What is the water allocation of garden plants?

Lakes are the most common waterscape in gardens. For example, the West Lake in Hangzhou, Xuanwu Lake in Nanjing, Kunming Lake in the Summer Palace in Beijing and Daming Lake in Jinan.

Hangzhou West Lake, following Su Dongpo, is "clear water, rainy mountains." If you want to compare the West Lake to the West Lake, light makeup is always appropriate. After chanting, it is also called "the lake of learning Chinese characters". The beauty of the West Lake lies in the natural landscape. The seasonal changes in the shapes and colors of plants along the West Lake make the West Lake more vivid and add the significance of enjoying the scenery. In the early spring, plum blossoms bloom in the lonely mountain, and the "one willow and one peach" along the Wenying coast of Bai Causeway, Su Causeway and Liuyang embodies the traditional artistic conception of plant arrangement in the West Lake in history, especially the leaf colors of weeping willows, Metasequoia glyptostroboides and Platanus acerifolia, which make the West Lake more vibrant and full of spring. The autumn colors around the West Lake are formed by the yellow color of Platanus acerifolia in silver moon of Santan and Fenghe of Quyuan, the red leaf forest and Metasequoia glyptostroboides in Zhaoqian Mountain. In particular, a layer of orange-yellow sycamore street trees at the foot of Baoshi Mountain, like a brocade belt, is tightly tied on the brocade robe with Baokui Tower as the main scene, surrounded by red, yellow and green colors composed of Liquidambar formosana, Sapindus mukoraiensis, pentagonal maple and Cinnamomum camphora, which are very rich in color.

There are several beautiful plant landscapes on the shore of south china botanical garden Lake, which form a large area of larch forest, betel nut forest and scattered sunflower groups in the form of group planting, which is quite tropical garden scenery.

2. swimming pool

In smaller gardens, water bodies often appear in the form of pools. In order to achieve the effect of "seeing the big from the small", plant configuration often highlights individual posture or uses plants to divide the water surface and increase the level. For example, the water surface area of the pool in the middle of Suzhou Wangshi Garden is 4 10 square meter, and the water surface is small, but relatively concentrated. It is made into an almost square pool, and only two streams are harvested in the southeast and northwest of the pool. This stream seems to show the ins and outs of the pool water, but more importantly, it plays a role in scale comparison. At the same time, on the trickle, a small bridge with stage scenery was set up as a foil to reflect the emptiness of the pool. There are willow, peach, magnolia, black pine and white pine in the pool. By the pool, a pine tree in Gu Zhuo, with its crown and branches reaching out to the water, has a vivid reflection and picturesque scenery. Plants such as Luojia, Ficus pumila, Wisteria, Nanyingchun and Euphorbia humifusa are planted on the stone revetment, which makes the pool shore full of wild interest.

This pool of water in the middle of Master Wang's garden is a simple and wonderful idea. Pavilions, pavilions and pavilions are arranged around it, and rocks, flowers and trees are placed around the pool, making it a mirror, reflecting the sky and clouds.

A pool in Hangzhou Botanical Garden has a natural pool shape. The plants on the shore are mainly tall trees, such as Cinnamomum camphora, Phoebe bournei and Pterocarya stenoptera, but there are no colorful flowers and trees. The pool is surrounded by turf soil revetment, which is swaying, but it also reveals the simplicity and tranquility of nature.

The pool in the main scenic spot of Huanglong Cave in Hangzhou has an area of only 4 15 square meters, but the height difference between the river bank and the water surface is 1.5 meters. Yellowstone is stacked on the revetment, covered with vines such as Ficus pumila, trachelospermum and rose. Rhododendron, Nandina domestica, Camellia, Coral with Peach Leaves, Palm, Cinnamomum camphora, Pterocarya stenoptera, Magnolia grandiflora and Shapu are planted on the shore.

Hangzhou Yuefen Zhongjing Garden has a moon-shaped lotus pond. Most of the formal pond banks are hidden in the yellow heart of Yunnan by the pond, and plants such as Lagerstroemia indica, Liriodendron chinense, Camellia japonica and Ophiopogon japonicus are planted on the shore, giving people a quiet feeling.

3. Streams, streams and canyons

"On Painting" said: "The water in the valley is called the stream, and the water in the mountain is called the stream".

From the foot of the mountain to the foot of the mountain, the mountains and rivers converge, and when they reach the flat land, many streams and streams gather to form rivers. Generally, streams are shallow and wide, while streams are narrow and deep.

Streams and canyons can best reflect the wild interest of mountains and forests. There are many streams in nature. For example, there is a stream outside Shunxi Village, Shunxi Town, Lin 'an City, Zhejiang Province, and plants such as Miscanthus pentaphyllum and Myrica rubra are scattered freely by the stream. If there are conditions in the park, a stream can be set up. For example, Yuquan Creek in Hangzhou, located in the east of Yuquan Guanyu, is a small curved stream artificially dug to guide Yuquan Water Cave into the landscape garden of Botanical Garden. The stream is more than 60 meters long and only about 1 meter wide. Cherry blossoms, magnolia, Ligustrum lucidum, yellow hearts, azaleas, begonia and other flowers and trees are scattered on both sides, and the stream is paved with lake stones and turf. Every spring, streams flow out of the bushes.

The "Eighteen Rivers in Jiujiang" in Hangzhou has a 6-kilometer-long winding mountain road, with ups and downs on both sides, lush, winding peaks and gurgling streams. The plants beside the stream are Pterocarya stenoptera, Cinnamomum camphora, Pinus massoniana and other miscellaneous trees. There are teas on the slopes, natural secondary forests on the mountains, and abundant aquatic plants beside the stream. There are stepping stones in the stream, and there are also grinding stones that make the stream make a sonorous sound. As described by Yu Yue in Qing Dynasty, "Mountains overlap, winding paths surround, springs tinkle and trees rise to the sky", which completely presents a natural and simple valley scenery.

In Hangzhou Scenic Area, there is also a common stream. There are not many kinds of plants on both sides, only a few rough trees, such as Pterocarya stenoptera, give it shade. The stream flows slowly, and pebbles are arranged on both sides for people to rest and wash their hands and feet, forming a quiet, simple and natural cool environment, which is fascinating. Make a stream like a cloud.

For example, the Qinyu Gorge Valley in the Summer Palace in Beijing is nearly 20 meters long and about 1 meter wide. There are many boulders on both sides, among which several tall and straight trees are planted. Vitex negundo, jujube, snake grape and other vines grow among the rocks on the shore, forming a simple and natural mountain environment. Wisteria and bamboo bushes are planted in the canyon, which has the flavor of Jiangnan water town.

4. Spring

Because the spring water gushes and jumps, it is eye-catching, so it can be used as the theme of scenic spots in the garden. If some suitable plants are planted next to spring to set it off, it will show the vitality and vitality of spring. Jinan, Shandong Province is a famous spring city. It can be said that every family has springs and weeping willows. At the bottom of Baotu Spring, Pearl Spring and other famous springs, glittering and translucent green aquatic plants are swaying, making the springs crystal clear.

Spring pools formed by spewing springs are also common in Hangzhou. Plant configuration forms also vary from pond to pond. Regular square spring pools are mostly combined with temple buildings. There are generally no trees beside the pool, but some trees are planted in the corner of the pool. For example, the rebuilt Yuquan Pool.

In the garden combined with architecture, there are artificial springs and pools to create the artistic conception of natural mountains and forests. For example, the silver spring of Xiling Printing House is a spring pool excavated by hand, with an area of only 1 square meter and a depth of less than 1 meter. It is located at the intersection leading to the top of the mountain. To the north of the pool is a stone wall with the word "Silver Spring" engraved on it. There are books and grass in the masonry beside the pool, and a cluster of arrow palms beside the pool, which is simple and elegant. Another example is the idle spring on the lonely peak. The spring water is S-shaped, and plants such as Compound Stone, Boxwood and Nandina domestica are freely planted beside the pool, which is natural and elegant.

5. River

In China classical gardens, it is rare to directly use rivers. In some classical regular gardens in western European countries, there are often regular canals with tall trees planted on both sides. For example, the canals of Versailles in France cross each other. The most effective way to make the garden look wider is the canal. Not only that, the canal also provided a playground for the nobles at that time. They played so-called water music on the boat when they went sightseeing. At this time, running water often makes the sound of music more euphemistic. In Dutch gardens, canals are also widely used.

The Houhu Lake of the Summer Palace in Beijing is actually a river cut along the northern foot of the mountain, with a total length of about 1000 meters. Its north shore is close to the north palace wall, and the terrain is cramped. The soil dug by the river is piled up along the north bank into hills and hills, and the palace wall is covered. At first glance, there seems to be infinite space except the green hills. The trend of these slopes echoes the natural foot of the south bank. From the surface of the water, it is quite interesting that "there are green hills on both sides of the strait and jasper flows into a river". More subtly, the river bank is divided into six sections by using the gorge and the stone tablet. The shape of each section of water surface is different, but it is slightly close to the proportion of lakes, forming a series of small lakes with different landscape characteristics. After this careful treatment, the long river body can avoid the rigid and monotonous feeling and increase the interest of opening and closing changes. Half a block of waterfront docks or buildings are exposed in the peach and willow bushes on both sides of the river, which has a very strong emotional appeal of Jiangnan water town.

Rivers in gardens can be divided into navigable rivers and ornamental rivers according to their functions, and natural rivers and conventional rivers according to their forms. Trees with soft branches are planted on both sides of the river, such as weeping willows, elms, tallow, Pu Shu, Pterocarya stenoptera and torch trees. Or plant shrubs, such as Spring Festival, Forsythia suspensa in the snow, Lagerstroemia indica, Pearl Plum, etc. , so that the branches hang obliquely on the water surface and decorate flowers and plants; The same tree species can also be planted along the coast.

6. Embankments and islands

Embankments, bridges and islands set in water bodies are often used as the main themes and means to divide water space. The arrangement of plants on the dike island can not only increase the level of water surface space, but also enrich the water surface space because of the seasonal changes of plants in the four seasons.

(1) Dike can divide a large area of water into waters with different scenery, and can also be used as a passage. Gardens are mostly straight dikes, and there are few curved dikes. To divide the space with dikes, it is necessary to plant trees on the dikes to increase the separation effect. The colors of flowers and leaves and the horizontal and vertical lines on the long embankment can make the scenery produce continuous rhythm.

A large number of trees and flowers have been planted on the Su Causeway and Bai Causeway of the West Lake in Hangzhou, which have become two green "floating corridors" on the water surface of the West Lake, dividing the West Lake into five lakes of different sizes and shapes. The islands in the lake, such as Gushan, Santan Yinyue and Courtyard Wharf, can divide the lake into water spaces with different tastes. After the cold winter, Su Causeway seems to be a primrose, announcing the coming of spring in the West Lake. On a sunny day, the wind shakes the willows and dances gracefully, like smoke, like green fog, and the curly hair is erratic; The hearts, white peaches and green peaches between willows are red and green, and they burn in spring. On rainy days, the scenery in Su Causeway is even more wonderful and charming. Thousands of trees and green willows are looming in the wind and rain. After the spring rain, the three-sided mountain looks particularly lush and green. The six bridges on Long Beach are looming in the mist. This kind of water is swallowed up by clouds and the landscape is connected. It is indeed a wonderful ink painting of "Six Bridges and Willow".

Two rows of mallows were planted on both sides of the lake embankment in Liuhua Lake Park. Because of the strong reflected light in the water and the phototaxis of mallow, it grows obliquely to the water surface, which is quite dynamic.

In addition, some large royal gardens, such as the Summer Palace in Beijing and the Summer Resort in Chengde, all have dikes, and they all copy the Su Causeway landscape of the West Lake in Hangzhou.

(2) An island is a large piece of land surrounded by water on three or four sides, the largest of which is often called the mainland. There are many types and sizes of islands. There are mountain islands, flat islands and island reefs. Islands can be divided into water spaces in gardens, making the water surface form several interesting waters. The water surface still has a sense of continuity, but it can increase the level of landscape. Especially on the larger water surface, it can break the monotony of the water surface. The island is in the water and surrounded by an open environment, so it is not only a scenic spot to enjoy the surrounding scenery, but also a scenic spot to watch around, and it can also play the role of a water barrier landscape. Islands can also increase the content of garden activities and enliven the atmosphere. For example, the map of Chunting Island in the Summer Palace in Beijing is 13.

Figure 13 Scenery of Beijing Summer Palace

In addition to the needs of sightseeing, the arrangement of plants on the peninsula should also consider the tour guide route, so as not to hinder the traffic. The islands in the lake require scenery to be enjoyed on all sides, and the plant configuration density is relatively high.

Yin Yue, also known as Xiaoyingzhou, is a unique case of Hudao. The island covers an area of 70,000 square meters. The north and south are connected by a curved bridge, and the east and west are connected by an earth embankment. The lake on the island is divided into four lakes, and the whole island is surrounded by a circular embankment. Seen from the sky, it looks like a green "field", showing the scenery of "there is an island in the lake and a lake in the island".

The plant disposition in Xiaoyingzhou, Santan, Yin Yue is divided into density and diversity. The whole island is dominated by spring and autumn scenery, taking into account the four seasons; Trees are dominant, shrubs and ground cover plants are secondary; With Salix macrophylla, Cinnamomum camphora and Osmanthus fragrans as the backbone tree species, flowers and foliage plants on the central axis are highlighted. Osmanthus fragrans, Lagerstroemia indica and Acer truncatum from autumn scenery were planted in the south of Yingzhou, which combined to form the "Santan Yin Yue" landscape. On the west side of the North Wharf, lawns are laid and camellias are planted to provide a resting place for tourists. Lotus is planted in a large area on the west side of Quqiao Lake, and water lilies are planted beside the bridge, showing high and low levels and changeable density. On the central island where people are concentrated, the spring and autumn scenery is the main scenery, and plants are used to separate the space, forming a comfortable and quiet environment. Reflection is another beautification technique. Standing in the west of the island, pavilions, rockeries, green trees and white walls in the northeast are reflected in the water together with the blue sky and white clouds, forming a vivid waterscape painting. Every evening, looking from east to west, the banks and trees in the west are reflected to the water by strong backlight, reflecting a clear outline and having the meaning of silhouette painting. If you look at the Three Towers on the lake in Liu Xia, Daye, and the branches are inclined to the water, you will suddenly enter the artistic conception of "the mountains are quiet and the waves are greeted, and the towers are clear in the water."

Willow and peach trees are planted on Chunting Island in the Summer Palace in Beijing. Peach and willow believe in spring and know the meaning of spring.

Qionghua Island in Beijing Beihai Park covers an area of 5.9 hectares and hangs in the southeast corner of the water. The ancients used "Dieyun" and "Diecui" to summarize the scenery of Qionghua Island. Among them, "Emerald" refers to the Gu Song Cooper on the island, which is like a jade collection. The island is rich in plant species, mainly willow around the island, and plants such as Robinia pseudoacacia, Platycladus orientalis, Albizia Albizia and Wisteria are planted alternately. Evergreen pines and cypresses not only hide the pavilions and pavilions on the island, but also set off the whiteness of the white tower at the top of the island with its rich colors.

7. Seaside

The arrangement of waterfront plants is an important part of water space, and its artistic composition combined with other garden elements plays a major role in the landscape of water space. It must be based on the selection of water-resistant and moisture-resistant plant materials and the ecological conditions of plants, and then the aesthetic arrangement can be successful.

(1) Artistic Composition of Waterfront Plant Configuration

① canopy line. Plant configuration not only produces dense green barriers, but also produces competing high and low canopy lines and rich chromatograms. When arranging plants, we should give full play to the appeal of these artistic factors.

Different shapes of various plants form different canopy lines, which are round or soft, sharp or straight. Using these lines, we should not only consider the style of the whole garden, but also consider the characteristics of the scenic environment to create a profound artistic conception in an appropriate and harmonious way. For example, the big arc of Cinnamomum camphora and the small arc of weeping willows on Ruangong pier in Hangzhou West Lake play a beautiful movement together. Metasequoia glyptostroboides by the pool in Nanjing Medical Park has a straight crown and is in harmony with the environment of modern parks (Figure 14).

Figure 14 Landscape of Nanjing Medical Park

2 landscape. The plants along the water's edge are not densely enclosed, but should follow the principle of "plants are harvested when they are good, and plants are discarded when they are vulgar", and reveal pleasant scenery through sparse plant gaps. At this time, trees will play the role of framing the scenery, so that the transparent scenery and the viewer's attention will be more concentrated. For example, on the mortar embankment of the West Lake in Hangzhou, peaches and willows alternate with each other, but there is no congestion. In the gap, you can enjoy the cruise ships on the blue waves on both sides and the scenery on the other side.

3 color composition. By contrast, the colors are gorgeous and rich. Because water is blue-green, and green plants are green series, other colorful plants should be used for decoration and beautification. For example, in Hangzhou Huagang Fish Garden, Daphne Chiba blooms in midsummer, and a string of purple flowers dissolve in the lake, which is in harmony with the swimming fish. For example, pomegranate, red maple, ginkgo and a bunch of red flowers are planted by the pool of Suzhou Art Garden. Autumn is colorful, reflecting pool is rich and harmonious. Other plants, such as crape myrtle, loquat, cherry blossom, begonia, camellia, Tang Di, etc. , should be planted on the shore.

Because the horizontal plane is straight, it is "not suitable for looking up at the mountain", so the plant configuration should also be dispersed in the plane and elevation. The towering Liquidambar formosana and horizontal Sapium sebiferum near Tianpingshan Lake in Suzhou enrich the water landscape.

(2) Plant disposition of revetment Waterfront treatment in gardens directly affects the beauty of waterscape. There can be gentle slopes, steep slopes and even vertical jumps on the seashore. According to the form of revetment, it can be divided into natural type and regular type. Natural revetment twists and turns naturally, changes in height, or is piled with rockeries. Conventional revetment is a plastic bank wall made of stone, brick or concrete.

① Natural style. The plants on the natural earth embankment should be combined with the topography, roads and winding coastline to form a natural effect of distance, density and uniform distribution. Most of the plants on the natural embankment in British gardens are planted in the background of lawn, and a large number of perennial bulbs are planted to guide tourists to enjoy flowers by the water. If you need to appreciate the reflection, a large number of flowering shrubs and graceful isolated trees, especially color-changing leaf trees, can produce illusory colorful colors in the water. For example, on the earth embankment of the landscape garden of Hangzhou Botanical Garden, plants are scattered and the reflection in the water is quite natural and interesting.

Figure 15 Landscape of Hangzhou Botanical Garden

② Conventional formula. Regular stone bank lines are stiff, so it is necessary to break its flat plate with soft plant modeling to make the picture smooth and vivid. For example, the bamboo pavilion in Hangzhou Xiling Silver House and the lotus pond in tang qian are all planted with plants such as lotus and Ficus pumila, which makes the rigid stone walls naturally come alive. Natural stone dikes can be divided into beauty and ugliness, so plants should be planted according to Mei Lu principle to cover up ugliness. (3) Waterfront greening tree species Selection of waterfront greening tree species must first have certain water resistance and moisture resistance, and also meet the requirements of composition in design. From south to north, the common waterfront plants in China are: Pinus tabulaeformis, peach, Ficus microcarpa, Ficus altissima, Casuarina equisetifolia, coconut, Pukui, Pinus tabulaeformis, Taxodium ascendens, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Salix macrophylla, Salix weeping, Salix matsudana, Sapium sebiferum, Platanus acerifolia, Liquidambar formosana, Persimmon and Triangle Maple.

8. Water surface

While expanding the sense of garden space, the water surface should also have its own considerable content, especially in larger waters, which not only expands the green area, but also has certain production value.

(1) water landscape type

(1) block is full of types. In a certain area of a small pond or pool, all aquatic plants are distributed, which is long and spectacular. For example, the pond in front of the library of Zhejiang Forestry College is covered with green duckweeds, like a green carpet. Alternanthera philoxeroides, which likes drought in Huqiu, Suzhou, occupies half of the river and is very wild. The Fenghe Lake in Quyuan, Hangzhou is full of lotus flowers. In midsummer, there is a spectacular scene of "infinite lotus leaves and different colors of lotus flowers".

② Ectopic type. Flexible allocation of aquatic plants according to the water surface, if close-up, planted on the roadside. For example, Hangzhou Zhongshan Park is near the zigzag bridge leading to the world view of the West Lake, and the water lilies are close to the shore. Xiaohua's calendar can be calculated as 16.

Photo 16 Landscape of Hangzhou Zhongshan Park

Or use plants to express the artistic conception of the garden. For example, in Suzhou Humble Administrator's Garden, lotus flowers are planted in the pond beside the pavilion, and in late autumn, "the lotus leaves wither and listen to the rain". If you appreciate it from a distance, you can choose plant height varieties, such as lotus flowers and reeds. (2) The reflection is like a mirror, and the water reflects the sky and the mountains. Reflection not only multiplies scenery and expands space, but also changes with the weather. Calm, clear glass, cloned water scenery. "When the wind blows, it wrinkles a spring water", and the reflection is blurred. The wind and rain are coming, and the reflection is hidden.