Is there really a big country in history?

The formation of the State of Qi has a unique legendary color. The legend of Yang Fan is directly related to the fief granted to Jin Wengong by King Xiang of Zhou. According to the Records of Jiyuan City, "In the seventeenth year of King Xiang of Zhou (635 BC), he was a royal family. Wang, Wen, Yuan, Zan-yi all presented gold. During the Spring and Autumn Period, conferring was a kind of reward. The sealed people used force to crusade and conquer the soldiers and civilians who refused to hand over their fiefs. Among these four cities, Heyuan is in Jiyuan today. I don't know how I got the two cities of Wen and Zanmao, but when he got the two cities of Heyuan, he did it by gentle means rather than by force. "Yuan" is the capital of Xia Dynasty, so "Yuan" is taken first. At that time, he ordered the soldiers to bring three days' food to surround the original city first, and said, "If the original people don't surrender within three days, they will withdraw." At that time, Jin Wengong's subordinates didn't understand what it meant. Three days later, the primitive people did not surrender. At this time, the spies sent outside the city reported that the original people in the city had run out of food and would surrender in a few days. Jin Wengong's generals were very happy. They suggested that Jin Wengong wait a few days. However, Jin Wengong said, keeping promises is the wealth of building a country and the foundation of winning people's hearts. If we surround ourselves again, we can win the original city, but we lose trust. How can we win the support of the original class? So, he ordered the retreat. Primitive people saw that the king of Jin was so trustworthy and voluntarily surrendered to Jin. This is what later generations call "cutting the original to show the letter." However, this method is also used in Yang Fan, but it is not completely effective. The history book says that "the Jin army surrounded it, but refused to accept it." Wen Gong listened to Dr. Yang Fancangge's suggestion, which is a solution. " In the face of the encirclement and suppression of the 8 Jin Army, what suggestions did Cang Ge put forward, which were adopted by Jin Wengong in the case of "the people refused to accept"? Cang Xie remonstrated, saying, "King Xiang of Zhou gave Yang Fan, not a human being. Since the people are unwilling to surrender, let Jin Jun enter the city and let the people of Yangko withdraw, so that the well water does not interfere with the river. Aren't both beautiful! " Jin Wengong had no choice but to give in to Cang Ge. As a result, Cang Ge led Yang Min to retreat to the southeast for 20 miles, "chariots first, then the city". Because in ancient times, the railway track at the hub, the end of the axle and both sides of the carriage were called chariots, this new city started with chariots is called Yucheng. This unique way of fortification may be unique in ancient times or in all times.

Although the architectural style of the ancient city of Qi is very unique, it is not a tiny place. According to archaeological discoveries in the 1980s, its scale is rectangular, with a length of1.766m from north to south and a width of1.865m from east to west, covering an area of about 3.3 million square meters. Its ruins, the east and south walls are relatively complete, with a height of 1 ~ 9 meters and a width of 6 ~ 38 meters. According to legend, there are 9 gates and 9 passes in the old city of Qi. Seven city gates and two water gates have been found. The city wall is rammed earth, including various cultural layers in the Spring and Autumn Period, Warring States Period and Western Han Dynasty. The rammed layer is solid and firm, and the rammed nest is slightly round. Rich cultural relics have been unearthed in this city, including pottery, bones, stones, copper, iron and other handicrafts. Among them, five baht stone money fan, stone millstone and dual-purpose copper fumigator are more precious. The facilities of the square in the city are relatively regular, and the Getapo in the northwest is called the palace area and the golden funeral home. Daming temple, in the downtown area, was originally a incense burning monastery built by the Western Han Dynasty. It is of high historical value to build a temple in Song Dynasty and rebuild it in Yuan Dynasty. At the south gate of the city, there is also the former residence of Nie Zheng, one of The Four Assassins in the Warring States Period, and his drum beating and slaughterhouse well. On the periphery of the old city, there is a group of four ancient tombs, which are the burial places of nobles and officials in the old city. China brown-green glazed peach tree, a national first-class cultural relic once identified by Mr. Guo Moruo and now hidden in the Museum of Chinese History, was unearthed here. Tunjun Village in the north of the city is an ancient garrison barracks guarding the old city. Liuyang village in the west of the city is the storage place of trench materials in the old city. From this point of view, the old city of Qi is very prosperous and has considerable defense forces.

Although it is not convenient for people to talk about the land area of the country with numbers today, from the record of a monument in the temple of the ancient city of the country, the territory at that time was not small. Its inscription reads: "The ancient kingdom borders Qinhuai in the east, Lian Jin in the west, Nanshan and last stand in the south. Taking the mountain as the screen and the river as the belt, the area set by heaven is also sincere. " It can be seen from here that the distance between north and south is at least 30 kilometers from Nanshan on the north bank of the Yellow River to Jidu Temple, the birthplace of Jishui. As for the distance between east and west, Qinhuai in the east is about 80 kilometers southwest of Wuzhi County, Henan Province. The Western Jin Dynasty is in Shanxi Province, which is farther away, and may far exceed the distance between the east and the west of Jiyuan City. The vast territory has laid the foundation for the prosperity of the country, and the capital of the country has become a "world name". According to the salt-iron theory? There is a saying: "Zhuo, Ji, Han, Wei, Zhi, Xingyang, Linzi, Zheng Zhiyang, Zhai, three rivers in two weeks and Fuguan Sea are all world-famous." The "Wei Hezhi" mentioned here is Wei, one of the seven heroes of the Warring States Period. Wen and Zhi are both governors of Wei, and Zhi is Zhi.

The rise and fall of Qi, from the Spring and Autumn Period to the Tang Dynasty, experienced the vicissitudes of 1200 years. In the meantime, from the Spring and Autumn Period, it was once the capital of the Zhou Dynasty, and it became a city in the Warring States Period, first belonging to the capital of Korea, and then the important town of Wei. Qin Zhi county. From the Western Han Dynasty to the Southern and Northern Dynasties, it was named Hou Guo four times, and Li Chao, Zhao Bo, Li Shou and Kouzan were successively named Hou Guo, so it was called "the ancient Guo State". In the Western Jin Dynasty, Jixian County was also established. Later, the decline of Jixian county was directly related to the sacrifice and water saving. In the second year of Emperor Kaidi of Sui Dynasty (582), Emperor Wendi ordered the construction of Jidu Temple at the source of Jishui, which became the national code for offering sacrifices to Jishui. Fourteen years later, in the sixteenth year of Emperor Kai of Sui Dynasty (596), a city was built at the source of Jishui, and Jiyuan County was named after water. At this time, Jiyuan County, named after the water source, belongs to Hanoi County, and so does Jixian County, which has changed from big to small. It was not until the first year of Zhenguan in Tang Dynasty (627) that Jixian County was completely merged into Jiyuan County. Since then, the ancient city of a country or city has gradually become a village.

Although the ancient kingdom lost its former glory with the change of administrative divisions in the alternation of dynasties, its well-known roads and customs are always written in historical memory.

In ancient times, Daodao was a main road leading to Luoyang, the ancient capital of the Nine Dynasties. For thousands of years, I don't know how many literati, celebrities, wealthy businessmen, Jianghu knights, rogue thieves, vagrants and beggars. In order to find food, clothes, work and money, people come and go on this ancient road with indifferent eyes. But the role of Tao goes far beyond this, and more importantly, it is reflected in the military. The importance of its strategic position has repeatedly become a battleground for military strategists in past dynasties.

Anyone who has read China's classic novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms knows that there is such a passage in the fourteenth chapter of the book: "The Emperor was shocked to hear that Li Le led an army and lied that Li Jue and Guo Si chased the drivers. Yang Feng said:' This is also Li Le.' So he ordered Huang Xu to see him. Li Le took part in the competition himself. When two horses met, they just met. Huang Xu hacked them to death with an axe, killing the other side and protecting the car from being crossed by the basket. JASON ZHANG, the satrap, greeted him with silks and millet. The emperor named JASON ZHANG Fu. Emperor Yang Ci An Lushan, go to the Wild King. The emperor entered Luoyang ... "This is a thrilling scene that happened in the last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty. The poor last emperor of the Han Dynasty set out from Anyi, Shaanxi Province, was escorted by Yang Feng and Dong Cheng to Wuwangshan, and then returned to Luoyang by road. Han offered the emperor, and later Cao Cao embraced the son of heaven and established the emperor. The tunnel involved in this paper is located in Jiyuan City. For example, taking Jiyuan City as the coordinate, it goes west through the mountain plateau of King Wu and south through the town to Luoyang, which is its basic trend.

Tao was formed in the Spring and Autumn Period and was named after a country or a city. From the beginning, the strategic position of Tao was highlighted. At that time, Jin Wengong gained hegemony in the Eastern War, so Taoism played an important role. At the same time, since the Spring and Autumn Period, Zhudao has been an important official road leading to Shanxi Plateau in ancient Central Plains. At the beginning of the Warring States Period, because Qi belonged to South Korea, the road of Qi was also an important channel for South Korea to communicate with the vassal States of the Central Plains and Wei (the capital was in the northwest of Xia County, Shanxi Province, which was called Anyi in ancient times). Warring States policy? Zhao Ce Su Qin said that Wang Zhao said, "When the Qin Dynasty gets off the road, it will move south. "Nanyang mentioned here is not Nanyang city in southwest Henan, but the area north of the Yellow River and south of Taihang Mountain from Jiyuan to Xinxiang. Nanyang was called Wan in ancient times. Su Qin's theory shows the strategic position of Taoism in the mutual conquest of governors at that time. In 36 1 year BC, Wei moved from Anyi to Daliang (now the northwest of Kaifeng City), which was followed by inconvenient east-west traffic. At that time, the geographical position of Wei was like a word "Hui". The small mouth in the middle is Korea, and Wei is outside the small mouth and within the big mouth. Around the mouth, it is Qin in the west, Yanzhao in the north, Qilu in the east and Chu in the south. Although South Korea is surrounded by Wei, it is extremely inconvenient for Wei to go from Anyi to Daliang or from Daliang to Anyi around a semicircle which is basically 180. In order to find a shortcut between the eastern and western parts of the country and meet the military needs, Wei obtained the right to travel with South Korea on the road in 359 BC. Until later, the road belongs to Wei and the road belongs to Wei. After Shang Yang's political reform, the State of Qin became stronger and stronger, and it had the material basis for annexing the other six of the Seven Heroes of the Warring States. Since then, Qin and Wei have fought many wars for this knife. Finally, in 29 1 year BC, Sima Cuo, a general of the Qin Dynasty, led an army to attack Wei and gained the Tao. Two years later, General Bai Qi of the State of Qin won the battle against Wei again, winning 6/kloc-0 seats in large and small cities, including the capital Zhang, completely taking control of Zhanglu, and finally capturing the land of Hanoi along Zhanglu. It can be said that Qin Dedao played a very important role in later seizing the Central Plains and unifying China. It is conceivable that on the long road of that year, the scene of horses hissing, golden armor flowing, swords and shadows, and smoke filled was so tragic and tragic. After the Qin Dynasty, the military role of Taoism was still very important: in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Wu Han led the troops of Qianwei General Geng Yan, Huya General Gaiyan and Du Qing; In the Song Dynasty, Yue Fei led Liang Xing, Zhao Yun, Li Jin and others to fight against nomadic people in Wuwangshan; In the Ming Dynasty, Sheng Feng fought against Ji Yuan, the general of Timur, a general of the Yuan Dynasty. In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, there were frequent battles between peasant rebels and government troops who traveled to and from the west of Shanxi and the north of the Yellow River in Henan. The ancient road is like a historical avenue, recording the rise and fall of dynasties, the vicissitudes of history, and the war situation full of blood and fire.

Looking at Taoism through historical time and space, Taoism is still the only way to inherit culture. Don't you see, no one has more passengers on the road than Taoist priests and poets in the Tang Dynasty. The Tang Dynasty was the heyday of Taoism in China, and the King of Wu in Jiyuan was the center of Taoist activities. The Tang royal family regarded Taoism not only as the national religion of the Tang Dynasty, but also as the religion of the Tang royal family, and respected and practiced it. Sima Cheng Town was ordered to build "Three Palaces" (Balcony Palace, Wei Zi Palace and Qingxu Palace) in the King of Wu, and the Yingen Palace, which was built almost at the same time, was named after "The King of Tang visited". After Princess Yu Zhen entered the Taoist Temple of Wuwangshan, the wind of the Princess Taoist Temple opened wide, and 1 1 princesses entered the Taoist Temple one after another. Even Yang Guifei is regarded as a Taoist in Taizhen Palace, and her name is too real. So social sages, literati and ordinary people also took Taoism as their fashion, and Taoism swept the vast country of the Tang Dynasty. Because Luoyang and Wuwangshan, the eastern capitals, are cut off by the raging Yellow River, there are many passengers traveling between Luoyang and Wuwangshan, and crossing the river by ferry alone can't meet people's needs, so a Heyang Bridge was built on the Yellow River at a huge cost. In the Tang Dynasty, this bridge was the first bridge of the Yellow River in Wan Li. A bridge flies from north to south, connecting Luoyang in the south and Tundao in the north, opening a convenient door from Luoyang, the capital of the east, to the king of Wu. In this way, celebrities, dignitaries and literati gathered in Beijing, or by car, sedan chair, horseback riding or walking, can easily cross the Heyang Bridge, wander along the Taihang Mountain in Jiyuan, worship Taoist resorts in Wuwangshan, or recite poems and paint, or visit the roads. Shi Zai: Since Sima entered the mountain, many famous teachers, such as Li Hanguang, Princess, Jiao Shoujing, Zhang, Liu Ruoshui, Xie Ziran, Du Guangting, Zhang, Hou Zhending, Lu Xiyan, Lu, Li Zhongqing, Wang Xizhi and Liu Moran, have come to Wang Wu for enlightenment. Famous poets in the Tang Dynasty, such as Li Bai, Du Fu, Bai Juyi, Li Shangyin, Cen Can, Du Mu, Gao Shi and Meng Jiao, all came to the King of Wu to recite poems. For example, Li Bai wrote a poem praising the king of Wu, saying, "The mountains are high and the water is long, and there are many kinds of things. Old pens are strong and poor. " He also said: "I would like to follow my master to the Temple of Heaven and sweep the fallen flowers with the immortals." Bai Juyi has a poem saying: "Jiyuan has good mountains and rivers, and the old yin knew it early." And Li Shangyin's "Meet Me Hate Late" was also written when he became a monk in the prince of Wu ... The poet hurried to and from the road, leaving a line of footprints. At the same time, it is also a rich and immortal cultural heritage for Jiyuan and future generations.

In the territory of the ancient kingdom, there is another pass as important as Daodaoguan-Guan Zhe Pass. Guan Zhe is located at the western end of Dao Ji Road, in the east of Fengmenkou Village, 22km west of Jiyuan City, commonly known as Fengmenkou. During the Warring States Period, it was the first of the "Taihang Eight Dragons" at the traffic crossroads in Shanxi, Henan. It is also called the mountain pass. Taihang Mountain, called "the ridge of the world, the great defense of east and west" in ancient times, is a natural barrier on the edge of the Loess Plateau. It stretches for thousands of miles from the north and south of Beijing to Xinxiang, which is the dividing line between the North China Plain and the Loess Plateau. Its mountains are high and steep, and the altitude is above 1000 meters. There are only eight mountain passes in the whole Taihang Mountain range, which was called Baji in ancient times. According to the current administrative division, its distribution is as follows: one day, in Jiyuan City, Henan Province; Second, Taihang Ji, in Qinyang City, Henan Province; March white, in Huixian County, Henan Province; Four days in Cixian County, Hebei Province; Jingxing fifth day, awarded to Hebei County; For six days, I flew alone in Yuxian County, Hebei Province. On the 7th, Puyang, in Yixian County, Hebei Province; The Eighth Vietnamese Army is in Changping County, Beijing.

From ancient times to the present, it is a channel connecting the Loess Plateau and the North China Plain. The ancients said: "It is dangerous to close the party." In other words, among the eight places in Taihang Mountain, the pass on Tai Road is the most dangerous. Guan Zhe has two mountains, which are V-shaped and only ten feet wide, so it is called "natural barrier of closing doors". In ancient history, the pass was set on the road, on the one hand, for military defense and traffic control, on the other hand, it was also an important facility for collecting tariffs. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, there was a salt official in Zhiguan who was in charge of salt tax. Militarily, Chiguan, like Chidao, is a battleground for military strategists. During the Warring States Period, in the sixteenth year of Qin Dynasty (29 1 year), after the Qin-Wei War, Zhiguan, which originally belonged to Wei State, became the territory of Qin State. There are also Shi Hu, Fu Jian and Xiyan Murong Yong, who have all stayed at the border; During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Guan Zhe was the border area between the Eastern Wei Dynasty and the Western Wei Dynasty, the Northern Qi Dynasty and the Northern Zhou Dynasty. They fought against each other according to their own risks. In the third year of Tianbao in the Northern Qi Dynasty (552), Ping Jian, the secretariat of Huaizhou, mobilized craftsmen to repair the customs clearance, strengthen fortifications and resist the Western Wei Dynasty. In the third year of the Northern Qi Dynasty (564), General Hu led 20,000 dead men, built the Great Wall for 200 miles along Tingguan, and placed troops 13. Historically, the Great Wall was called Qinling Mountains. In September of the same year, Yang Biao, the general of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, attacked Guan Zhe, and Lou Rui, the commander-in-chief of the Northern Qi Dynasty, relied on Guan Zhe's natural barrier and strong Great Wall fortifications to resist the invading enemy. More than two months later, the northern Zhou army was defeated in Zigui and captured alive. Today, the ruins of the Great Wall in Qiling are still faintly visible. This also shows how important Guan Zhe's strategic position is. After many years and wars, it was destroyed and rebuilt, and it was built and destroyed. In the early years of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty, it was closed again and heavily guarded. Guan Zhe's last reconstruction was in the sixth year of Xianfeng in Qing Dynasty (1856). At that time, in order to prevent the peasant rebels from breaking through Ziguan from the Central Plains and entering Shanxi, and then bullying the city, the Qing government re-examined the former site of Ziguan and rebuilt the Guanlou between the two mountains. With bluestone as the arch and glutinous rice soup mixed with lime as the slurry, the wall of Guanlou is very strong. After reconstruction, Guanlou is 40 feet high, 20 feet wide and 60 feet wide. A battery was built in Nanshan on the left side of Guanlou, and a watchtower was set up in Beishan on the right side. Thirty soldiers stationed in Buma are led by the company commander and are on duty day and night. This building is very "single-handed, above ten thousand people". This is a "law monument", which stands at the juncture of controlling and rebuilding the pipeline in peacetime. Its inscription reads: "decide the opening and closing time of the door as a sign of restriction." The photos show that the entrances of Shanxi and Henan provinces are closed, and the old customs in front of the headquarters collapsed. There is an urgent need to build fortifications. Please consult the members of the Women's Hospital of Henan Province and jointly survey and rebuild with Jiyuan, Yuanqu and other counties. According to the report of Committee members, it is observed that doors are often opened and closed, but they cannot be relaxed and unrestricted. So in the past, the military and civilians all knew. It opens at dawn every day and closes as soon as it is closed, no matter whether it is windy or rainy. People passing by should pay more attention. If there are suspicious behaviors, they are allowed to be questioned and sent to Yuanqu County for investigation. Close the building in shifts at night and patrol nearby. Don't miss it. In case of knocking at the door, I will personally ask the gate. It is really a local citizen who will let the gate open and close. The gate will not deliberately make things difficult, and there is no need to ask for trouble and incur heavy responsibilities. Pedestrians are not allowed to make trouble by accident. Do both. Do not violate it, especially. "

The decree was announced by Wang Wei, assistant minister of the Ministry of War and right deputy governor of Douchayuan, who was then in charge of the government's salt administration, printing and controlling Taiyuan City Wei. As can be seen from the notice, while strictly controlling the customs, Wang Wei pays great attention to maintaining the relationship with the local people, knowing that the natural barrier behind closed doors can be preserved, but the people's hearts are more important. Those who win the hearts of the people will stay at home, and those who lose the hearts of the people will lose their hearts. The unity of the army and the people and the sincerity of one heart are the truly impregnable barriers.

Yong Guan also played an important role in modern military history. In the early days of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the Japanese army marched straight into Jiyuan, and then invaded the west. China's army, General Zhao Shoushan, once led troops with the natural barrier of closing the door, which caused heavy losses to the Japanese army, and is still praised by people today.

Nowadays, the long road and magnificent customs have gone from prosperity to decline in the slow process of historical development. In the past, the scene of the wind whistling on the road, the neighing of horses, the cold light flashing of swords and halberds and the deafening sound of killing has become an unbearable yesterday. On this road, people walk, ride horses, sit in sedan chairs, shoulders, carts or carry donkeys. The seemingly leisurely but arduous "road map" has long been branded with the imprint of the times. Peace has brought prosperity instead, and modern means of transportation have replaced riding and carrying donkeys. Under the wheel of Mercedes-Benz, the ancient road has quietly changed into a smooth asphalt road and a main road connecting provincial roads, national roads and expressways. Everything has changed. Unfortunately, the majestic pass at the crossing was wiped out in the smoke of the liberation war. Now there are only relics left, leaving endless reverie for literati and tourists who came to mourn the pass.