Classical Chinese Literature

1. What is the meaning of "Lun" in ancient Chinese ◎ Lun lún noun?

(1) (sound and sound. From human, LUN (lún) sound. Original meaning: generation, class)

(2) The original meaning is the same

Aaron, Dai is also. -"Shuo Wen"

Interpersonal relationships are combined. -"Xunzi Guo Fu"

One must abide by his moral standards. -"The Book of Rites under Quli"

Hair and hair. -The Book of Rites The Doctrine of the Mean

Lian Po and Zhao She. -Han Jia translated "On Qin"

(3) Another example: Belem (Lun Pi, Lun Party, Lun Wu); Sequence (stream generation; Class); Homotopy table (generation or above); Marketing (level 1); Lun Hou (the name of Qin Jue). Similar to the princes without fiefdoms); Wang Lun (prestige in the drifting generation); Lun clan (the clan to which it belongs)

(4) Orders

You know order, order is ethics; Do not take off, do not collapse. -"Yi Zhou Shu"

(5) Another example: Lun Xu (organized and orderly); Coherence (coherent order); On order

(6) interpersonal relationship, moral relationship between people. The normal relationship between people stipulated by ethics, discipline and feudal ethics, especially the relationship between seniority.

This is only the legacy of my father's uncle's brother, so I dare not disobey. -A Dream of Red Mansions

Trying to clean up his body, it's chaotic again. -The Analects of Confucius

(7) Another example: family relationship (in ancient times, it refers to the relationship between father and son, brothers, etc. ); Interpersonal relationship (interpersonal physics); Economy (the usual principle of the relationship between heaven and earth); Ethics (the principle of ethics); Friendship (ethics).

Be reasonable and just

I don't know about it. -"Book Hongfan"

Another example: Lunki (truth; Organized)

⑽ Meaning

Sacrifice ten virtues. -The Book of Rites Sacrifice System

⑾ "On Balance"

Have a sense of justice. -"Zhuangzi's Theory of Homogeneous Things"

⑿ Last name. -Le Guan Ling Lun, given the surname by the emperor, was renamed "Lun" from now on.

◎ Lun Lun Verb

(1) Follow the texture.

Kaebi Lun analysis. -"The Book of Rites".

(2) analogy

Delun is 35 years old and as strong as the emperor. -Three Kingdoms Wei Cao Zhi's Ode to the Learning Palace

The crime of wasting natural resources is immoral! -Kang Youwei's Book of Great Harmony

(3) Another example is: Lun Lie (equal proportion, analogy); Xu LUN (Bi Bing)

(4) choose. Pass on "Lun". Such as: color (choose the right color); Skin care (choose exquisite meat); Lun dang (choose the same kind of people)

5] preach "theory". discuss

There is coherence, righteousness, division and debate. -"Zhuangzi's Theory of Homogeneous Things"

2. What are the problems in the translation of China's classical poems? so this is it？ In the Qing dynasty, Chu people seized the collection of Jian Xuan, and Dongpo discussed poetry with Xiaomei and Huangshan Valley.

Mei Yun said, "The breeze is fine and the willows are fine, and the plum blossoms are full moon. You have to add a word as a waist to form a five-character sentence. "

Po Yun: "The breeze shakes the willows, and the bright moon reflects the plum blossoms." Mei Yun: "Yiyi; Not yet. "

Huang Yue said: "The breeze dances with fine willows, and the bright moon hides plum blossoms." Mei Yun said, "Yes, it's not enough."

Bo Yun: "What would Ran Zemei say?" As the cloud goes, "the breeze helps the willows, and the fragrance of plum blossoms disappears the moon." They clapped their hands and said good.

Su Dongpo once discussed poetry with his sister and poetry friend Huang and explored each other. After my sister said "breeze willow" and "pale moon plum blossom", I asked my brother to add a word to them and say poetry.

Su Dongpo immediately said: the first sentence is "shake" and the second sentence is "reflect", that is, "the breeze shakes the willow and the bright moon reflects the plum blossom". Unexpectedly, Su Xiaomei called it "inferior".

Su Dongpo thought about it carefully and said proudly, "Yes,' the breeze and the willows dance together, and the plum blossoms are hidden in the moonlight'. ""Little sister smiled and said, "Not bad, but still not up to grade."

Huang Gu couldn't help asking, "What do you think?" Su Xiaomei read: "The breeze helps the willows, and the plum blossoms are defeated in the bright moon." Su Dongpo, Huang and Bao Lian, members of the sulfur edition, recited meditation and could not but say that it was wonderful.

When the translation is correct, take me as the best answer.

3. Karen has become the fashion of thieves. Classical Chinese translation of Peng Lun has become the fashion of thieves.

Source: Ming History (volume 166), article 54.

In the original text, the thief entered the village and told the villagers to stop him, but ordered to reward the thief who entered the village, regardless of the law.

Because Peng Lun couldn't stop the bandits at once when they invaded, he ordered that those who could capture the bandits alive should be rewarded and those who let the bandits escape should be dealt with according to law.

Extended data:

Peng Lun (1423~ 1497), Peng, commander of Yongdingwei, was born in Linli today and took over the post of commander. In the first year (1465), Han Yong, the secretariat of Wudu, suppressed the uprising of the Yao and Zhuang nationalities in Zhou Xun.

Peng Lun is good at thinking carefully in the battle and making plans before the battle. Sometimes for a plan, I stay up all night and sit tirelessly; Fighting as planned often leads to victory. Because of his resourcefulness and decisiveness, he was highly valued by coaches Li Zhen and Zhao Fu, and was promoted to the posts of deputy general and former commander. Peng Lun has been guarding the border for more than 20 years, devoted himself to defending the border and knew the mountains and rivers there like the back of his hand.

At first, the "Miao people" in Zhen, Zhang and Liu Dong invaded the mature Miao fields, neither paying land taxes nor providing poor food for post horses. Sometimes, they arrest people at will, ask for bribes, and endanger the peace of the border.

After he took office, he made the villages take tree cards as the boundary. Anyone who crosses the border easily will be cut off in the ear and nose, or killed in the severe case, which will make the seedlings awe-inspiring, dare not do it again, and the mature seedlings will be comforted and live and work in peace and contentment. They all called the army he led Peng Jiajun. Zhenyuan is an important border town. Peng Lun regards Zhenyuan as the gateway to Yunnan and Guizhou, takes Yinshui as the throat of Zhenyuan, builds a strong bunker and garrisons troops to keep the border people safe.

At the same time, blockhouses were built around Zhusha, Pingyang, Guankou and Yang Er, which curbed the enemy's approach. Later, Deng Yang, a senior official of the imperial court, and Fei Zi, a foreign minister, investigated Guizhou, and Jason Wu, the company commander, was impeached, but Peng Lunzhi was recommended because of his age. In the first year of Hongzhi (1488), Jason Wu resigned and Peng Lun was promoted as the company commander. Aaron can only retire home in his seventies.

Karen has become the fashion of thieves. Classical Chinese translation of Peng Lun has become the fashion of thieves.

Source "Ming History" Volume 166 Biography Article 54 The original text Lun called thieves into the village, saying that they would not stop, but ordered those who entered the village to be rewarded, and those who were placed in various ways. Because Peng Lun couldn't stop the bandits at once when they invaded, he ordered that those who could capture the bandits alive should be rewarded and those who let the bandits escape should be dealt with according to law.

Extended data:

Peng Lun (1423~ 1497), Peng, commander of Yongdingwei, was born in Linli today and took over the post of commander. In the first year (1465), Han Yong, the secretariat of Wudu, suppressed the uprising of the Yao and Zhuang nationalities in Zhou Xun. Peng Lun is good at thinking carefully in the battle and making plans before the battle. Sometimes for a plan, I stay up all night and sit tirelessly; Fighting as planned often leads to victory.

Because of his resourcefulness and decisiveness, he was highly valued by coaches Li Zhen and Zhao Fu, and he was promoted to the posts of deputy commander and former commander. Peng Lun has been guarding the border for more than 20 years, devoted himself to defending the border and knew the mountains and rivers there like the back of his hand.

At first, the "Miao people" in Zhen, Zhang and Liu Dong invaded the mature Miao fields, neither paying land taxes nor providing poor food for post horses. Sometimes, they arrest people at will, ask for bribes, and endanger the peace of the border. After he took office, he made the villages take tree cards as the boundary. Anyone who crosses the border easily will be cut off in the ear and nose, or killed in the severe case, which will make the seedlings awe-inspiring, dare not do it again, and the mature seedlings will be comforted and live and work in peace and contentment. They all called the army he led Peng Jiajun.

Zhenyuan is an important border town. Peng Lun regards Zhenyuan as the gateway to Yunnan and Guizhou, takes Yinshui as the throat of Zhenyuan, builds a strong bunker and garrisons troops to keep the border people safe. At the same time, blockhouses were built around Zhusha, Pingyang, Guankou and Yang Er, which curbed the enemy's approach.

Later, Deng Yang, a senior official of the imperial court, and Fei Zi, a foreign minister, investigated Guizhou, and Jason Wu, the company commander, was impeached, but Peng Lunzhi was recommended because of his age. In the first year of Hongzhi (1488), Jason Wu resigned and Peng Lun was promoted as the company commander.

Aaron can only retire home in his seventies.

5. Qin Xiaogong occupied the dangerous and solid terrain of Yishan and Hanguguan, and owned the land of Yongzhou, which was firmly guarded by the monarch and ministers and seized the power of the Zhou royal family. (Qin Xiaogong) has the ambition to unify the world. At this moment, Shang Yang assisted him, established internal laws and regulations, engaged in agricultural weaving, and built defensive and offensive equipment; The implementation of the strategy of balance of power in foreign countries has made the governors fight against each other. Therefore, Qin people easily seized the land west of the Yellow River.

After Qin Xiaogong's death, Huiwen Wang, Xiang and Xiang inherited the inheritance of the previous dynasty and followed the strategy of the previous generation, taking Hanzhong in the south, Bashu in the west, cutting fertile land in the east and occupying very important areas in the north. Fearful and fearful, the vassals got together to form an alliance, discussed and weakened the state of Qin, spared no effort to collect rare utensils and fertile soil to recruit talents from all over the world, and adopted the strategy of vertical integration to conclude a Covenant, help each other and become one. At this time, there were Qi, Zhao, Chu, Chun Shenjun and Wei, Xin Lingjun. These four emperors were resourceful, sincere and trustworthy, generous and kind, caring for the people, respecting talents, and reusing scholars. They vowed to break Lian Heng's Qin strategy and unify the armies of Korea, Wei, Yan, Chu, Qi, Zhao, Song, Wei and Zhongshan. At this time, Ning Yue, Xu Shang, Su Qin, Doukhi and other six scholars advised him; Qi Ming, Zhou Zui, Qiu Chen, Zhao Hua, Lou Man, Zhai Jing, Su Li and Le Yi expressed their opinions. Wuqi, Sun Bin, Dai Tuo, Ni Liang, Liao Wang, Tian Ji, Lian Po and Zhao She are in charge. They once attacked the state of Qin with ten times as much land and millions of troops. The Qin people opened the Hangu Pass to face the enemy, and the nine armies hesitated and dared not enter the Pass. The Qin people didn't spend a single soldier, and the princes in the world were already embarrassed. As a result, the treaty failed, and the vassal States scrambled to cede territory and bribe Qin. Qin took advantage of their drowsiness and the remaining troops to subdue them, chasing the defeated soldiers who fled, and millions of defeated soldiers were lying dead on the road. The flowing blood can float on the shield. In this favorable situation, Qin cut off all the land in the world and re-divided the land of mountains and rivers. The powerful countries took the initiative to express their obedience, and the weak countries went to Qin to worship. It lasted until King Xiaowen and King Zhuangxiang, and the rule time was not long, and nothing important happened in the State of Qin.

On Qin dynasty (three pieces)

By the time of the first emperor, he developed the legacy of VI, ruled all countries by force, wiped out all the Western Zhou Dynasty, Eastern Zhou Dynasty and vassal States, ascended the throne of the emperor to rule the world, enslaved the people all over the world with severe punishments and severe laws, and shocked the whole world. Qin Shihuang captured the land south of Baiyue, which was divided into Guilin County and Elephant County. The monarch of Baiyue bowed his head and tied a rope around his neck (willing to obey and surrender), and handed over his life to judicial officials. Qin Shihuang then ordered Meng Tian to build the Great Wall in the north and guard the border, so that the Huns retreated more than 700 miles; Hu people dare not go south to graze, and warriors dare not draw bows and shoot arrows for revenge. Qin Shihuang then abolished the ancient emperors' way of governing the country and burned hundreds of works to fool the people; Destroy tall walls and kill heroes; Collect weapons from all over the world, concentrate on Xianyang, destroy weapons and arrows, and smelt and cast twelve bronze men to weaken the resistance of the people. Then take Huashan Mountain as the city wall, the Yellow River as the city, the towering Huashan Mountain, overlooking the unfathomable Yellow River, thinking it is a dangerous place. Good generals guard the key points with strong crossbows, and reliable officials and elite foot soldiers question passers-by with sharp weapons. The world is set, and the first emperor thought to himself, Guanzhong's dangerous and solid terrain and Fiona Fang's solid Yugoslav capital are the inheritance for generations to be kings.

After the death of Qin Shihuang, his afterglow (still) shocked remote areas. However, Chen She was only the son of a poor family. He used a broken urn as a window and a straw rope as a hinge. He protected himself and was a servant, and later became a pawn who was moved to the frontier. Talent is inferior to ordinary people, virtue is inferior to Kong Qiu and Mo Zhai, and wealth is inferior to Tao Zhu and Eton. (He) joined the garrison, suddenly rose from the field, led tired soldiers, commanded hundreds of troops, turned around and attacked the State of Qin, cut down trees as weapons, held bamboo poles as flags, and heroes gathered all over the world, echoing him from afar, and many people followed him with food on their backs. Heroes to the east of Xiaoshan revolted together and wiped out the Qin family.

Besides, the world has not shrunk and weakened, Yongzhou terrain, Lushan Mountain, Hanguguan dangerous solid, unchanged. Chen She's position is not higher than that of Qi, Chu, Yan, Zhao, Han, Wei, Song, Wei and Zhong Shan. Hoe stick is not sharper than hook spear; Soldiers who move to the border cannot compete with the soldiers of the nine countries; Far-sighted, the method of marching troops is not as good as that of military commanders and counselors before the Nine Kingdoms. But those with good conditions failed, those with poor conditions succeeded, and their achievements were completely opposite. Why? If we compare the Eastern vassal states with Chen She and measure their strength, we can't compare them. However, due to its small size, Qin developed into a country with thousands of chariots and horses, governed the whole country and made the governors of the six countries appear before the court for more than a hundred years; After that, he took the world as his family business and Lushan Mountain and Hanguguan as his inner palace. Chen She Uprising, the country perished. Zi Ying, the king of Qin, died at the hands of others (Xiang Yu) and was laughed at by the world. Why? The offensive and defensive situation has changed because there is no benevolent policy.

6. The Book of Rites is the most important one in Xunzi's works, which systematically discusses the origin, content and function of "Rites". Based on the theory of "evil nature", it is believed that "people are born with desires", and there is competition and confusion if they want them. Formulating etiquette can adjust people's desires, avoid disputes and maintain stability. There are "nurturing" and "parting" in the ceremony. "Nurturing" means "nurturing people's desires and giving them what they want" to meet people's material desires and needs, and "dividing" means "equal grades, different ages, equal weight of the rich and the poor", which are interdependent. This paper analyzes the content of ceremony in detail, especially the funeral ceremony, and puts forward the view of "long ceremony", pointing out that ceremony is the foundation of governing the country and the "extreme of human nature" "The world is governed by those who are obedient, chaotic if they are disobedient, safe if they are obedient, dangerous if they are rebellious, surviving if they are obedient, and dying if they are rebellious."

draw

Where does the ceremony begin? Yue: People are born with desires, desires but not, and cannot be without; If they want to have no measurement boundary, then

Can't help arguing; Struggle is chaos, and chaos is poverty. The first king hated chaos, so he divided the etiquette and righteousness to support people's desires and get what they want, so that the desires were inexhaustible and things did not yield to desires. The two men were at loggerheads, which is why the ceremony began.

Therefore, the owners support them. Straw and rice beams are fragrant with five flavors, so raise your mouth; Pepper is fragrant, so raise your nose; Carve and carve, write articles, so eye-catching; The bell and drum control the chin, and the harp is loud, so the ear is lifted; The appearance of the house is sparse, and there are several tables of banquets on the bed, which is also healthy. Therefore, the owners support them.

Under what circumstances did the translation ceremony come into being? Answer: life has desires; If you can't get what you want, you can't have no pursuit; If you pursue blindly, without a standard limit, you can't help competing; Where there is struggle, there is trouble, and there is trouble. The ancient holy king hated the disaster, so he formulated etiquette to determine the birthright of people, so as to nurture people's desires and meet people's requirements, so that people's desires will never be unsatisfied because of material, and material will never be exhausted because of people's desires, so that both material and desire grow in mutual restraint. This is the origin of the ceremony. Therefore, this kind of thing is to nurture people's desires. Meat such as cattle, sheep, pigs and dogs, coarse grains such as rice and millet, and five delicacies are used to regulate the mouth; Eupatorium odoratum has a fragrant aroma and is used for conditioning the nose; Carve patterns on utensils and draw colorful patterns on dresses to recuperate eyes; Nursing ears with musical instruments such as bell, drum, pipe, harp, instrument, cymbal and sheng; Rooms with bright windows and deep courtyards, soft mats, bamboo beds, low tables and mats are all used to recuperate the body. Therefore, this kind of thing is to nurture people's desires.

7. Reading the classical Chinese "Peng Lun" is selected from "The Biography of Peng Lun in the Ming Dynasty": Peng Lun started as the commander-in-chief of the lake demon Yongdingwei and accumulated credit for the commander-in-chief.

In the early years of Chenghua, Zhao Fuping set up a thief in Datengxia. He was promoted to viceroy, guarding Guizhou Qinglang and other places, and punishing the Miao people who broke the rebellion of Mao Ping and Tonggu.

Bandits looted dry streams, and Peng Lun attacked them. The robber returned what he had looted and vowed to retreat.

When the bandits invaded, Peng Lun passed through the villages in Qiongshui and could not intercept them immediately, so he ordered that those who were captured alive when the bandits entered the country should be rewarded heavily and those who were released should be dealt with according to law. Since then, all departments have bound their subordinates, and every time a young talent invades, they are immediately captured and sent to many accounts.

Peng Lun widely gathered the leaders of the Yi people in his area, tied up the prisoners, put them on high poles, gathered strong foot soldiers to shoot them with arrows, cut off their limbs and cooked them for all brave people. If the crime is minor, cut off their ears and noses and let them go, saying, "Take this as a warning. If you do it again, you will not be forgiven."

So he ordered the villages to set up signs as boundaries, and the seedlings did not dare to violate them. In the second year, he served as a right-wing general and still guarded Qingbo.

I am more committed to border defense affairs and have done a good job in armaments. Shi Quanzhou, a demon thief, sneaked into the twisted cave and incited the Miao people in Guzhou. Hongjiang and Ganzhuan Miao people all responded.

Peng Lun sent troops to intercept and arrest, and searched for his wife and children. The Miao people of all ministries were ready to attack the town and arrest them. Peng Lun was defeated, and the death caused by beheading and falling off a cliff was incalculable.

Soon, the Miao people in Qiongshui gathered in Hongjiang and rebelled. Peng Lun was divided into five teams. Just as he started, it started to rain cats and dogs. Peng Lun said, "Bandits don't expect us to go. Go and win. "

Rush forward, attack from several directions, catch their leader and catch the rest of the comrades. All bandits and thieves were suppressed.

Jingzhou Miao insurrection, Huguang general Li Zhen wrote to Peng Lun, gathered to crusade. When the army arrived at the Qiongshui River, all the cooked fireflies were terrified and wanted to escape.

Peng Lun and Shi Yu Li Huang discussed that "the Miao people will definitely help the bandits when they flee" and soon calmed the bandits down. Surrender to Miao people and Xiaoping in the sky along the way.

After arriving in Jingzhou, Peng Lun led the right wing and camped behind the bandits. The bandits escaped and occupied the high mountain. Peng Lun's army attacked upward, and the bandits failed to escape.

So they crossed the river, destroyed the nest and won a great victory. Attack Baiyatang with victory.

The cliff in Wan Ren is very high, and it faces an abyss, which can be called a dangerous situation. Peng LUN will gather the left to attack together and find a way.

Climbing the mountain at night, the thieves scattered in a panic. After more than 2,000 people were hunted, all the prisoners were taken and the stockade was destroyed.

At the beginning, the Miao people in Zhen, Zhang and Zhang occupied mature Miao fields, paid no taxes and provided no post horses. No one dares to ask the relevant officials. Peng Lun sent someone to persuade him to kowtow and ask him to act according to the legal system.

Record your achievements, the more you are promoted to the governor. After a long time, Deng Yao and Yuan Wailang flew to Guizhou to investigate things, and the company commander was impeached, but Peng Lun was recommended to be cautious and mature.

In the early years of Hongzhi, Hao Jing decided to dismiss from office and Peng Lun took over. Peng Lun used troops, planned first, and then fought, so he made many achievements.

Four years, retired due to old age. If he dies, he will get a pension according to the system.

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