What is the origin of the Forbidden City?

The predecessor of the Forbidden City is the Forbidden City. From the fourth year to the eighteenth year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty, the construction of Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty began, and 24 emperors were in power here after the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The Forbidden City is a royal palace with red walls, yellow tiles and gold walls. Why is it called the Forbidden City? There are roughly three views as follows: one thinks that this is related to the allusion of "purple gas coming from the east" in ancient times. Legend has it that Laozi went through the customs to Hangu Pass, and the purple gas was seen by the guards from east to east. Not long after, Lao Tzu came riding a green cow, and the breeder knew that this was a saint. The gatekeeper asked Lao Tzu to write the famous Tao Te Ching. Therefore, purple gas is considered auspicious, indicating the emergence of sages and treasures. Du Fu's poem "Autumn Prosperity" said: "Look at the Yaochi in the west, the Queen Mother will descend, and the purple gas will fill Dongguan." From then on, the ancients called the auspicious Qi Ziyun, the legendary immortal's residence as Hai Zi, the immortal as Ziquan and the suburban road as Mozi. Purple gas comes from the east, symbolizing auspiciousness. It can be seen that the "purple" of the Forbidden City is well-known. The place where the emperor lived was so heavily guarded that ordinary people could not enter it, so it was called the Forbidden City.

Another view is that the origin of the Forbidden City is related to superstitions and legends. The emperor pretended to be the son of the emperor of heaven, that is, the son of heaven. Tiangong is the place where the Emperor of Heaven lives, and naturally it is the place where the Emperor of Heaven lives. "Guang Ya Shi Tian" says: "The name of the Heavenly Palace is Purple Palace." Therefore, the palace where the emperor lived was called the Purple Palace. There is also a saying that the origin of the Forbidden City is related to the ancient theory of "imperial wall". Ancient astronomers divided the stars in the sky into three-walled and twenty-eight star constellations. Three walls refer to Qiu wall, Shi Tian wall and Wei Zixing wall. Wei Zixing Yuan, known as the Emperor, is located in the center of Sanyuan. Purple MSI is the Big Dipper, surrounded by stars. In ancient times, there was a saying that "purple is above the middle" and "Emperor Taiping sat in the middle, and Qing officials were divided into four seas".

Because the ancients compared the Emperor of Heaven to the Purple Star Garden, which became the land of emperors, the Forbidden City was also called Purple Pole, Purple Forbidden City and Purple Garden. The saying of "purple ban" existed as early as the Tang Dynasty. The Forbidden City in Beijing covers an area of 1.087 mu, with a length of 96 1 m from north to south, a width of 753 meters from east to west and a circumference of about 7 li. There are more than 9,000 temples, and the surrounding walls are 10 meters high. It is not only worthy of the name, but also contains the meaning of the city of emperors.

Throughout the buildings in the Forbidden City, the Hall of Supreme Harmony, which symbolizes the sublimity and greatness of "Heaven", is located in the center of the Forbidden City and is the highest and most prominent place. It symbolizes the close connection between heaven and earth, Kunning Second Palace. On both sides of them, there are two doors, the sun mirror and the moonlight, which symbolize the sun and the moon. The array building outside the sixth house symbolizes twelve stars and represents the stars in the sky. This is a symbolic building complex.

The old name of the Forbidden City, the Forbidden City, can be said to be highly unified and perfect in naming and architectural design from the perspective of "Xing Yuan".

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In ancient China, the scale system was based on the human body, mainly from the decimal system. There are many records in ancient books, such as Family Language, which says, "You know the inch by cloth, the ruler by hand and the elbow by elbow"; There is a saying in "Custom Pass" that "the step begins with the foot, the foot rate is ten inches long, the foot is ten inches long, and it jumps three feet. If the law is for heaven, earth and people, then the step is the step"; "Weeks are eight inches long, ten feet long, and people are 1 1 foot long, so they are called husbands" and so on.

As far as architecture is concerned, the ancients also paid great attention to the appropriateness of scale to meet people's physiological, psychological and social needs. Among them, as the so-called "external module" of building external space design, the scale of "thousands of feet is the potential, and a hundred feet is the shape" originates from the scale system based on human body and is formed by extending the indoor space scale based on decimal, that is, from feet to feet (10 feet). Furthermore, 100 feet (10× 10 feet) and thousand feet (10× 10 feet) are very obvious, which has been fully reflected in the architecture of the Forbidden City.

The overall concept of the Forbidden City attaches great importance to "no glory, no glory" and strives to show and strengthen respect for its environmental atmosphere. However, this artistic pursuit still has distinct realistic characteristics. In fact, the basic scale of the external space of each single building that constitutes the magnificent Forbidden City complex follows the principle of "taking a hundred feet as a shape", that is, the plane and vertical scale of a single building are controlled between 23 meters and 35 meters, rather than by.

In terms of height, the tallest single building in the Forbidden City is the Wumen Gate. The most important function of the main entrance of the Forbidden City is that the emperor personally ruled its gatehouse during the triumphant conquest and the offering of prisoners, which has a clear and strong deterrent effect. Even so, the height from the ground to the ridge is only 37.95 meters. The overall height of Taihe Gate in the north of Wumen Gate is only 23.80 meters. As for the Hall of Supreme Harmony, Jiuding Statue, and the huge pedestal with three floors, the total height is only 35.05 meters. In addition, all other single buildings in the Forbidden City are below 35 meters.

In terms of depth, the Hall of Supreme Harmony is the largest, with a penetration depth of 33.33 meters, and other units are below this limit. In terms of the width of single buildings, except for the main buildings such as Wumen, Taihe Gate, Taihe Hall and Shenwumen on the central axis, and Donghuamen, Xihuamen, Tirenge and Hongyi Pavilion on the horizontal axis, it is known that the width is controlled by the ratio of 100. And these "centering" are located on the main axis, which is actually the main building on the axis of symmetry. As far as its symmetry is concerned, the width of the general surface is determined by controlling each side of the shaft within 100 feet. For example, the width of the main building of Wumen Gate is 2× 30m, the width of the Hall of Supreme Harmony is 2× 30m, and the width of Tijen Pavilion and Hongyi Pavilion is 2× 30m.

As far as close-range sight distance is concerned, the inner courtyards of Rudong and Liu Xi Palace are mostly wide, and the depth of burial is within 35 meters. The most prominent three halls, from south to north and from east to west, are also divided into several sections in depth and width, among which three Nandan halls are as deep as 33 meters; The south step of the upper platform is 29 meters deep from the Hall of Supreme Harmony; The hall of supreme harmony is 35 meters deep; The distance from the single stroke in the north of the Hall of Supreme Harmony to the Hall of Zhonghe is 3 1 m; Tonghe Temple Tongming is 23m deep; The depth from the north of Zhonghe Hall to the south of Baohe Hall is 33.8 meters; Baohe Hall is 25 meters deep; The Danbi in the north is 30 meters deep; The distance from Shanbi North to Ganqingmen Taiming is 34.8 meters. All of them strictly follow the scale control principle of "taking a hundred feet as the shape".

From a distance, the distance between Donghuamen and Xihuamen is too large, except for all other squares, streets or adjacent single buildings, and the length of each section of the city platform and wall is only about 350 meters, which is obviously limited by the "thousands of feet".

It is worth emphasizing that it is precisely because the plane scale of each single building in the Forbidden City is controlled in the form of 100 feet, the short-sighted distance is also limited in the form of 100 feet, and the far-sighted distance is controlled within the boundaries of thousands of feet, and the journey during this period follows the spatial composition principle that the shape of a hundred feet is divided into the shape of a thousand feet, thus forming a series of best perspectives and spatial sense, and ensuring the best visual effect in the space-time transformation of shape and potential.

In a word, the application of the overall layout graphics of large buildings in the Forbidden City is very reasonable and scientific, and the resulting artistic atmosphere is impressive and magnificent, especially from a distance.