What are the prevention and treatment methods of infectious diseases?

Pregnancy disease and its prevention and control

1. Types of transmitted diseases

Fungal diseases: With the help of wind, rain, insects or seedlings of flowers, they enter the flowers through stomata, lenticels and wounds on the flower surface, causing diseases, and symptoms such as white powder, rust powder, coal dust stains, rot, withering and deformity appear in the affected parts, such as rose black spot, powdery mildew, chrysanthemum brown spot, peony red spot and orchid anthracnose.

Bacterial diseases: With the help of rain, running water, insects, soil, seedlings and flower residues, flowers are immersed in stomata, lenticels, water holes, nectaries and various wounds. The main symptoms are spots, ulcers, wilting and deformity.

Viral diseases: mainly spread by sucking insects such as aphids, leafhoppers and whiteflies, followed by nematodes and fungi in soil, seeds and pollen. It is characterized by mosaic, broken petals and deformity, such as deciduous wood virus and tulip virus.

Nematode disease: Nematodes are lower animals, often parasitic on the roots or leaves of flowers and trees, affecting the growth of flowers and trees.

2. Fungal diseases and their prevention and control

Diseases caused by fungal infections are called mycoses. Fungal disease is the largest number of flower diseases, accounting for about 90% of flower diseases. Flower fungal diseases generally have obvious symptoms, such as powder (white powder, etc. ), mold (black mold, gray mold, penicillium, green mold, etc. ), rust, particles, filaments, nuclei, etc.

Common flower fungal diseases include powdery mildew, anthracnose, gray mold, rust, damping-off, damping-off, black spot, brown spot, sooty blotch, root rot and so on.

(1) Powdery mildew: it mainly harms flowers such as rose, rose, rose, plum blossom, peony, peony, calendula, zinnia, gerbera, chrysanthemum, dahlia, hydrangea, hibiscus, crape myrtle, begonia, upside-down golden bell, chrysanthemum morifolium, impatiens and gerbera.

Most of them occur in buds, leaves, branches, buds and pedicels. Brown-green spots appear on the injured part at the initial stage of the disease, and then gradually turn into white powder spots, such as covered with a layer of white powder, and then turn into gray at the later stage. After the injury, the plants are short, the tender tips are bent, the leaves are uneven, and the flowers are few and small or can't open or the flowers are deformed. In severe cases, the leaves are curly and dry, or even the whole plant dies.

Prevention and control methods: ① Strengthen the management of water and fertilizer, apply fertilizer reasonably, do not apply too much nitrogen fertilizer, do not place potted flowers too closely, keep the air circulating, and keep the soil dry and wet properly. (2) Clean up the source of the disease in time and remove the diseased leaves. ③ At the initial stage of the disease, 25% triadimefon wettable powder diluted by 2000 ~ 3000 times or 1000 ~ 2000 times the solution of 1000 times the solution was sprayed for about 25 days, or 1 times the solution of 25% carbendazim wettable powder every10 days.

(2) Anthracnose: It mainly harms orchids, clivia, cymbidium, camellia, magnolia, plum blossom, Milan, banyan, rubber tree, palm, rose, cyclamen, cactus, peony, peony, hydrangea, evergreen, magnolia, jasmine, kumquat, Michelia, kapok, cockscomb and Dianthus.

It mostly occurs in leaves, stems, shoots, flower buds, fruits and other parts. After most flowers are infected with the pathogen, they start to get sick from the tip of the leaf and the edge of the leaf, and there are nearly round spots on the leaf. The edges of spots are mostly purple-brown or dark brown, and the center is light brown or grayish white. There are black spots on the back spots, which are often arranged in a wheel shape. When the disease is serious, the leaves will die.

Prevention and control methods: ① Keep the environment where flowers are placed transparent and ventilated, water the roots to prevent flowers from getting wet, and remove diseased leaves and branches in time. ② Before onset, it was diluted 600 ~ 800 times with 0.5% ~ 1% bordeaux solution or 65% zineb wettable powder, and sprayed 1 time every 7 ~ 10 days, which had a good protective effect. ③ During the onset, 50% carbendazim can be diluted and sprayed 800 times, which can effectively control the spread of the disease.

(3) Gray mold: mainly harms peony, peony, cyclamen, begonia, four seasons spring, Cuiju, Dahlia, upside-down Admiralty, calceolaria, Erythrina macrophylla, calendula, geranium, Hydrangea macrophylla, gardenia, honeysuckle, chrysanthemum, gerbera jamesonii, gladiolus, rhododendron, rose, rose, camellia and poinsettia.

Gray mold harms the leaves, stems, flowers and fruits of flowers. Water-stained spots appear at the beginning of the disease, and then gradually expand into brown or purple-brown spots. When the weather is wet, fine gray hairs grow on the spots, and when the condition is serious, the whole plant dies.

Prevention and control methods: ① Thoroughly remove the diseased plant residues in late autumn and burn them centrally. ② Rotate crops or mix pentachloronitrobenzene with 80% zineb wettable powder evenly, and disinfect the soil at 8 ~ 10g per square meter. ③ Disease-free plants were selected as propagation materials and soaked in 65% zineb 300 times solution 10 ~ 15 minutes before planting. ④ Cut off the diseased leaves in time at the early stage of the disease, and spray 70% thiophanate 1000 times solution or 75% chlorothalonil 800 times solution for control.

(4) Leaf spot: Leaf spot usually starts from the lower leaves. At first, there are light yellow or light brown spots or dark brown spots on the surface of leaves, which spread upward. At the same time, the spots gradually expanded and became one piece after another. The central part of the lesion dies, turning gray or light brown, with brown or black edges, and some leaves will have white mildew spots. The diseased leaves will turn yellow and fall off, and the flowers will become small and deformed. There are common corner spots, stripe spots, round spots, gray spots, black spots and brown spots, among which the fungal leaf spot which is seriously harmful and widely distributed is mainly black spots and brown spots.

Black spot disease: It mainly harms flowers and trees such as rose, carnation, cockscomb, rose, rose, plum blossom, elm leaf plum, yellow thorn rose, oleander, magnolia, Solanum nigrum and canna.

Brown spot disease: mainly harms chrysanthemum, peony, peony, elm leaf plum, crape myrtle, poinsettia, begonia, rhododendron, camellia, osmanthus, tulip, gerbera, impatiens, geranium, cockscomb, rose, hollyhock, Millennium wood and other flowers and trees.

Prevention and control methods: ① Strengthen cultivation management, pay attention to soil disinfection when placing pots, kill latent bacteria, place them too closely, pay attention to ventilation and light transmission, pay attention to good drainage at the bottom of flowerpots, and enhance the self-resistance of flowers. Remove the diseased leaves and destroy them immediately to prevent the spread of infection. ② When the condition is serious, it should be sprayed: spray 1% Bordeaux solution, or 600-800 times release solution of 75% Baijunling wettable powder, or 500-600 times release solution of 65% zineb wettable powder, or 50% amobam 200 times release solution, or Bhutto 200 times diluent. Spray the front and back of leaves and stems, and water the root soil at the same time.

(5) Rice sheath blight is a frequently-occurring disease in flower seedling stage, mainly caused by soil bacteria. It is most likely to occur about 20 days after the seedlings are unearthed. The main symptoms are sudden decay, collapse and death of seedlings.

Prevention and control methods: ① The soil should be strictly disinfected when sowing in pots, and the flowerpots should be cleaned with new pottery pots or old pots, and used after exposure for several days. If individual seedlings are found to be sick, they should be pulled out immediately and sprayed with chemicals for protection. ② After the seedlings are unearthed, you can use 0? 5% ferrous sulfate or 1% bordeaux solution to kill bacteria on the surface of soil. ③ 50% carbendazim wettable powder (8 ~ 12g per square meter) was mixed with 5kg of fine soil to make medicinal soil, which was applied to the soil for disinfection to control diseases.

(6) Rust: The susceptible flowers are morning glory, sunflower, rose, iris, canna and so on.

The disease damages leaves, petioles, tender stems and even pedicels and sepals. At the early stage of the disease, light green blisters appeared on the flower stems of the leaves, and then the blisters gradually grew yellow-brown. In severe cases, leaves turn brown and die, and tender stems and pedicels swell and twist. When the diseased blisters spread around the leaves or tender stems, the upper tissues atrophy and die.

Prevention and control methods: ① Strengthen cultivation management, properly apply phosphate fertilizer and potash fertilizer, enhance the self-resistance of flowers, remove diseased branches and leaves in time, focus on destruction, and reduce the source of pathogen infection. ② Spraying 25% triadimefon wettable powder 1500 times dilution or 15% triadimefon wettable powder 1000 times dilution for 2-3 times at the initial stage of the disease can control the occurrence and development of rust. ③ You can also use 1% Bordeaux mixture or 500-fold diluted solution of 50% Phytophthora, and spray/kloc-0 every 10 ~ 15 days for 2~3 times, with obvious control effect.

(7) Soot disease: it mainly harms branches and fruits of flowers and trees. At first, dark brown mildew spots appeared on the surface of leaves, which gradually expanded to form a black soot-like mold layer. Not only ugly, but also affect the photosynthesis of plants, so that leaves can not make nutrients and lead to death.

Control methods: ① eliminate aphids and scale insects and cut off the media. (2) If soot disease has occurred, Bomei 0.3-degree lime-sulfur mixture can be sprayed in summer, and carbendazim or butyl solution can also be used.

3. Bacterial diseases and their prevention and treatment

The main symptom types of bacterial diseases are rot, necrosis, tumor, deformity and wilting. Common bacterial diseases include soft rot, root cancer, bacterial perforation and bacterial leaf spot.

(1) bacterial soft rot: mainly harms iris, gladiolus, cyclamen, calla lily, hyacinthus orientalis, lily, clivia, cactus, dahlia, zinnia, cinnamon, Araceae, Cruciferae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae and other flowers. It is harmful to roots, bulbs, bulbs, tuberous roots and other vegetative organs, and some are harmful to leaves or stems. Usually, the injured part is waterlogged at first, then turns brown, then becomes sticky and soft, and becomes a package of rancid slurry under high humidity. In the case of dryness, the affected part loses water and is powdery and shriveled.

Prevention methods: ① Pay attention to the ventilation and humidity control in greenhouse; Pay attention to ventilation and dryness. (2) implement crop rotation to avoid repeated cropping, and it is best to change the new culture soil for potted plants once a year. ③ Irrigate or spray the rhizosphere soil of diseased plants with Dixon 1600 ~ 800 times solution in time. 1: 1: 160 times bordeaux solution or 250 mg/L streptomycin solution.

(2) Root cancer: mainly harms plum blossom, cherry blossom, chrysanthemum, rose, fig, clove, wisteria, dahlia, carnation, begonia, geranium and so on. Most bacteria infect roots and whiskers, forming tumors of different sizes. At first, the tumor was light brown, with rough surface, soft or spongy. Later, the color became darker, the internal tissue became lignified and became a hard tumor. When the condition was serious, the whole plant died.

Prevention and control methods: ① When planting, select disease-free trees, or implement crop rotation, or treat the soil with quintozene. Mix 500 grams of fine soil with 6-8 grams of 70% powder per square meter, spread it on the soil surface around the rhizosphere of flowers and trees, and then turn it into the soil. ② The tumor was removed immediately after onset, and the wound was protected with Bordeaux solution or disinfected with 0. 1% mercuric chloride water.

(3) Bacterial perforation: it mainly harms the leaves, branches and fruits of cherry blossoms, plum blossoms, peaches and apricots. At the early stage of the disease, light brown waterlogged, nearly round or irregular lesions appeared on the leaves, surrounded by light yellow halo, and then the lesions gradually expanded to dark brown or purple brown, and the edges of the lesions became lignified, causing perforation.

Prevention and treatment methods: ① Spraying 65% zineb 600 times solution before onset for prevention. (2) Remove the damaged parts in time and destroy them. ③ Spraying 50% bacitracin 800~ 1000 times at the initial stage of the disease.

(4) Dry disease: stems, leaves and tuberous roots can all get sick, the injured leaves wither, and in severe cases, the whole plant turns brown and dies. Such as dahlia bacterial wilt.

Prevention and control methods: ① Soil disinfection should be carried out in greenhouse cultivation, and new soil should be used in potted plants. (2) Strict quarantine, soaking in 350-700 ml of agricultural streptomycin for 30-60 minutes, and sterilizing the propagating materials. ③ Fertilize reasonably, don't use too much nitrogen fertilizer, and try to avoid continuous cropping.

4. Viral diseases and their prevention and treatment

It mainly harms daffodils, orchids, carnations, dahlias, chrysanthemums, tulips, lilies, gerberas, peonies, irises, hyacinthus orientalis, gladiolus, canna, cuiju, impatiens, Petunia, geranium, five-color peppers, violets, pansies, and safflower flowers.

The symptoms of mosaic virus disease are that some of them only cause local color variation of leaves, appear patches or stripes of various colors, or slightly affect the shape of leaves, causing slight distortion, but have little effect on the whole plant, so it is not necessary to prevent and control it, but it can be reserved for viewing, such as variable leaf wood, Eupatorium adenophorum and so on. Others make the leaves smaller and shriveled, with yellow, white and dark green spots or stripes, and the flowers smaller and have irregular broken brocade patterns. In severe cases, plants will be dwarfed and wither ahead of time, which must be prevented.

Prevention and control methods: ① Selecting disease-resistant or disease-resistant varieties is the fundamental way to prevent and control virus diseases. ② Strictly select non-toxic propagation materials. ③ Virus-free seedlings were cultured and propagated by tissue culture. ④ Strengthening cultivation management, paying attention to ventilation and light transmission, rational fertilization and watering, and promoting the healthy growth of flowers can reduce the harm of virus diseases. ⑤ Spray 40% dimethoate emulsion 65,438+0,000 ~ 65,438+0,500 times in time to kill aphids, leafhoppers and whiteflies. ⑥ Using 5% castor oil and 250 times corn oil emulsion has certain control effect on violet mosaic.