Artistic realm of Huizhou bonsai

In the creation of bonsai, flexible use of various bonsai artistic expressions can create an ideal bonsai artwork. A successful bonsai work must have a beautiful habitat, beautiful pictures and beautiful artistic conception. In a word, there are some scenes that are used to express one's heart and feelings. (1) Beautiful scenery is the first realm that bonsai creation must reach. The beauty of human settlement is the beauty of nature and the beauty of life; Should contain the principle of nature, get the interest of nature, that is, the painting of nature. Environment is the source and premise of painting and artistic conception, and it is the embodiment of realistic creation method in bonsai art creation. In order to achieve pleasing artistic effect, the volume, shape, color, layout and style of bonsai can only add color to natural beauty, but can't suppress and destroy it.

L formal beauty is mainly the beauty of roots, stems, branches, leaves, flowers and fruits of plant materials and the beauty of texture, section and structure of rock materials. For example, the trunk of Huangshan pine is covered with scales, full of ancient meaning; The thin leaves of Euonymus japonicus are round as jade, red and green; Qi fresh fruit wins agate beads. The corolla of azalea is like a butterfly, looking for fragrance in the branches and chasing spring; The roots of wood are dry, rugged and muddy as iron. Stone materials, such as fine pores and reed structure of sandstone, vertical texture of axe-hewn stone, natural wrinkles of tortoise-grain stone, and white stone in Xuan Shi are also very elegant.

2. The beauty of color has emotional effect. This is because the stimulation of color can make people have some kind of physiological or psychological reaction, thus affecting people's feelings and emotions. Mainly refers to the color of plant roots, stems, branches, leaves, flowers, fruits and rocks. Plants are green stems like bamboo jasper, red leaves like red maple burning Xia, plum blossoms like ice muscles and jade skin, and pyracantha red essence with bare feet and round fruit. Rock materials are as shiny as inkstone and jet, as white as Xuan Shiyu, and as green as fluorite and jadeite.

3. The beauty of dynamic sound is mainly manifested in the material of plants, such as the wind and grass, and the sound is sparse; The pine trees are full of Lin Tao, which is quite interesting in the mountains. Shown in the landscape bonsai, there are waterfalls splashing and clouds lingering.

4. The beauty of change, plant materials, in spring, full of vitality; In summer, the leaves are bright and fragrant, giving people a feeling of changing with each passing day; In autumn, red maple is like fire, silver osmanthus fragrance, pomegranate fruit squeezing, and there is still a bumper harvest; In winter, plum blossoms bloom proudly in the snow, making them more indomitable and inspiring. In terms of landscape, mountains are beautiful in spring, rich in summer, sparse in autumn and lonely in winter.

5. Overall Beauty Plants and rock materials organically combine the shapes and colors of each part on the basis of their individual beauty. After artistic processing, rocks and plants combine into a landscape, so it shows more concentrated and perfect beauty than a single part or a single part. This is the overall beauty. In addition to natural beauty, overall beauty is mainly the beauty of life. Longzhuang bonsai is mainly plum blossom, but also made of peach blossom and arhat pine. The overall image is like a Youlong, with a dragon head, a dragon body, a dragon claw and a dragon tail.

Leadership training: Leadership culture is related to hierarchical reproduction. Before and after Tomb-Sweeping Day, young plum trees or sprouting branches of old pile foundations were propagated by layering. The next spring, the mother tree was cut down and transplanted elsewhere. When the mother tree is pruned and stimulated by layering, several robust sprouting branches will appear at the base of the year. The next spring, you can continue to stratify. Due to repeated layering operation for many years, the swelling and deformation pile head is formed at the base of the mother tree. Sometimes termites invade the pile head and bite the wood. When termites are removed for a certain period of time, they become vestiges, which is even older. When the faucet is cultivated for several years, a stout and long sprouting branch can be selected from the sprouting branches on the faucet for dragon body modeling.

Dragon body modeling: first, stand a bamboo pole or wooden pole beside the pile foundation, and insert the lower part into the soil as a modeling column. Then make the trunk of the raped plum (which should be 2-3 meters high) into a left-right S-shaped bend (Youlong bend), between each bend.

Tie the prunes with palm leaves, and tie the prunes with palm leaves to the post between the two bends. At the same time, when doing S-shaped bending, pay attention to inserting prunes at intervals on both sides of the branches. The width of two adjacent bends depends on the height of the dragon body, generally 15 ~ 25cm, with the lower part slightly wider and the upper part slightly narrower. The number of bends depends on the length and needs of plum branches. If the dragon body needs to be higher and the plum is not long enough, you can choose a full bud at the top of the dragon body made in the first year and cut it short on the bud. At the same time, strengthen the management of fertilizer and water, promote the buds to grow strong extended stems, and continue to bend S-shaped in the second year to reach the required height. The plane of the bend made by this extension rod is generally the same as that of the previous year, and it can also be staggered by a small angle. If the angle is wrong, it will bend. And control the number of flowers.

When the dragon trunk begins to put the dragon claw branches, the dragon claw branches are generally weak, and when they cannot extend laterally, thin bamboo poles can be tied horizontally on the dragon trunk to support the dragon claw branches.

The arrangement of the dragon claw branches is symmetrical on both sides, the lower part is long and the upper part is short, and the shape is roughly isosceles trapezoid.

Storage of the branches of the dragon tail: when shaping the dragon body, climb the top of the trunk of the dragon body straight up, tie it to the post with palm leaves, and cut the top of the trunk short at the same time, cut off a few buds and germinate into small main branches, leaving these branches 4 ~ 7 cm for short cutting in the next year. Intense pruning stimulated some branches to sprout again. In the third year, these branches were pruned 10- 15 cm, and a wide branch group consisting of many lateral branches was formed at the top, which is the dragon tail.

At this point, the modeling work of plum blossom dragon pile bonsai has basically come to an end, and then it will enter the stage of pile raising. The piling stage is a long process. It takes more than ten years or decades. Only when the pile head is strong and the skin is old will it have ornamental value. In the pile-raising stage, the main work site is trimmed and adjusted, fertilization is used to promote growth, and re-potted plants are used to promote the growth of roots and branches. decrease

It is usually carried out after flowering in spring. Pruning plays an important role in adjusting tree potential and pile landscape posture. In addition to cutting off dead branches and twigs, the branches that are too dense should be thinned, the strong branches should be lightly cut, and the weak branches should be re-cut. From the upper and lower tree potentials, the upper tree potential is slightly stronger than the lower tree potential, so that the overall tree potential is easy to balance. If the lower part of the tree is too strong, the upper part will be weak, and the branches in the middle and upper parts will wither easily. In this case, many sprouted branches in the lower part are either laminated or cut off. Plum blossom fertilization in Shexian fishing village usually applies pig manure in late autumn and early winter, or compound fertilizer (early spring). It's best to apply some human excrement and urine fertilizer when sprouting. The so-called re-pot refers to the fact that the roots grow very long and there are few small lateral roots when plum blossoms are planted underground, which not only affects the later accumulation in the pot, but also easily weakens the tree. So every three or four years, dig out the plum trees, trim the roots, and then plant them in another place. This is a compound pot. After re-potted, the root disc became smaller, but the absorbed roots increased. The tree may have weakened in the year of replanting, but it will soon recover and become stronger. It is also easy to serve when serving formally.

Meihualong pile can be divided into low pile, middle pile and high pile. The height of the low pile is about 1m, the middle pile exceeds 1m, and the high pile exceeds 2m. In the old days, dragon piles were generally made and sold in pairs, and each pair should have the same shape and height. When it was strict, the plum varieties were the same. The main elements of Sanbiao bonsai are plum blossom, juniper and arhat pine. Now take Luo as an example to talk about modeling methods.

Podocarpus is an evergreen tree of Podocarpaceae, and its leaves are strip-shaped and lanceolate, which can be divided into long leaves and short leaves. The branches of Podocarpus are soft when young and hard when old. Luohansong modeling operation should be carried out in autumn and winter and before April in spring. After germination, the branches contain more water and are easy to break when bent.

The trunk of the three-table bonsai is bent twice and a half, and there are three branches. The top platform is in the middle, the highest position, one on each side, slightly lower, on the same level. The whole shape is isosceles: angular. The shape of each table is basically a low steamed bun, a round head (top table) or an oval (side table). The specific operation is as follows:

The seedling height is about 80 ~ 150 cm, and the diameter is 1 ~ 3 cm. It is planted obliquely on the ground (or in the basin). In order to prevent the bent trunk from breaking, it is necessary to stick a thin three-layer bamboo stick or a 10 iron wire on one side of the trunk (near the ground) and then bend the trunk (with Youlong bend). The specific method is to grasp the base of the trunk with your left hand first, so that it can't move. The right hand slowly pushes the 8,000 in the opposite direction from the side lying to the right, making it bow-shaped, and immediately ties a rope (palm leaf strips and plastic packaging soft belts can also be used-the same below) to the base of the trunk, and one end is tied to the upper end of the trunk bow to fix the bow. The second bend is about 30 cm away from the first bend. Grasp the starting point of the second bend with your left hand (before the focus of the first bend) so that it cannot move. Then the right hand slowly climbed back to the tree head in the direction of the first bend, which was also arched. Immediately tie one end of hemp rope to the bent back at the end of the first bend and the other end to the focus of the end of the second bend to fix the bow. The last half bend is at 15- 10 cm of the second track bend. Grasp the starting point of bending with the left hand, and slowly push the trunk in the second bending direction with the right hand, but the bending should not be too big, so that the tree head can slowly extend obliquely upwards. It is also fixed with hemp rope. After this bend is completed, leave the upper half-bent trunk (tip) 10- 15 cm and then cut off the top (if the trunk has side branches, try to keep them and only cut off the tip). Place a main branch pipe outside the first elbow and the second elbow, and make a horizontal S-shaped elbow or a vertical S-shaped elbow. The general bend is 1.5. It should be noted that the first main branch should be slightly lifted upward, and the second main branch should be slightly pressed downward when it is drawn out, so that the two tables are on the same level. Then cut the branches of these two main branches short, and cut off the extra branchlets on the main branches, so that the modeling of the three tables basically comes to an end. Finally, insert a bamboo pole between the two bends of the trunk and insert it into the soil at the base of the trunk as a pillar to prevent the trunk from being deformed because it is too thin. After spring, three

New lateral branches can be issued at the ten axils of the platform mouth. Leave 2-3 cm of these new branches for short cutting in the next spring, or start coring in the summer of that year to promote the growth of branchlets. In this way, every branch can form a neat, beautiful and full table in a few years.

Although there is no need to cultivate faucets, the three-table bonsai has to go through a pile-raising process of about 10 years, and at the same time, it needs to be "re-potted" to make the trunk have a certain thickness, bend naturally and vividly, and the branches are old. After adjustment and trimming, the desktop forms a compact, plump, neat, beautiful and appropriate shape. In this way, the ornamental value can be improved by removing the basin and exposing the main lateral roots a little.

Three-watch bonsai can be transformed and changed. For example, the tables on the two sides below are not on the same horizontal line, but one is high and the other is low, or one of the two tables extends outward, then the three tables are not isosceles triangles, but equilateral triangles, so the dynamic potential is generated. Another example is that the tree is planted horizontally in the basin, and the first arc platform in the three-stage type is used as the top platform, and the second platform extends obliquely downward, and the original top platform is used as the middle platform, which becomes a cliff type. If the bottom one of the three kinds is removed, it will become a flag-shaped crown, which also has strong dynamic potential. If more main branches are left on the trunk of the three tables to make tables of different sizes, they will become more natural bent-stem bonsai, so the three-table bonsai is a transitional style in the development from conventional bonsai to natural bonsai. This is of great significance in the history of Huizhou bonsai development, and plays a role in connecting the past with the future.

Three tables of bonsai are generally small and medium-sized, and there are few large bonsai (including juniper large bonsai), which can be enjoyed on several cases or on balconies and halls. It embodies the main characteristics of this bonsai and is also valuable. Its characteristic is that the trunk is spirally bent, that is, it is bound by Huizhou flower agricultural millstone bending, and the branches are also on the outside of the bending. Although the branches are front and back, they are basically left and right. Generally, the trunk of small and medium-sized bonsai has only 2-3 bends, and the horizontal spacing between adjacent bends is below 15-20cm. Torsion type is often used for trunk modeling of plum blossom, Podocarpus, Sabina vulgaris, Lagerstroemia indica and Gardenia jasminoides Ellis.

The concrete method to twist the trunk shape is as follows: firstly, erect a firm column (insert it into the soil) on one side of the pile seedling, bend the base of the pile seedling in the direction of the column and lean against the lower end of the column, immediately tie the pile seedling to the column with palm leaves (or hemp skin-the same below) so that it cannot move, and then obliquely wrap the upper section of the pile seedling around the upper half circle of the column and lean against the column (that is, the upper end opposite to the first tied column). Also, the upper section of the pile seedlings obliquely wraps around the column for half a circle, and then leans against the column (that is, the first binding point is above the same side of the column), and the pile seedlings are tied to the column with palm leaves, and so on, until they are bent several times according to the modeling needs, and the excessively long pile seedlings are beaten to promote the top branch. In this way, the twisted torso shape is over.

Torsional modeling of tree trunks can also be done in this way. First, the tree trunks are made into S-shaped Youlong bends, and then the vertical plane formed by the S-shaped bends is horizontally rotated by 90- 180 degrees clockwise or counterclockwise, so that all bends of the S-shape are deformed and a single plane is broken, thus forming a torsional modeling, and then each bent tree trunk is tied to a post for fixation (this method is also needed when the tree trunks are thin).

After the trunk is bent, the top of the trunk is cut short after leaving an appropriate length, and the main branches are released from the outside of each bend of the trunk. Note that the upper and lower branches should not overlap, and the front branch (viewing surface) should be inclined to the left or right. After selecting the main branch, you can cut off other branches on the main branch. The main branch extends outward after bending horizontally or downward, and then bends horizontally or up and down in an S-shape, and the bending degree can be 1-3 (generally, the lower main branch bends 2-3, and I: the upper main branch bends 1-2). After bending, the branches are cut short and too long, which makes them germinate vigorously below the cut and have many side branches. In winter and spring, the side branch fibers are cored or cut short, and then many small side branches are produced. If this happens again next year, they will form a small branch group, which is the surface film. The tabletops of Podocarpus heterophyllus and Sabina vulgaris are not only enlarged and dense by pinching and pruning, but also can be twisted with thin iron wires to make the branchlets evenly distributed on the same horizontal plane, so that the tabletops are formed early. In order to maintain posture, the formed table should be picked and trimmed frequently every winter and spring. In the history of Huizhou flower farmers, the above-mentioned tree stump bonsai planted in a certain style, such as Youlong and Santai, were regarded as regular shapes, while the tree stump bonsai that failed to be planted in a certain rule were classified as miscellaneous piles, also called wild shapes. The so-called miscellaneous piles are called miscellaneous because the forms of piles are diverse and different from regular piles. The so-called wild style is a style that imitates the natural tree in Shan Ye, that is, the natural stump bonsai. Miscellaneous piles can be made of domestic stumps, such as plum stumps, cypress stumps, Podocarpus, etc., which can't be bundled normally due to the loss of bundling opportunities, or they can be made of wild stumps with appreciation value in Shan Ye for crown modeling. Such as elm pile, triangle maple pile, wisteria pile, crape myrtle, yellow pine and so on. And some shrubs, such as Tianzhu, tiger thorn, hydrangea, Ketong flower (Gardenia microphylla), Rhododendron, Begonia, Chimonanthus praecox and so on.

Generally, the trunk of miscellaneous piles is not tied (some shrubs such as rhododendron and begonia are also tied) or the trunk is tied in a high place, and the main branches and side branches are often tied or trimmed. The shape is generally made into a table, but it is also natural after pruning: l "The position, posture and height of branches (such as plum blossoms), the shape, size and number of tables are generally determined by the tree shape and type." Therefore, the quality of the landscape depends entirely on the author's artistic appreciation ability and modeling skills. There are various styles of miscellaneous piles, including single pile, double pile, multi-pile and natural crown. There are straight dry, oblique dry, curved dry and cliff curved dry; There is a book called "Dogan" (Nandian Note) and "Jungle" (Tiger Sting), to name a few. Its specific production can only be illustrated by a few examples.

The mixed-pile (wild-type) bonsai made by the flower farmers in the fishing village selling flowers in the 1970s or before embodies the traditional mixed-pile making method and characteristics. It is not difficult to see that this is the traditional natural bonsai of Huizhou School. Compared with modern natural bonsai, it pays little attention to various contrasts.

Department, and Taiwan Province film is also very extensive, with a game, lack of charm. Compared with the previous bonsai where literati entertained themselves, it also lacked the meaning of painting. But after all, it is one of the pioneers of modern natural bonsai in Huizhou. Modern Huizhou natural bonsai is actually developed on the basis of traditional miscellaneous piles, traditional three-section bonsai and traditional literati's self-entertainment bonsai, and then draws lessons from some techniques of other bonsai factions in China. The main materials of micro-school traditional water stone bonsai are sandstone, Taihu stone and limestone. Pots are mostly carved in Yixian bluestone, mostly deep, rectangular and round.

Most of the rocks are natural stones with strange shapes, and some of them are artificially processed, but they will not leave any traces. There are single peaks and double peaks; There are peaks, mountains, hills, hills and valleys. Some also have caves, and the rocks are planted with Saxifraga, Acorus calamus, moss and ferns. Stones are placed in a stone basin, and most of the basin surface is occupied by stones, and the water surface is very small. Some rocks have caves under them, water overflows the caves, and there are very small fish. Although the scenery is small, the mountains and rivers are quiet, showing a vibrant scene.