How to read sage books on weekdays? However, at this time, I made this move. How can I face people? How can I meet the first emperor after I die? However, under the threat of Mongolian fighters, the condemnation of the Queen Mother of the United States was pale and powerless, which could not arouse the confidence of officials at home and abroad to fight for the Song Dynasty. After a short truce in the first month of the following year, only six officials appeared in court. The escape of officials disrupted the morale of the military and civilians, which made it impossible for the Song Dynasty to organize effective resistance, and the royal family fell into an isolated situation.

Jia Sidao, who abused the country, has been removed from office. At this time, if the court can cheer up and appoint a good minister, the situation may be reversed. But at this time, the court made another serious mistake, that is, appointed Chen Weixiang. Under the auspices of Chen, the Song Dynasty finally fell into the abyss of perdition. Chen is a two-faced man, arrogant and deceitful. He is used to making high-profile remarks and condemning any compromise and concession. Chen was led by Jia Sidao, and Jia Sidao turned defeat into victory. In order to improve his reputation, he took the lead and executed Jia Sidao without shame. The imperial edict was in front of the temple, which made Han Zhen propose to move the capital. He tricked him into killing him in his own house.

For a long time, Chen gained power and prestige through this grandstanding performance and rhetoric, but in fact he was an indecisive coward and claimed to be an anti-Japanese hero. At the turn of the spring and summer of the first year of Deyou, when the war was the fiercest, he was invited to the front line to supervise the war, but he hesitated and refused to go out of the city. Obviously, it is impossible for Chen to risk his life for the Song Dynasty. In July, he left Lin 'an and fled to the southern coastal areas far from the front line, asking the court to assign him posts in this area. He refused the court's order to return to North Korea. Empress Dowager Cixi was helpless and wrote a letter to her mother herself. With the intervention of his mother, Chen returned to work in the capital. age

When Chen was in power, he wavered between peace and war. He shouted all kinds of rhetoric verbally, but in fact he was timid. He didn't have the courage and talent to fight to the death with the Yuan Army. At the end of the first year of Deyou, the situation under his leadership was developing in an increasingly unfavorable direction to the Song Dynasty, and there was no room for manoeuvre except complete surrender. Wen Tianxiang and Zhang Shijie suggested that the capital be moved to the southeast as a last resort, but the timid Chen rejected the proposal and hoped for peace. On the 18th day of the first month of the second year of Deyou, Queen Xie sent Yang Yingkui, a minister, to the Yuan Army, and sent a letter to the country, seeking God's virtue and living a better life, making an exception for the royal family in the Song Dynasty. The Yuan Dynasty asked to meet the Prime Minister. Chen was frightened by his request, so he abandoned the Queen Mother and the young emperor and fled to Lin overnight.

After Chen Hou Xia Hou _ fled, Mongolian fighters had arrived in Enemy at the Gates, and the situation was irreversible. Empress Xie appointed Wen Tianxiang as the right prime minister, and the special envoy of the Tang Dynasty went to the Mongolian military camp to negotiate. Wen Tianxiang Lin Biao was detained, thanked the Queen Mother and sent to the embassy.

On the fifth day of February, Zhao Xian officially abdicated in Lin's Imperial City. On March 2, I entered the forest as the winner. Yuan Shizu wrote a letter asking Bo Yan to send the rulers and officials of the Song Dynasty to most people. Zhao Tonglin's mother and several attendants left Ann and embarked on a journey to Dadu. Due to illness, Empress Xie did not go with her, but was soon forced to go to the north by the Yuan Army. At this point, the Zhao and Song Dynasties, which lasted nearly 320 years, officially ended.

The strong military pressure of the Yuan Dynasty always threatened the survival of the Southern Song Dynasty. But in the imperial court, the fatuous prime minister was in power. He was the emperor's uncle Jia Sidao. For his own sake, he secretly blocked the news of the Yuan Army. Xiahou _' s attack besieged Xiangyang for six years, and the court didn't know it. By the time Xiangyang City was broken in 1273, the Southern Song Dynasty had already opened its doors. 1274, 200,000 yuan troops marched and swept the south of the Yangtze River. At this time, Song Duzong died, and four-year-old Zhao Xian acceded to the throne, that is, Emperor Gong. Because she is too young, Empress Xie is in the imperial court. At this time, Jia Sidao was unable to hide his secret, and was forced to lead an army of 1.3 million to attack the Yuan army. The result was a fiasco, and later he was killed on the way to being demoted. After this battle in the Southern Song Dynasty, the regular army was actually finished. The imperial court had to send mourning to all places, calling on the world to send troops and conquer him quickly. Wen Tianxiang, then governor of Ganzhou, received the letter and wept bitterly, and organized about 10,000 troops to station in Lin 'an and Zhang Shijie. However, after all, the strength is far from each other. At that time, a large number of ministers and officials surrendered to the Yuan Army. The Yuan army quickly killed Lin An at the gate. As a political threat, the Yuan Army carried out a massacre in Changzhou, and only seven people in the city were spared. In 276, Queen Xie sent Wen Tianxiang to the Yuan Army Camp for peace. After the talks broke down, Lin An couldn't hold on any longer and had to surrender to Yuan Juncheng. The commander-in-chief of the Yuan Army sent Dong Wenbing, Lu and Fan into the city to appease the people, forbade looting, and sealed the warehouse and captured Song Ting alive. Crown, ghosts, ceremonies, pictures and a large number of treasures and cultural relics. At this time, Zhao Xian was less than six years old and was inexplicably sent to Beijing with his mother, grandmother and other court officials. At this point, the Southern Song Dynasty court perished.

Zhao Xian arrived in Beijing, and soon Kublai Khan summoned him and made him the winner. All empresses and Empresses Xie have been given titles, and basically they have been well placed. Southern Song Dynasty is different from Jin State. Mongols have no direct hatred for the Southern Song Dynasty. After the Mongols destroyed Xu Jin, all the royal families of Hongyan were killed, not one left.

However, after Zhao and his royal family,

Zhao Xian and his mother still live a stable life in Beijing, but they are watched everywhere and will never be free. In addition, the situation in the south is still unstable. Wen Tianxiang refuses to devalue the RMB in any case. Being detained in the negotiation, he secretly fled back to Jiangnan and transferred troops against Yuan again. At that time, the whole south of the Yangtze River and the Central Plains were competing with each other. The Yuan Army sent 400,000 troops to suppress it. Two years later, Wen Tianxiang was captured by the bird Hong Fan in Guangdong. In view of this man's great influence on the people, Kublai Khan wanted to surrender to appease the people. Zhang Hongfan and Liu, former prime ministers of the Southern Song Dynasty, failed to surrender. The third time, Zhao Xian was called to surrender. Wen Tianxiang saw the arrival of the first emperor at the age of eight. He used to be a monarch and a minister, but today he is a prisoner of the same order. Feeling this, I cried and knelt on the ground in the north, saying only four words: Please come back. When Zhao saw this, he was speechless and stayed there. He didn't I don't know what to say, so he lost his mind. Later, Boluo and Kublai Khan, the prime ministers of the Yuan Dynasty, never dared to convince Wen Tianxiang, and finally had to fulfill his loyalty.

To be sure, the confinement life in Beijing must be boring and monotonous. But after Zhao Xian was captured, there were not many historical records, only some odds and ends. According to records, 1282, Zhao Xian 12 years old, was sent from Beijing to Shanghai Kaiping for six years. In 288, Kublai Khan gave Xi Xi 100,000 banknotes. But Kublai Khan

At this time, I don't I don't want to raise them anymore, but I want to find them a promising career. 10 days later, the decision came out. Ying Gong Zhao Xian studied Buddhism, and his mother, the Queen, was ordered to become a monk. A mother and son were arranged to become monks by the Yuan Dynasty. Since then, the two places have separated, and heaven is still our neighborhood.

Zhao Xuefo's place is Tibet. Since then, it has not been recorded in China's history books, but there are occasional traces in Tibetan materials. /kloc-When he was 0/9 years old, Zhao Xian became a monk in the Lama Temple in Tibet and was honored as a Buddhist name. Since then, in order to forget yesterday, although he was sad, he still concentrated on learning Tibetan. Sure enough, many things happened. Besides, Zhao people have this cultural accomplishment passed down. A few years later, Zhao Xian made his mark in the field of Tibetan Buddhism, becoming a translator who translated Chinese Buddhist scriptures into Tibetan, and also served as an exorcist in Sakya Temple, becoming a master of Buddhism in Tibet at that time, giving lectures everywhere and studying Buddhism with great concentration. His whole life. Later, he translated the esoteric theories of One Hundred Ways to Know the Truth and From Understanding to Correctness, and left an inscription on the title page, claiming that Wang Heshang was a magic weapon to respect monks and was listed as a master translator by Tibetan historians. Become a historical miracle.

Later, there was a legend that Zhu Yuanzhang was always curious about the image of Yuan Shundi, the last emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, when he established the Ming Dynasty and offered sacrifices to emperors of previous dynasties. He looks like a Han Chinese, similar to Zhao Xianchang in Song Gongdi. Later, it was discovered that Yuan Shundi's mother had been to Tibet and stayed for several months, asking Zhao Xian about Buddhist laws and regulations. Later, due to a mistake, the emperor invited her into the palace, and soon she became pregnant. This is Yuan Shundi. Later, Zhu Yuanzhang left Yuan Shundi in the desert with no intention of destroying him.

As for Zhao Xian's ending in Song Gongdi, all the Buddhists in China have said: In April of the third year of the British Emperor, the British Duke died in Hexi, and the monks were ordered to learn from Confucianism. So some people think that Ying Gong died in Hexi for three years. However, some people think that giving to the British Lord is an independent word, which does not mean being given death. At least from the text, you didn't see Song Gongdi's sudden death. He wrote a letter behind the monk's back, which contained Confucian books, Jin Dian and Confucian classics. This is a gift to the court. Anyway, in the third year of Yuan Yingzong, A.D. 1323, Song Gongdi ended his Lama career and 47 years' imprisonment. This year, he is 54 years old. After all, he has lived in Tibet for 35 years, Du.

This poem fully shows his yearning for the Southern Song Dynasty, and expresses Zhao Xian's condemnation of the Yuan Dynasty and his unreasonable attack on the Southern Song Dynasty, thus violating the literary inquisition. Later, the Emperor of the Yuan Dynasty found out and was furious. He ordered Zhao Xian to be executed. He died at the age of 53.

Thirty-five years, spring, summer, autumn and winter, in the earth-rock temple mixed with the sweetness of snow and butter, in the chanting schedule with the passage of the stars and moons, will the memories of the old country occasionally come to mind? Is it as desolate as when Li Houzhu's old country was built on a fence? Is it like the ancestor Song Huizong Xu Huixin covering five cities with snow and returning to the sad memory of horseshoe fragrance? Did Song Taizong, who was imprisoned in Li Houzhu, ever think that his descendants would have such a home? One is weathered in Beihai, and the other is chanting in Tibet? Isn't it Li Houzhu? Intentional action? In the Lama Temple on the mountain, monks sit on the floor and can see the lotus leaves of the West Lake and the plum blossoms in the forest. Do you know that the mother who twisted beads under the oil lamp was really blown away by the cold wind on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and disappeared?