Common sense of Chinese painting

1. Some professional knowledge about Chinese painting

The basic painting method of flower-and-bird painting in Chinese painting: observing and learning to draw flowers, in addition to watching and copying ancient and modern famous paintings, we should also watch and sketch actual flowers in depth to understand the decline and glory of flowers and their modality in first frost, sunny rain and dew. In this paper, the structure and ecology of flowers, leaves and branches are briefly described. (1) flowers: flowers are often the theme of the picture. Flowers generally include petals, stamens, pedicels and other parts. Petals can be divided into single petals and double petals (compound petals), and flower shapes can be divided into two petals, namely, peony and Rosa davurica are double petals, pear and kapok are single petals, morning glory and lily are single petals, and most flowers have different varieties of single petals and double petals, such as peach blossom, hibiscus and plum blossom. Stamens vary in length, monoecious and pistil small. Or only big stamens, some stamens are obvious, some are hidden and need careful observation. Calyx also varies with the types of flowers, such as five small petals such as plum blossom and peach blossom, five small petals such as plum blossom and begonia grow on a long stem, the calyx of rose and rose is long, and the calyx of camellia is like fish scales.

(2) Leaves: When monocotyledons grow leaves from branches or stems, the leaf sequence is opposite and alternate, and so on. Some compound leaf plants are pinnate, palmately bird-footed, and some have double leaves, which are more complex in shape. You must understand the law of growth first so that you won't make mistakes in complexity. Leaves have petioles and veins, and their shapes have different size ratios, such as the length of a pointed circle. (3) Stems and branches: they can be divided into woody herbs, vines and vines. The branches of wood are quite hard, some are quite thick, and the stems of herbs are mostly tender, some become right-handed or left-handed, and some have whisker-like climbing stems.

Flower Sketch All kinds of flowers are fresh and full of vitality in the morning or early morning, which is a good time to sketch. Sketching is to collect materials for creation. If it is for the needs of meticulous painting, it must be described in detail. Sometimes we need multiple flowers to gather together on the screen. When sketching and collecting materials, there must be four sides: positive, negative, lateral and oblique. There are complete flowers and some flowers covered by branches and leaves, both small buds and large buds that will bloom. The same is true for leaves. Besides mature leaves, there should also be tender leaves and buds, and attention should be paid to the back of yin and yang, and the size should be interspersed.

Branches should also be divided into branches and branches, as well as the posture and density in the picture. These are the first problems that we should pay attention to when collecting materials for the purpose of sketching.

Although flower-and-bird painting does not usually have a stable perspective like landscape painting, we can use the method of moving the perspective to sketch from the most beautiful angle, paying attention to the proportion of flowers, branches and leaves. Painting flowers can start from the petals of stamens. Usually draw the most complete and front petals first, and then extend around. If the petals are too complicated, you can summarize them and pay attention to their beautiful shape.

The same is true of painting leaves. Besides paying attention to leaf order and structure, we should also pay attention to the changes of leaf back, leaf longitudinal direction, leaf back and leaf density, as well as the changes of front and rear leaves. Finally, we should draw branches, and when we do it vigorously, we should draw skin lines, such as the plum blossom should be young and old, the skin lines should be inclined, the small stems should be tall and strong, the dried peach skin should be horizontal, and the loose dried skin should have scales. The sketch of flowers should start with folding flowers, take an easy-to-draw mosaic and insert it in a vase for detailed observation. The covered stamens can also be studied separately for detailed structure.

After you are familiar with simple branches, you can choose a corner of the whole flower to try, or sketch the whole flower. Because the branches and leaves are more complicated, we must choose a suitable angle and make substantial cutting or adjustment. In short, flower sketch is not an illustration or illustration of plants, but a subjective choice and beautification, emphasizing the expression of interest.

Bird-watching birds, also called "feathers" in Chinese painting, can be divided into waterfowl and mountain birds. According to their living habits, they can also be divided into wading birds, swimming birds, raptors, climbing birds, songbirds and pheasants. The characteristics and habits of each species are as follows: (1) wading birds: they live in shallow water and prey on fish and shrimp, with long mouths, necks and feet. Such as cranes, storks and egrets.

(2) Birds: They like to swim in the water, with a flat mouth, short feet and webbed toes, and prey on fish, shrimp and insects. Such as seagulls, wild ducks, mandarin ducks, geese, albatrosses, etc.

(3) Raptor: It has powerful wings, hooked mouth, tiptoe and fierce temperament, and specializes in preying on small animals. Such as eagle, vulture, osprey, falcon, etc.

(4) Climbing birds: Most of them have a hook-shaped upper mouth and a short lower mouth, and their toes are in front and behind, so they can be caught on the trunk when climbing. Such as parrots, woodpeckers, etc.

(5) Songbirds: Like singing, most birds belong to this category. For example, Wei, Ying, Huamei, Shrike, oriole, starling and so on.

(6) Pheasant: It belongs to terrestrial birds, with large body, beautiful fur, long tail and similar mouth shape to chicken, and mostly grows in the bushes in the mountains. For example, pheasant, golden pheasant, long-tailed pheasant, peacock and so on.

Birds are oviparous, so the body (excluding the head, neck, feet, tail and other parts) is egg-shaped. Due to the different living environment and habits, its mouth, feet, wings and tail also have different proportions. Generally speaking, most waterfowl (wading birds and swimming birds) have long mouths and short tails, while most mountain birds (songbirds, climbing birds and pheasants) have short mouths and extremely long tails. Those with hooked mouths eat meat, those with slender mouths eat insects, those with long mouths eat bear shrimp, and those with thick mouths eat shells.

Most birds that can fly far away have long wings and are relatively developed, and there are many long necks among waterfowl, which can attack and peck fish quickly. In addition, the color and position of the head type and eye essence are different, so we should also grasp their uniqueness.

Birds have feathers all over their bodies, and fine cotton feathers have the function of heat preservation. In addition, there are semi-cotton feathers, and many senses with unclear shapes and many layers are stacked into a large area. The other is the clear shape of feathers, such as the feathers of wings and tails, which have detailed names. We should carefully observe the shape of feathers in different parts and their overlapping relationship, so as to be familiar with the organization and order of bird feathers.

In addition, we need to know the sex of birds. Most birds and animals are male, very beautiful, and a few have the same feathers, but the female is always slightly smaller than the male, and the wings and tails of birds are opposite. The female's right wing and tail are on it, and the male's left wing and left tail feather are on it. Birds' joy, anger, sadness and surprise are also different in their wings, tails and postures.

The sketch of this bird is not only complicated in structure.

2. A little knowledge of Chinese painting

Chinese painting Chinese painting (Xuanhua): Painting on Xuan paper and silk with pigments is the main form of oriental art (Xue's characterization).

From the perspective of art history, the capitals before the Republic of China were collectively called ancient paintings. In ancient times, Chinese painting did not have a clear name, and it was generally called Danqing, which mainly refers to scroll painting painted on silk, rice paper and silk and mounted.

It is called Chinese painting in modern times, which is different from western oil painting (also known as western painting) and other foreign paintings. It is created in accordance with the unique aesthetic trend of the Chinese nation and the resulting artistic techniques.

Chinese painting reflects the national consciousness and aesthetic taste of the Chinese nation in content and artistic creation, and embodies the ancient people's understanding of nature, society and politics, philosophy, religion, morality, literature and art related to it. Traditional Chinese painting emphasizes "the nature of foreign teachers is the source of China's heart", melts things into nature, and requires "meaning to save a pen first, painting as best as possible", which is vivid in form and spirit.

Because calligraphy and painting are in the same strain, both of them emphasize the use of brush to express thoughts and emotions, so painting, calligraphy and seal cutting influence and promote each other. Modern Chinese painting has made a breakthrough and development in inheriting tradition and absorbing foreign techniques.

3. Who knows about Chinese painting?

Chinese painting tools and teaching materials Chinese painting brush can be divided into long front pen, center pen and short front pen according to the stroke length, and their performances are different.

It is easy to draw beautiful lines before long, dignified and heavy before short, and both before medium and short. Painting landscapes should be centered. According to the size of the nib, brushes are divided into three types: small, medium and large.

Various models should be prepared for painting landscapes. Generally, a little wolf hair should be prepared for small scenery, a big wolf hair for big scenery, a sheep brush for small white clouds and big white clouds, and a bigger sheep brush for bucket pens is enough. How sharp the new pen is, it is only suitable for drawing thin lines, and the effect of rubbing, wiping and knocking the old pen is better.

Some painters like to paint with a bald pen, and the points and lines drawn have a vigorous and simple beauty. There are four criteria for making and selecting pens, namely, "sharp, neat, round and healthy", "sharp is smooth and sharp after the pen tip is closed, and sharp is sharp without losing its edge; Neat and flush with the front, neat and easy to change; "A circle is a circle, and a circle does not diverge when writing;" Health is moderately elastic, while health is durable.

China's brush is different from the western oil painting brush. China's brush is conical, and the brush for oil painting is flat, similar to China's combination brush. The nature of the pen depends on the manufacturing technology and the type of brush used. Brushes used for painting can be roughly divided into three categories: hard brushes, soft brushes and double brushes in between.

The bristles are mainly wolf hair (tail tip hair of weasels) and are made of mink, rat, horse, deer and rabbit hair. Hard brush is vigorous and powerful, suitable for drawing lines. Commonly used pens are Zhu Lan, Xiaoxing Palace, Little Red Riding Hood, Ye Jin pen, clothes pattern pen and writing brush. Soft brushes are mainly made of wool, but there are also bird feathers. Soft and watery, suitable for large-scale rendering. Common soft brushes include "Big Crane Neck", "Bai Gui Pen", "Dyed Pen", "Goose Pen" and "Pure Wool Pen". Japanese pens are "colored pens" and "picking pens".

Double-strand brush is made of wool, wolf hair (or rabbit hair), and its properties are between rigid and soft, such as "Seven Purple and Three Sheep", "White Cloud Pen" and "Pure Purple Pointed Hair", and Japanese pens include "Miao Ze", "Magnolia" and "Changliu". Good brushes all have some common characteristics: roundness, uniformity, sharpness and length. Brush should be cleaned in time after use to avoid ink drying and damage to the brush.

There are two common raw materials for making ink: lampblack and pine smoke. The ink is called lampblack ink and Song Yanmo. Oil fume ink is made of tung oil fume. The ink is black and shiny, which can show the subtle changes of ink color and is suitable for landscape painting. Pine smoke is dark and dull, which is mostly used for feathers and characters' hair, and is not suitable for landscape painting.

When choosing ink, look at its color first. Purple light ink is the best, followed by black, followed by cyan, and poor gray ink cannot be used. Listen to the sound again. The sound is crisp when the good ink is struck, delicate when it is ground, slow when it is inferior, and rough when it is ground. Clean water should be used for grinding ink, and the force should be even, and the ink should be slowly ground clockwise until it is thick.

The ink used for painting should be freshly ground. The ink that has been stored for a long time is called Su Mo, and there are concentrated dregs in Su Mo. It will get dirty if it is not used well. At present, calligraphy and painting inks produced in Beijing, Tianjin and other places (such as Yidege) are easy to use and have been used by many painters. But the glue in the ink is heavy, so it is best to add a little water and grind it evenly with an ink ingot.

The ink color is better. Paper Chinese painting used silk in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and it was not until the Yuan Dynasty that paper was widely used in painting.

The paper used in Chinese painting is different from other kinds of paintings. It is rice paper made of rosewood as the main raw material. Xuan paper was produced in Jingxian County, Anhui Province, and belonged to Xuanzhou in ancient times, so it was called Xuan paper. Xuan paper is divided into raw Xuan, cooked Xuan and semi-cooked Xuan.

Cooked rice paper is processed with alum water, and the ink is not easy to penetrate and will not melt when it meets water, but the effect is different from other papers. It can be used for detail description, repeated rendering and coloring, and is suitable for painting green and colorful meticulous landscapes. Raw rice paper is not treated with alum, which is characterized by strong water absorption and water permeability. It melts when it meets water, and it is easy to produce rich Mo Yun changes. It can receive the artistic effect of water-light ink printing, vigorous and beautiful, and is mostly used for freehand brushwork landscape painting.

Familiar posters are easy to master, but they are also prone to problems of fluency and stagnation; Sheng Xuan's paintings are interesting, but they penetrate quickly and are difficult to master. Therefore, painting landscapes generally likes to use semi-cooked rice paper.

Semi-cooked rice paper melts slowly in water, which not only changes Mo Yun, but also does not penetrate too much. Easy to master rubbing, rubbing, tracing and dyeing, and can show rich brushwork and ink interest. Other paper that can replace Xuan paper for painting include North Korea paper in Northeast China, Jiajiang Xuan paper in Sichuan and Liuji paper in Jiangxi. Its performance is close to that of semi-cooked rice paper.

The most famous inkstones in China are She Yan and Duanyan. She inkstone is produced in Shexian County, Anhui Province, and Duan inkstone is produced in Gaoyao County, Guangdong Province.

Okay, inkstone. Generally speaking, it is enough to choose inkstones of various properties for calligraphy and painting. When choosing an inkstone, the stone is delicate and moist, easy to ink and does not absorb water.

Wash the inkstone in time after use, keep it clean, and avoid sun exposure and fire roasting. The quality of inkstone has a great influence on the color of ink. The most ideal inkstone is Duan Xi inkstone produced in Zhaoqing, Guangdong, or Anhui inkstone, which is made of stone slips, with fine ink quality, fast ink development and fine grinding, and can be preserved for a long time, but good inkstone is expensive, and the quality of Luoxi inkstone produced in the second aquatic product of this province is also good. However, it is not appropriate to choose plastic products poured from resin and stone powder. Although it is better to use fine stone, it is too smooth.

There are also many styles of inkstone, among which Mohai No.1 is the most convenient and can store a lot of ink. You can cover it after use to prevent the ink from drying up. After a period of time, there is too much residual ink, so it should be soaked in water first and then washed away to keep the inkstone clean.

Pigment China's painting developed to the Tang Dynasty, with emphasis on color as the mainstream. Since the prevalence of ink painting in Song Dynasty, under the trend of literati, the use of color has gradually declined. However, painters should have a better understanding of traditional painting pigments, develop in many aspects, or better combine with ink painting. There are two kinds of traditional pigments.

Mineral pigments are made by blending minerals, with thick colors and strong hiding power. Commonly used are: (1) stone green: usually in powder form, which needs to be mixed with glue when used. Azurite can be divided into Touqing, Erqing, Sanqing and Siqing according to its color, among which Touqing is the thickest and greenest.

4. Knowledge of Chinese painting

To prepare rice paper (cooked rice paper, raw rice paper), silk, alum, pen, ink, Chinese painting pigments, pen washing, palette, etc.

Aluminum plating is mainly to prevent ink and pigment from leaking to the back of paper. It's better to go more often.

Gongbi Gongbi is a form of Chinese painting that depicts scenes with meticulous brushwork. Bian Luan is an outstanding representative of flower-and-bird painting in Tang Dynasty. He can draw the active state of birds and the bright colors of flowers.

Make "Peony Map", with bright colors and beautiful hair. If you look closely, you can be sure that the peony was painted at noon. The cat's eye in the original picture has a "vertical line" visible.

Another example is the flower feather written by Huang Quan, a painter of the Five Dynasties, which is lifelike, but it was attacked by the goshawk as a physical object. This can be seen in the Review of Famous Paintings in the Holy Dynasty: "During the Zheng Guang period, I ordered my son to paint the four seasons landscapes and various flowers and birds in the Baguatang, which was the best preparation. That winter, I will go hunting. Because I pressed the eagle dog, there was an eagle in it, and people struggling to raise their arms couldn't control it. So I went directly to the temple to fight for the feathers I painted. "

Meticulous painting became popular in the Tang Dynasty. Therefore, the reason why outstanding artistic achievements can be achieved lies in the maturity of painting techniques on the one hand and the improvement of painting materials on the other.

Gongbi painting must be painted on silk or rice paper treated with alum. In the early Tang Dynasty, the improvement of silk materials promoted the development of meticulous painting to a certain extent. According to Mi Fei's History of Painting, "Silk was born in ancient paintings, and it was half-cooked in the early Tang Dynasty, Wu Sheng, Zhou and Hanwo. Later, the hot soup was cooked, and the powder was like a silver board, posing as a character, and the writing was brilliant. "

Generally speaking, meticulous painting needs to draw a manuscript first, and a complete manuscript needs to be revised repeatedly before it can be finalized. Then cover it with rice paper or plastic alum silk, first outline it with a small pen, then color it with the class and render it layer by layer to achieve the artistic effect of both form and spirit. For example, autumn photos of Chen Zhifo.

China's meticulous painting has a long history. From the Warring States to the Song Dynasty, the creation of meticulous painting moved from naivety to maturity. Meticulous painting uses the means of "doing my best", and obtains the perfect unity of expression and form through "taking shape with spirit, taking shape with line and expressing meaning with shape".

In meticulous painting, both figure painting and flower-and-bird painting strive for shape, and "shape" plays an important role in meticulous painting. Different from freehand brushwork in ink painting, meticulous painting pays more attention to "details" and realism. The pictures of ladies holding flowers and ladies shaking fans in the Tang Dynasty, the pictures of Tao Ren by Zhang Xuan and You Chuntu, the wife of the State of Guo, all describe real life. These works are not only descriptive but also poetic.

After the late Ming Dynasty, with the introduction of western painting techniques into China, Chinese and western paintings began to learn from each other, thus making meticulous painting more accurate in modeling, while maintaining the natural flow of lines and poetic content. What kind of pigments are used in Chinese painting? The pigments used in Chinese painting include plant pigments (watercolor) and natural mineral pigments (stone color), as well as chemical synthetic pigments.

Plant pigments include cyanine, rouge, gamboge and so on. Mineral pigments include ochre, cinnabar, cinnabar, azurite, stone green, stone yellow and so on.

The traditional Chinese painting pigments packaged in zinc tubes are mostly chemical synthetic pigments. These are collectively referred to as Chinese painting pigments.

Watercolor (plant pigment) is transparent, can be used in harmony with each other, has no hiding power, is unstable in color quality and is easy to fade. Stone color (mineral pigment) is an opaque color and cannot be used in harmony with each other. Strong hiding power, stable color quality and not easy to fade.

Stone color and watercolor cannot be used harmoniously. Q: What is the writing method of Chinese painting? A: Beginners must first know how to hold a pen, so that they can pose correctly and use ink freely. They should pay attention to the following points: (1) Use the pen correctly: use the pen regularly and straightly.

The bone writing pen is centered. (2) Point to reality: fingers should be firm and flexible, and don't cling to them.

(3) Palm deficiency: Hold the pen with your fingers, don't hold it too tightly, and leave your fingers empty, so that you can write freely. (4) Hanging the wrist and elbow: it refers to hanging the wrist or elbow in a large area where the pen is transported, so that the pen can follow its heart and exert its overall strength.

What ink is used in Chinese painting? Ink painting has a unique position in China's painting. There are two kinds of ink: solid ink and liquid ink. The traditional ink used in Chinese painting is solid ink. Because of the different raw materials used, it can be divided into three types: oil smoke ink, lacquer smoke ink and Song Yanmo ink.

Oil smoke ink-is made of tung oil and other oils burned into smoke. Its black is warmer, used for painting, and it is in harmony with other transparent colors.

Song Yanmo-It is made of smoke from burning pine branches. Its black color is cold, and it is mostly used for calligraphy. Lacquer smoke ink-it is made of traditional lacquer burning smoke. Its black color is delicate and shiny, and it is also suitable for painting.

In the selection, the delicate and moist blue-purple is the best. Take "top, top, tribute and selection" as the grade of ink.

Liquid ink keeps the characteristics of oily smoke ink, because convenience is very popular now, but it is more suitable for freehand brushwork. Among them, "Tianjin Calligraphy and Painting Ink" and "Yidege Ink" in Beijing are the best.

What paper is used for meticulous painting? Cooked rice paper or cooked silk is used for meticulous painting, which is made by brushing raw rice paper or silk with a certain proportion of glue alum water. Its performance is not affected by water.

At present, there are many varieties of cooked rice paper, including clear water calligraphy and painting, ice and snow, calligraphy and painting, cicada wings, mica and so on. The cooked rice paper is thin and thick, and the alum water is thick and light.

Generally speaking, thin people are suitable for painting light colors, while fat people are suitable for painting heavy colors. Cicada is the thinnest, and ice and snow are the thickest.

In addition, fine silk can be drawn with gold stationery and various dyed paper as pure silk products, which can be divided into round silk and plain silk. Round silk, also called "precursor silk", is often used in ancient paintings.

Flat silk is commonly used now. After weaving, it is mashed to make it flat, so as to reduce the gap between the silk, and it is not easy to leak alum after brushing the glue alum water. This kind of silk has white and imitation old colors.

What pen is used for meticulous painting? (1) Gou Xianbi's meticulous paintings mostly use the center to outline thin and even lines. Generally, a thin-pointed wolfsbane pen is selected.

Commonly used pens include clothing pattern pen, Ye Jin pen, scarlet hair, scarlet hair, crab claw, wolf's paw, purple paw, etc. (2) Commonly used dyeing pens are: big white clouds, middle white clouds, small white clouds and other soft brush pens.

Pure wool pens are too soft and generally do not work well. Baiyun pen is better, because the outer layer is wool, and the middle part is hard and stiff, which can hold water and is elastic. (3) Brush-style meticulous painting often needs to draw the background color, or large-scale painting and rendering, so it needs wool brushes or combination pens with various widths.

What are the main dyeing methods of meticulous painting?

5. What are the basic knowledge of Chinese painting?

You must know four basic knowledge of Chinese painting: the concept of Chinese painting, classification methods, tools and materials, and mounting style.

Everyone is no stranger to Chinese painting in daily life. We have seen some Chinese paintings to some extent, whether ancient or contemporary, and it takes a lot of hesitation to say what these three words mean. Then why is Chinese painting called Chinese painting? The real painting system, I mean the concept of pure ornamental art, only Chinese painting system and western painting system, in which Chinese painting system is based on calligraphy and western painting system is based on sketch.

Chinese paintings are divided into four categories according to materials, contents, painters and techniques. This also corresponds to four questions: where to draw, what to draw, who drew it and how to draw it.

Four Treasures of the Study, who studies Chinese painting, is what we often say: pen and ink. The main forms of Chinese painting and calligraphy are: vertical axis, horizontal shawl, hand scroll, album and fan.

The origin of Chinese painting constitutes the upper limit of Chinese painting, the classification of Chinese painting constitutes the lower limit of Chinese painting, the tool materials of Chinese painting are on the left side of Chinese painting, and the layout of Chinese painting is on the right side of Chinese painting. This multidimensional structure of up, down, left and right constitutes the basic knowledge system of Chinese painting system.

Extended data:

Ink painting: a kind of Chinese painting. Refers to a painting made of pure ink and wash.

There are three basic elements: simplicity, symbolism and nature. Legend has it that it began in the Tang Dynasty, became in the Five Dynasties, flourished in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, and continued to develop in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and modern times.

Give full play to the function of ink painting with brushwork as the leading factor. "Ink is color" means that the shade change of ink is a hierarchical change of color, and "ink is color" means that multi-level ink chromaticity can be used instead of colorful colors.

In the Northern Song Dynasty, Shen Kuo's "Tu Song" said: "The south of the Yangtze River spread to Ju Ran, and the light ink and light blue became one." Which is ink painting.

People in the Tang and Song Dynasties painted landscapes with wet strokes, which had the effect of "water fainting ink printing". People in the Yuan Dynasty began to use dry pen, and the ink color changed a lot, which had the artistic effect of "giving color at the same time". In the Tang Dynasty, Wang Wei put forward that "ink painting is the best", and later generations followed suit.

Ink painting has always occupied an important position in the history of China painting. Courtyard painting: referred to as "courtyard painting" or "courtyard painting", it is a kind of Chinese painting.

Generally speaking, it refers to the paintings of Hanlin Painting Academy in Song Dynasty and its later court painters. There are also works specifically referring to the Southern Song Dynasty Painting Academy, or generally referring to non-court painters who imitate the style of the Southern Song Dynasty Painting Academy.

This kind of works mainly focus on flowers and birds, landscapes, court life and religious content to meet the needs of the court. They pay attention to statutes, have both form and spirit, and have a gorgeous and delicate style. Because different times and painters have different specialties, their painting styles are different and have their own characteristics.

Mr. Lu Xun said: "It is advisable to give up the tender and gentle aspects of the courtyard paintings in Song Dynasty." (Jie Jieting's Prose Collection? About "Adoption of Old Forms") References:

Baidu encyclopedia of Chinese painting.

6. If you want to know about Chinese painting, the more comprehensive the better.

Chinese painting is one of the traditional plastic arts in China.

It has its own system in the field of world art. Can be roughly divided into; Figures, landscapes, boundary paintings, flowers, fruits, feathers, animals, insects, fish, etc. There are techniques such as meticulous brushwork, freehand brushwork, sketching, color setting and ink painting, and color setting can be divided into resplendent, turquoise, boneless, splash color, light color and light crimson.

Mainly use the changes of lines and ink color to describe the image and business place with hook, dot, dye, thick, light, dry, wet, yin, yang, direction, back, virtual, real, sparse, dense and empty; View layout, wide field of vision, not limited to focus perspective. There are murals, screens, scrolls, picture albums, fans and other picture frames, supplemented by traditional mounting techniques.

Figure painting gradually matured from the late Zhou Dynasty to the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties. Mountains and rivers, flowers, paintings of birds and animals, etc. It was not until the Sui and Tang Dynasties that an independent painting discipline was formed.

In the Five Dynasties and the Song Dynasty, various schools of thought competed for each other, and ink painting became popular, and landscape painting became a major branch. Literati painting developed in the Song Dynasty, but reached its peak in the Yuan Dynasty, and the painting style tended to be freehand. Ming and Qing dynasties and modern times continued to develop, paying more and more attention to expressing ideas and smoothing the mind.

Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Tang Dynasty and Ming and Qing Dynasties were successively influenced by Buddhist art and western painting art.. Traditional Chinese painting emphasizes "the nature of foreign teachers is the source of China's heart", requires "meaning to save the pen first, and draw as best as possible", and emphasizes the integration of things and the creation of artistic conception, so as to achieve the purpose of describing the spirit with form, having both form and spirit and vivid charm.

Because calligraphy and painting are of the same origin, they are closely related to the operation of bone and line, so the seal cutting of calligraphy and painting affects each other and forms a remarkable artistic feature. The tool materials for painting are pens, ink, paper, inkstone and silk specially made in China.

Modern Chinese painting has made a breakthrough and development in inheriting tradition and absorbing foreign techniques. Ink painting is a kind of Chinese painting.

Refers to a painting made of pure ink and wash. There are three basic elements: simplicity, symbolism and nature.

Legend has it that it began in the Tang Dynasty, became in the Five Dynasties, flourished in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, and continued to develop in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and modern times. Give full play to the function of ink painting with brushwork as the leading factor.

"Ink is color" means that the shade change of ink is a hierarchical change of color, and "ink is color" means that multi-level ink chromaticity can be used instead of colorful colors. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Shen Kuo's "Tu Song" said: "The south of the Yangtze River spread to Ju Ran, and the light ink and light blue became one."

Which is ink painting. People in the Tang and Song Dynasties painted landscapes with wet strokes, which had the effect of "water fainting ink printing". People in the Yuan Dynasty began to use dry pen, and the ink color changed a lot, which had the artistic effect of "giving color at the same time".

In the Tang Dynasty, Wang Wei put forward that "ink painting is the best", and later generations followed suit. Ink painting has always occupied an important position in the history of China painting.

Courtyard painting, referred to as "courtyard painting" or "courtyard painting", is a kind of Chinese painting. Generally speaking, it refers to the paintings of Hanlin Painting Academy in Song Dynasty and its later court painters.

There are also works specifically referring to the Southern Song Dynasty Painting Academy, or generally referring to non-court painters who imitate the style of the Southern Song Dynasty Painting Academy. This kind of works mainly focus on flowers and birds, landscapes, court life and religious content to meet the needs of the court. They pay attention to statutes, have both form and spirit, and have a gorgeous and delicate style.

Because different times and painters have different specialties, their painting styles are different and have their own characteristics. Mr. Lu Xun said: "It is advisable to give up the tender and gentle aspects of the courtyard paintings in Song Dynasty."

Literati painting is also called "Literati painting". A Chinese painting.

Generally refers to the paintings made by literati in China feudal society. Different from the paintings of folk painters and professional painters in the Palace Painting Academy, Su Shi put forward "literati painting" in the Northern Song Dynasty, and Dong Qichang advocated "literati painting" in the Ming Dynasty, with Wang Wei as the founder and the ancestor of Nanzong (see Nanbeizong).

But in the old days, it was often used to raise the painting art of the literati class and despise folk painters and institutional painters. In the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Yanyuan once said in Notes on Famous Paintings of Past Dynasties: "Those who have been good at painting since ancient times are better than others without elegant clothes."

This sentence has far-reaching influence. Modern Chen Hengke believes that "literati painting has four elements: personality, knowledge, talent and thought, and with these four elements, it can be perfected."

Usually, "literati painting" takes landscape, flowers and birds, plum blossoms, bamboo, chrysanthemum, wood and stone as the theme. To express "spiritual spirit" or personal ambition, sometimes it also contains feelings of oppression to the nation or resentment against decadent politics. They admire "morale" and "one product", advocate algae interest, stress pen and ink interest, get rid of similarities, emphasize verve, and attach great importance to the cultivation of literature and calligraphy and the creation of artistic conception of painting.

Mang Fu Yao's Preface to Scholars' Painting in China once had a high evaluation: "King Youcheng of the Tang Dynasty (Wei) helped poems to enter the painting, and then the pen became interesting, and the method changed at will. Needless to say, the palace merchants, the mountains and mountains are all rhyme, and the righteousness does not have to be more prosperous. " Literati paintings in past dynasties have a great influence on the aesthetic thought of Chinese painting and the development of ink painting, freehand brushwork and other techniques.

Painting is divided into ten Chinese painting terms. Chinese painting is divided into six branches, namely, figures, houses, landscapes, pommel horses, ghosts and gods, flowers and birds, etc.

Xuanhe Garden in the Northern Song Dynasty is divided into ten gates, namely, Taoist Gate, Zimen Gate, Gongmen Gate, Gate, Arowana Gate, Shanshui Gate, Animal Gate, Flower and Bird Gate, Zhu Mo Gate and Vegetable Gate. Deng Chun's Painting with the Southern Song Dynasty is divided into eight categories (doors), namely, immortals, buddhas, ghosts and gods, biographies of people, landscapes, forests and stones, flowers, bamboo feathers, animals, insects and fish, houses, trees, boats and cars, melons and fruits, vegetables and grasses, and small miscellaneous paintings.

See Thirteen Schools. Terms of thirteen Chinese paintings.

Chinese painting is divided into six branches: Zhang Yanyuan's Record of Famous Paintings in Tang Dynasty; In the Northern Song Dynasty, Xuanhe Huapu was divided into ten branches. Deng Chun's painting in the Southern Song Dynasty is divided into eight categories. Dong Tang's Painting Guide in Yuan Dynasty said: "There are thirteen secular painters, starting with mountains and rivers and based on boundary painting."

Thirteen subjects of painters in Tao's Record of Descending Agriculture in the Ming Dynasty are: Buddha and Bodhisattva, Taoist temple of the Jade Emperor, King Kong and ghosts, Lohan holy monks, Fengyun Dragon and Tiger, ancient people, the whole mountain forest, flowers and bamboo feathers, wild mules and animals, people's use, boundary painting terraces, exclusive respect for all things, agricultural weaving and carving inlaid with green. Landscape painting is called "landscape" for short.

A Chinese painting. Painting with natural scenery as the main body.

The Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties gradually developed, but it was still attached to figure painting, which was mostly used as a background. Independence began in Sui and Tang Dynasties, such as Zhan Ziqian's colorful landscape, Li Sixun's Jinbi landscape, Wang Wei's ink landscape and Wang Qia's splash-ink landscape. Landscape painting flourished in the Five Dynasties and the Northern Song Dynasty, with many authors, such as Guan Tong, Li Cheng, Dong Yuan, Fan Kuan, Xu Daoning, Yan Wengui and Song.