Who are the celebrities in the Qin Dynasty?

In 22 1 BC, Qin Shihuang completed the unification of the ancient Central Plains and established the first unified feudal dynasty in the history of China. Ying Zheng, king of Qin, made Xianyang his capital and became the first emperor of the feudal dynasty in China. At the beginning of the Qin dynasty, the Huns were attacked in the north; Go south and cross. The territory expanded rapidly, which further improved the territory of Yanhuang, but it was finished because of Qin Ershi, which failed to restore and unify the nomadic people in the north. But the western part of its territory at that time has reached today's Gansu and Sichuan; Southwest to Yunnan and Guangxi; North to Yinshan Mountain. As a feudal empire, it established a highly centralized political system in a vast ruling area. The emperor is supreme and has unlimited power. The powers of government affairs, military affairs and supervision are divided by the Prime Minister, Qiu Wei and Tai Yi respectively, but they are not related to each other, and the emperor has the final decision. The county system is implemented locally, and the royal family appoints and dismisses the main officials of the county. The political system of the feudal country created by the Qin Dynasty was only mended in the later history of the feudal society in China, and its basic framework remained unchanged. In order to consolidate his rule, Qin Shihuang ordered the weapons of the original six countries to be collected and destroyed, and then cast into 12 bronze men. In order to strengthen control, the nobles of the former six countries were forcibly moved to live near Xianyang. The Qin dynasty also promulgated strict laws to implement the establishment of farmers. Unified currency, unified measurement and unified writing have great influence on later generations. In order to maintain his rule, Qin Shihuang was the first to suppress ideas, annihilate culture and destroy academics. He accepted the idea of Prime Minister Reese. Except for a few books, a large number of poems, classics and hundreds of writings were burned, and more than 460 Confucian scholars and alchemists were buried alive, leaving a terrible historical event of "burning books to bury Confucianism". Qin Shihuang also built roads all over the country, especially in the east and southeast.

When Qin Shihuang was named as the "first emperor", he was bent on making the world of the Qin Dynasty last forever, but he never imagined that the Qin Dynasty would perish after 15 years, until the second emperor. Although he has taken various measures to consolidate his rule, his autocracy and arbitrariness have already laid a curse. He recruited more than 700,000 people to build Epang Palace and spent a lot of manpower and financial resources to build Lishan Mausoleum. The story of "Meng Jiangnv cries at the Great Wall" is an indictment of his cruel slavery. Frequent wars, huge bureaucracy and continuous construction have shaken the ruling foundation, and the people are overwhelmed and suffering to the extreme. In the first 209 years, a peasant uprising broke out in Guangwu, Chen Sheng; In the first 206 years, the Qin Dynasty was overthrown.

The Qin Dynasty was a unified dynasty developed by the State of Qin at the end of the Warring States Period, and it was the first multi-ethnic unified centralized empire in the history of China. Qin Shihuang completed the cause of unifying the six countries and realized the transformation from enfeoffment system to county system. The centralization he established and the measures he took (aimed at consolidating reunification) were used by later emperors.

The urgent need for tyranny in the Qin Dynasty led to its rapid demise. At the end of last year, the peasant uprising led by Chen Sheng and Guangwu was the first peasant uprising in the history of China, with far-reaching influence. Due to the influence of the separatist situation in the past, the separatist tendency appeared again in the process of anti-Qin. In the subsequent sovereignty dispute between Chu and Han (206-202 BC), Han won and Chu lost, controlled the separatist regime, unified the whole country and established a centralized dynasty.

[Edit this paragraph] Interpretation of the country name

According to historical records, Qin Yuan is an ancient tribe, and its leader, Fei Zi, is Zhou, who has made great achievements in releasing his horse. He was named "Won" by Zhou Ci, and a small piece of land was given to Qin (now Longxi County, Qingshui County, Valley Name). Later, Qin Xianggong saved Zhou Yougong and became a vassal. Qin Shihuang unified the six countries and established the "Qin Dynasty".

In the seventeenth year of Qin Dynasty (230 years before), Qin Jun, the commander-in-chief of South Korea, led an army to destroy Korea and captured Wang An and Wu Han. The income from Korea is located in Yingchuan County.

In the 19th year of Qin Dynasty (the first 228 years), Wang Jian invaded Handan, the capital of Zhao State, and Zhao was forced to land in Qin and Zhaopo. Gongzijia, the son of his hometown in Handan County, Julu County and Taiyuan County, led the clan 100 people to flee to the city.

In the 20th year of Qin Dynasty (227 BC), Prince Dan of Yan sent Jing Ke to assassinate the king of Qin, and the king of Qin immediately sent Wang Jian to attack Yan.

In the 21st year of Qin Dynasty (226 BC), Wang Jian attacked Yan Dou Ji, and Prince Xi retreated to Liaodong, killing Prince Dan and making peace.

In the 22nd year of Qin Dynasty (the first 225 years), Qin Jun and Wang Ben led an army of 654.38+ 10,000 troops to attack Wei, surrounded the girders of Wei, and diverted the Yellow River gap to irrigate the girders. Three months later, the girder was broken, Wei surrendered and Wei died.

In the same year, Wang Jian led a 600,000-strong army to attack Chu, and An Lushan practiced martial arts and persisted in fighting.

In the 23rd year of the King of Qin (224 BC), Wang Jian led 600,000 troops across the Huaihe River and besieged Shouchun, the capital of Chu.

In the twenty-fourth year of the King of Qin (the first 223 years), the morale of the Chu army was low and food and grass were scarce, so they retreated to the front. Wang Jian took the opportunity to pursue, destroyed the main force of the Chu army, occupied Shouchun, the capital of Chu, and captured the king of Chu alive. The Chu people re-established Chang Pingjun as king. Wang Jian once again led the army to cross the river, pacify Jiangnan, set up Huiji County, and Chu died.

In the twenty-fifth year of the Qin Dynasty (222 BC), Wang Ben laid Liaodong and captured Yan; Then he captured Wang Jia and captured Dai Cheng. After Yan and Zhao perished, Qin Shihuang established Yanmen County.

In the 26th year of Qin Dynasty (22 1 year), Wang Ben led an army south to attack Qi, and the king of Qi surrendered without a fight and died in battle.

At this point, Qin destroyed six countries and unified the whole country.

The establishment of authoritarian centralization

In 22 1 year BC, Ying Zheng, king of Qin (reigned from 247 BC to 2 10 BC), unified the six countries, ended the long-term vassal regime and established a vast country with Xianyang as its capital. The territory of this country extends from Liaodong in the east, Yumenguan and Longxi in the west, the Great Wall in the north and northern and central Vietnam in the south, covering an area of over 5 million square kilometers. The King of Qin adopted the honorific title of the legendary Three Emperors and Five Emperors, claiming to be the first emperor of this country, which was handed down from generation to generation by later generations and called the second and third emperors. He thought that the emperor's behavior was the emperor's death, and the system of "son discussing father and minister discussing monarch" was detrimental to the dignity of the emperor, so he announced its abolition. He stipulated that the emperor should call himself "I" and formulated the system and documents of respecting the monarch and restraining the ministers. These are all to show the emperor's supreme authority, which indicates that Qin's rule will be eternal and long-lasting.

Since the Qin dynasty (22 BC/kloc-0 BC/-206 BC) and the Zhou dynasty, the feudal system of establishing vassal States is incompatible with autocratic imperial power and unifying the country, so it must be changed. In the twenty-sixth year of the first emperor (the first 22 years1year), Prime Minister Wang Wan asked the princes to be princes of Yan Qi Chu, which was approved by the ministers. Ting Wei and Li Si advocated abolishing the enfeoffment system and fully implementing the county system. Qin Shihuang accepted Lisi's suggestion and divided the whole country into 36 counties, which was later increased to more than 40 counties. These counties are completely controlled by the central government and the emperor and are local administrative units under the central government. Centralization was established from then on. In the twenty-eighth year of the first emperor (2 19 BC), the inscription on Yishan said: "Remember the troubled times, divide the country into the Republic of China, and strive for each other"; "This is the royal family, a world, and soldiers will no longer rise." This shows that Qin Shihuang thought it necessary to cancel the enfeoffment system of counties and counties in order to eliminate military struggles in various places.

On the basis of the official system of Qin State during the Warring States Period, Qin Shihuang adjusted and expanded the official system and established a new government agency to meet the needs of reunifying the country. In this institution, the central government has the prime minister Qiu and the physician. The Prime Minister has two members, left and right, who are in charge of political affairs. Qiu is in charge of the military and doesn't often buy it. The Imperial Scholar is the second deputy of the Prime Minister, in charge of the library secretary and supervising officials. Under the Prime Minister, Qiu, and imperial envoys, there are various ministers who are in charge of specific government affairs, including doctors in charge of the palace, guards stationed in the palace, deputy generals in charge of public security in Gyeonggi, Tingwei in charge of punishment, internal history of Ji Xia, taxes on mountains and seas and handicrafts supplied by the government to the royal family, those in charge of the palace, those in charge of domestic ethnic affairs and foreign affairs, and guest appearances. The prime minister, Qiu, Qiu, discussed the state affairs, and the emperor ruled.

Local administrative agencies are divided into counties and counties. There are guards, governors and supervisors in the county. The sheriff is in charge of his county. The county commandant assisted the county magistrate and gave a military salute. Supervised by the county police. County, 1 10,000 households or more, and 1 10,000 households or less. The county magistrate and the governor have subordinates such as Cheng and Wei. County officials are appointed and removed by the central government. There are townships below the county level, and three bosses are set up for education. Misers are responsible for litigation and taxation, and swimmers are responsible for public security. There is a village in the country, which is the most basic administrative unit. There is Li Dian, later known as Li Zheng and Li Kui, with "Hao Shuai" as the powerful person. In addition, there is a special organization for public security and banning thieves, called pavilion, long. The two pavilions are about 10 miles apart.

As early as 10 years in Qin Xiangong (the first 375 years), the State of Qin established a system of "matching household registration" for the purpose of "accusing traitors". Later, Shang Yang stipulated that both men and women should be included in the household registration after birth and removed from the list after death; And, "Why did you let the people fight?" It is stipulated in the Qin Law that migrants have to pay for their registered permanent residence, which is called "changing their registered permanent residence". During the Qin Dynasty, the household registration system became more and more complete. In the sixteenth year of the King of Qin (the first 23 1 year), men were required to declare their age, which was called "book age". According to the presumption of Yunmeng Qin Bamboo Slips, the household registration was recorded in the fifteenth year of Qin Dynasty (the other was seventeen years), which was called "corvee". Book year and Fu nationality are the basis of national conscription system. In the thirty-first year of the first emperor, "the land was cultivated by thousands of hands", that is, the people were required to declare their land. Land is included in the household registration, which gives the country the main basis for collecting land rent. There are age, land and other contents in household registration, so the household registration system far exceeds the need of "accusing traitors" and has become a fundamental system for the state to rule the people. Qin bought a title of 20 to reward the military. The state grants farmland houses according to people's ranks of titles, and people with high titles can also get privileges such as food city (see title system). Titles are included in household registration, so household registration is also a person's identity certificate.

Governing a big country requires a consistent and relatively complete legal system throughout the country. Unearthed Yunmeng Qin Bamboo Slips provide some contents of Qin Law revised successively from Qin Xiaogong to Qin Shihuang, including laws and interpretations of criminal law, numerous other laws and cases, and legal documents on prison management (see Yunmeng Qin Law). After Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, based on the Qin law and referring to the laws of the six countries, he formulated the national laws. After the gains and losses of the Han Dynasty, Qin law became the blueprint of the laws of previous dynasties before the Tang Dynasty.

In order to maintain the unity of great powers, we need a strong army. In order to eliminate the remnants of the six countries, Qin Jun stationed troops all over the country, which is the key area of garrison. Qin sent troops with bronze tiger symbols, which were cut in half, with the right part in the hands of the emperor and the left part in the hands of the leader. Only by combining the left and right symbols can the army be mobilized. This is an important system to ensure that military power is in the hands of the emperor. Qin Jun is an unprecedented great deterrent. It is estimated that there are 7000 warrior figures, chariots 100 and horses 100 in the two pits excavated in recent years. Warrior figurines are as tall as real people, and the weapons they hold are physical objects rather than funerary objects. This large military array consisting of vehicles, infantry and cavalry is a powerful symbol of Qin Jun.

Qin Shihuang not only established a set of autocratic and centralized ruling institutions and systems, but also adopted the theory of five virtues of Yin and Yang in the Warring States period to defend the legal system of the Qin Dynasty. According to the theory of five virtues, in the end, every dynasty ruled in the order of five virtues, such as earth, wood, gold, fire and water, and so on. Qin's water virtue is still black, so Qin's dresses and flags are all black; The corresponding number of Shuide is six, so the length of symbol transmission and the height of crown are six inches each, and the width of bar is six feet; Water virtue is the main punishment, so political rule strives to be harsh and does not pay attention to "benevolence and righteousness"; Corresponding to Shuide, the calendar begins in October, and so on. Qin Shihuang also decided on a set of complex sacrificial ceremonies and Buddhist ceremonies suitable for the position of emperor, and carried out activities at the right time. Qin Shihuang built many palaces near Xianyang, modeled after the palaces of Kanto countries, and built a magnificent Epang Palace south of Weishui. The layout of Xianyang Palace is taken from Wei Zi Palace in the sky. It is like the residence of God on earth and a symbol of world unity. Qin Shihuang also built a mausoleum in Lishan ahead of schedule. The rivers and seas in the mausoleum were infused with mercury, with astronomy above and geography below. He took these measures, just as he adopted the emperor's name, to show that his power on earth is equivalent to God's power in heaven, thus instilling mysterious imperial power into his subjects. The mysterious concept of imperial power is the ideological basis of authoritarian centralization.

The strengthening and deification of imperial power, the comprehensive implementation of county system, the establishment of bureaucracy and various systems embodying imperial power autocracy, the perfection and unification of laws, and the emperor's strengthening of military control are the main contents of authoritarian centralization. Authoritarian centralization was an indispensable condition for maintaining feudal unity at that time. However, this political system has great restrictions on the people; Moreover, its role in promoting economic and cultural development can also be transformed into a blocking role, which is more significant in the later period of feudal society.

The measures to prevent the feudal separatist regime caused by the long-term division of Confucianism led Qin Shihuang to pay close attention to the trend of the old places in the six countries and worried that the old nobles in the six countries would attempt to restore them. In order to prevent the recurrence of the separatist situation, Qin Shihuang moved 120,000 rich and powerful families in six countries to Xianyang, and the other part moved to Bashu, Nanyang, Sanchuan and Zhao Di, so that they could be monitored separately from the countryside. He destroyed the seized and confiscated weapons and cast twelve clocks weighing thousands of stones in Xianyang? Copper man. He also ordered that "the barriers should be destroyed, the defense should be made clear, and the obstacles should be removed", so as to eliminate the means of feudal nobles relying on separatist regimes as much as possible. In order to control the vast territory, especially the old territory of the six countries, Qin Shihuang also built Chidao from the capital Xianyang to all parts of the country, with Yanqi in the east and Wu Chu in the south. He himself visited many counties along the equator and carved stones in many places to demonstrate. In order to strengthen the northern defense, in the thirty-fifth year of Qin Shihuang (2 12 BC), a straight road was built from Xianyang to Jiuyuan (now west of Baotou, Inner Mongolia), with a ravine of 1,800 miles. Wuchi Road was built in the southwest, which is now the place south of Yibin in Sichuan and Zhaotong in Yunnan, and officials were set up nearby.