What are the characteristics of domestic garden plants?

1. China people's perceptual view of nature

China people hold the idea of "harmony between man and nature" and have a special liking for nature. "The light of that mountain, the sound of that water, the color of Na Yue and the fragrance of that flower are really enough to evoke dreams and reverse feelings."

The utilization of plants in China's classical gardens is the embodiment of nature. It attached great importance to the planting of flowers and trees from the beginning. Garden, so plant trees. Plants not only have different postures between young and old, but also have seasonal changes in spring, summer, autumn and winter. The plants are colorful, colorful and dazzling. If they are reasonably matched according to their growth characteristics, they will be more beautiful and poetic.

Plants are to buildings what clothes are to the human body. Buildings without plants will lack implicit and vivid charm. In addition, "art flowers can invite butterflies, stones can invite clouds, flowers can invite wind, bananas can invite rain, and willows can invite cicadas." Plants bring fish and insects from nature into the garden, which is rich and colorful.

"The Analects of Confucius": "Cold will know the decline of pine and cypress." Taking pine and cypress as a metaphor, a gentleman's loyal character and plants become a symbol of personality. Tao Yuanming's love for chrysanthemums can be seen leisurely in Nanshan, Zhou Dunyi's love for lotus flowers and Lin Hejing's love for plum blossoms. "The shadows are shallow and the fragrance floats at dusk" is deeply rooted and has a long history in China.

In the eyes of China people, plants are the embodiment of feelings and good luck. They call the peony "the king of flowers", the peony "the flowering period" and the rose "the queen of flowers". Beech tree is homophonic, and Wei Zi means senior official. Plum, orchid, bamboo and chrysanthemum are known as the "four gentlemen" in flowers, while pine, bamboo and plum are collectively known as the "three friends of the old cold". Magnolia, Begonia, Peony and Osmanthus fragrans are planted together, symbolizing "Jade Hall is rich". It is believed that Sophora japonica in the middle gate thrives for three generations, pomegranate means many children, bauhinia means harmony, and daylily means forgetting worries.

In the Song Dynasty, Zhang Shi-er regarded peony as a distinguished guest, plum as a diner, chrysanthemum as a longevity guest, Daphne as a good guest, lilac as a vegetarian guest, orchid as a quiet guest, lotus as a net guest, Guangxi as a fairy guest, jasmine as a distant guest, rose as a wild guest, peony as a near guest and tea as an elegant guest. Cao Ruibo's Ten Friends Theory regards tea as a rhyme friend, jasmine as an elegant friend, Daphne as a special friend, lotus as a netizen, Yan Gui as a fairy friend, Haitang as a famous friend, chrysanthemum as a good friend, peony as a romantic friend, plum blossom as a pure friend and gardenia as a Zen friend. It has developed to 30 kinds of flowers listed in Yao Kuan's Xixi Yu Cong, and even 50 kinds of flowers listed in Cheng Gui's Sanliuxuan Miscellaneous Knowledge. It is true that different people have different opinions. Flowers and trees become "guests" and "friends" because of people's preferences and understanding, and even become people's wives (Mei's wife and crane in Lin Bu).

Because the ancients often associated the personality of plants with people, plants naturally have the distinction of nobility and inferiority. Some plants are loved by people because of their special shapes and properties, and this traditional habit affects the aesthetic taste of the whole people.

Scholars of all ages have described these plants. Orchids are widely loved by people because Confucius said: "Chifu Lan Zhi was born in a deep forest, not because there is no one, but because she is not fragrant." We often refer to those literati who despise fame and fortune and hide in the mountains as "empty valleys and secluded orchids". Zhang Chao compared Liu to a lady because of her softness, and thought Liu was one of the four most moving objects in the universe. Many poets and painters are full of affection for bamboo because it was "restrained before it was unearthed, but still modest in Lingxiao". These plants are widely used in China gardens because of their vivid biological characteristics and profound cultural connotations.

2. Geomantic omen theory and plants

The core content of Feng Shui theory is to emphasize the overall environmental model. The ancients in China paid more attention to the surrounding environment than the house itself. Lin Yutang, who combines Chinese and western cultures, once discussed this point. "Because everyone knows the way to choose a house, the focus is not on what the interior looks like, but on what the exterior looks like from this house, focusing on the state of the house and the surrounding scenery ... so China people's views on the house and garden are based on the house itself, and the house is only a very small part of the whole environment."

According to feng shui theory, the environment is good or bad. It is believed that there are lush trees around the building, and people often gather gas by planting "Feng Shui trees" or "Feng Shui forests" in the building environment.

In the Qing Dynasty, Lin Mu said in the book Yang Zhai's Understanding that "there are trees in villages and towns, and Jews have clothes. Thin is cold, thick is bitter and hot. In this sense, things of yin and yang should be reconciled. " He also said: "If Ying Si Mountain is narrow and the sun is not comfortable, there are no trees to shade it. Even if the hall is wide and flat, and there are low mountains outside the hall, you can't plant trees. But if there are sparse places in the back, it is necessary to plant them closely to cover the sky. If it is not an entry barrier, there is no need to plant trees to seal Tianmen. " Under the influence of this concept, the ideal external environment of buildings often presents a garden-like space that is both closed (surrounded by mountain screens) and open (densely planted with trees). This is especially true for mountain temples.

Feng shui theory is most opposed to cutting down trees. "There are trees in rural areas for many years, which is related to rural traffic. You shouldn't cut them at will ... or dense trees. What you should cut when you are unlucky, ... will gradually decrease with the passage of years, and you can't cut them all at once. If you build a tree, you will be lucky. If you cut it, you will be lucky. If you are fierce, you will be fierce. "

Feng Shui endows trees with such a sacred position, which symbolizes the fate of mankind. This can't be simply regarded as superstition. In fact, it is the ancestors' initial perceptual knowledge of the interlocking rings in the biological chain, thus protecting the natural environment.

According to geomantic theory, the general principle of planting trees is comfort, so as to ensure the cleanliness and tranquility of the building environment. However, there are many regulations, such as not planting big trees in front of the gate, because the big trees in front of the gate not only block the sun and hinder the entry of yang, but also are not easy to drive away the yin in the house. In real life, it is not only inconvenient to plant big trees in front of the door, but also easy to attract lightning strikes.

Feng shui theory also pays attention to the choice of tree species. Feng Shui believes that "it is immoral to plant peaches and willows in the east, gardenia and elm in the west, plum dates in the south and apricot trees in the north", and that "there are locusts in the middle door, three generations of wealth, and hundreds of ghosts behind the house", "apricot in the east of the house, plum in the north and peach in the west of the house", and "I like to plant double dates in front of the door, surrounded by green bamboo and trees, and I will make a fortune"

Classical gardens in China are a powerful form of gathering culture and accumulating tradition. Every tree and stone in the garden is always related to feelings, and their setting and structure are related to the feelings that the creator wants to express.

3. China classical garden plants landscaping techniques.

The utilization of garden plants is different in different historical periods. In the early gardens reflected in The Book of Songs, people often planted some plants that can provide the means of production and living, such as mulberry, sandalwood, hazelnut, chestnut, peach, plum and apricot. In the Song Dynasty, people formed their own characteristics in selecting and cultivating flowers and trees. The landscape plants in Li's Luoyang Famous Garden have their own characteristics. Fuzheng Park is famous for its large area of bamboo sea and small area of Meitai, which is elegant and noble. In the noble garden, peony and peony are lined with bamboo, which is rich and luxurious; There are two ancient horse chestnut trees in Miaoshuai Garden, which are 100 feet high and luxuriant in spring and summer. Gardens have their own styles because of different plants. In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, a kind of flowers and trees were often planted in gardens to form a simple group plant landscape. In the Eight Chapters of Respect for Life written by Gao Lian in Ming Dynasty, it was mentioned that the same kind of flowers were planted along the garden, that is, the so-called "nine paths". Nine kinds of flowers and trees, such as Jiang Mei, begonia, peach, plum, orange, apricot, red plum, peach and hibiscus, were selected and walked one path at a time, so as to achieve "one path for flowers and one path for rows". There are many pine trees listening to the wind in Wang's Humble Administrator's Garden, hundreds of plants in Yao Garden and many grotesque willows. Most of these gardens are planted in a piece of flowers and trees, which is characterized by forming a local artistic conception.

By the middle of Qing Dynasty, the proportion of garden buildings had increased, and it was impossible to plant plants intensively in a large area. Therefore, a small number of the same plants or a few plants with several flowers and trees are used for group planting in the garden. For example, a few lake stones are placed in front of the white wall, and flowers and trees such as plantains and bamboos are added to make it poetic.

China is very particular about the selection and configuration of classical garden plants. In Qian's Poems in the Garden, he said: "If a garden is poetic, there must be twists and turns, and it will echo back and forth, so as not to pile up miscellaneous things, so that it can be called a good structure." The selection and configuration of plants also plays a great role in achieving the tortuous artistic conception in the garden.

The ancients accumulated a lot of experience in the selection and configuration of flowers and trees. In the Qing Dynasty, Chen Haozi's "Flower Mirror", Volume II, "Planting Method" proposed that "because of its high quality, when flowers bloom, they should be matched with their colors and skillfully made in many places. Although Miao Yehui is a medicine, it can be decorated to make up for the deficiency of the garden. If there are flowers that don't thank at four o'clock, you will be worthy of the word "famous garden"

For plants suitable for yin, yang, dryness, wetness, barrenness and prolificacy, the ancients believed that they should be trained day and night according to their temperament. Only in this way can the garden be bright and full of flowers. For example, "against the truth, against nature, picking Ficus pumila in water and picking hibiscus in wood dust", you will get nothing. This is the truth that "those who like flowers in the sun attract the east and the west, those who like flowers in the shade attract the smoke from the south", "Rhododendrons are extremely rotten, like shade and are afraid of heat, so they should be placed in the shade under trees" and "hibiscus should be planted in Chi Pan and live near water". If planted elsewhere, it will never bear fruit. "

On the premise of satisfying its biological characteristics, plant configuration must pay attention to the choice of location. Confucius in Chen Hao said: "A famous garden is better than a golden house with charming people;" There are flowers and beauty everywhere, and Yutang ranks right. " For example, "the garden is wide and there are many fruit trees, so only herbs should be planted in the pass." If there is a dense forest on the left, a wilderness must be left on the right to sparse it; There is a fragrant pond in front, and terraces must be built behind it. There is a winding path outside and a strange stone inside. "

The hue of flowers and trees depends on the nature of flowers. For this, for example, "peony is gorgeous, so it is advisable to build a carving platform to make it look far away with rugged rocks"; "The standard of plum blossom wax petals should be clear, and it is appropriate to sparse fences and bamboo docks, warm pavilions with curved columns, planted between red and white, and applied horizontally in Gu Gan"; "Narcissus and orchids are easy to escape, so they should fight with beautiful stones in the magnetic field and put them in a secluded room, which can attract fragrance sooner or later"; "Peach blossoms are natural, suitable for trees and mountains, small bridges and flowing water, and green willows cross, obliquely reflecting the Ming Xia"; "There are many apricot flowers that burn, and it is advisable to have a corner wall to sparse the forest." "The rhyme of pear blossoms, Li Zhijie, should be long and wide, and the morning sun shines; Or pan-alcoholic malt liquor as a diners to expand its hospitality. " ; "Pomegranate red, sunflower ladies, the green window of the whitewashed wall; The night wind is in Xiao Yue, when it smells strange fragrance, the dust tail wants to grow and decline in summer "; "The skin of the lotus is beautiful, and it is appropriate for Shui Ge Nanxuan to make the fragrant wind far away from the musk deer, and Xiao Lou Zhu Qing. The introduction of chrysanthemums is suitable for the thatched cottage to fast, so that it can bring out food and make it flow on the face. " "Begonia has a charming sound, so it is advisable to carve a magnificent wall, block it with green gauze, burn it with silver candle, lean against the railing, or pillow it"; "Sweet-scented osmanthus wins, you should worship Taiwan's vast mansion, sit cold and sit empty, or your hands are weak, or shout in the air"; "Bauhinia flowers are glorious for a long time, suitable for bamboo fence flower dock"; "Fu Yung Lai is idle, suitable for cold and autumn"; "Pine and cypress bone pale, appropriate cliff Qifeng. The vines are hidden and the bamboo trees are clear, and there are secluded pavilions in the deep courtyard, so good birds are idle. If the reed flowers are suitable for snow and the maple leaves are floating, it is appropriate to overlook the balcony "; "Tang Di is full of gold and roses, and it is suitable for Yunping to be elevated"; ……。

Wen Zhenheng's "Chronicles of a Long History", Volume Two Flowers and Trees also put forward his own views on the configuration of garden plants. "First flowers miscellaneous wood, appropriate to mu. However, if the imperial court removes the bank of the sill, it is based on the branch of Gu Gan, with a strange name, sparse branches and dense positions. Or the rocks by the water, sideways, or overlooking the forest, or standing alone. Vegetation can't be numerous, plant it everywhere, take it from time to time, and show it. " For plants with different personalities, the best characteristics should be highlighted in the configuration, such as "peaches and plums should not be planted in the courtyard, but should be seen from a distance"; "Red plum and red peach are used to decorate the forest, and it is not appropriate to have multiple kinds"; "There are mosses in Meisheng Mountain, and the drug transfer column is the oldest"; "Apricot blossoms are not durable, and they are worth a lot of wind and rain when they are opened. They can only be played for a while"; And "wintersweet is the most essential." Wen Zhenheng also discussed the configuration of traditional garden plants one by one. He believes that "magnolia should be planted in advance. For a few plants, flowers are like a jade garden and a beautiful forest, which is the most unique "; "Peony and peony are called' Kao Hua Xiang' and belong to the noble family in flowers. Therefore, planting and enjoying should not involve acid gas. Use aragonite as column, stagger several layers, and divide species. ..... avoid two kinds of juxtaposition, avoid buying wooden barrels and pots "; "Camellia people are often accompanied by magnolia, and their flowers are red and white at the same time"; "Peach wood is immortal wood, which can make hundreds of ghosts and grow into forests. If you enter Wuling Taoyuan, you must have your own reasons, which is the first thing that does not cross the hospital "; He believes that "peach and willow alternate, it is vulgar"; "Marotta, a female Taoist priest, should be placed in the stone room of Yanxia Spring, without much ears"; "One apricot should be built, and there are dozens of miscellaneous plants"; "Mei is the flower companion of a recluse. Protect the moss with moss. If the branches are slightly ancient, transplant rocks or courtyards, the oldest. Another kind of mu, sitting and lying in it when consuming, makes the bones and muscles clear "; "In addition to wintersweet and Leng Yue Court, it is also indispensable"; "It is better to plant bauhinia than Tang Di, and it still has the purpose of winning the hearts of the people"; "Pine trees are the noblest, planted in front of the hall or on the terrace, and it is best to be bisexual. It is advisable to plant a plant in Zhai, with aragonite as the platform or Taihu stone as the pillar. Narcissus, orchids and day lilies are all under it. Mountain pine should be planted on the hill, with long trees and corresponding waves "; "Guiyi should be divided into two mu of land, and all kinds of plants should be planted together, and pavilions should be built in it, so as not to be mixed with other trees"; "Liu must be planted in the pool. Soft strips splash water, turn green and rub yellow, which is very enjoyable "; Others, such as "Huai Yu should be planted in the courtyard, and the green reflection of the leaves is really like jade"; "The buttonwood tree is green as jade, so it should be planted widely"; "Toona sinensis should be planted along the wall in the nursery, and more plants should be planted for food"; Wen Zhenheng also gave a detailed description of the cultivation of bamboo, saying that "poppy is indispensable in the medicine column, and daylily should be planted along the wall, which is like snow when it blooms, and it is the most vulgar if it is planted in a basin stone"; "Narcissus is planted under pine and bamboo, or among strange stones in ancient America, which is more elegant."

Poems, essays, travel notes and other styles of past dynasties also have sporadic records of garden plants. China classical gardens attach great importance to the construction of plant landscape in four seasons. Song and Wu recorded the scenery of Hangzhou West Lake at four o'clock in Dream. "Flowers bloom in spring, lotus blossoms in summer, sweet-scented osmanthus in Qiu Lai, plum blossoms in winter, and snow in Yao." There are many poems in Yuanye, which mostly involve the opening and closing of flowers and trees, the change of seasons and the configuration of flowers and trees. For example, "clothes can't stand the new coolness, the lotus flowers in the pool are fragrant, the phoenix tree leaves suddenly fall in autumn, and the Chinese caterpillar fungus Mingyou". "But it's too late to feel the hedge, so let's explore the plum blossom first." Another example is "Shades of trees are everywhere, Huaiyin is in court", "Willows are planted along the embankment, plums are planted next to the house", "The courtyard is wide and the embankment is suitable for willows", "The wind is bleak, and peaches are planted among willows in the stream; The moon is hidden and the house is surrounded by plum and bamboo, which seems more interesting and affectionate. "

Dong Liu's "A Brief Introduction to the Scenery of the Jingshi" in the Ming Dynasty, in which "Baishizhuang" has such a description: "The rhyme of Zhuang is willow, and the color of willow changes from time to time, which surprises the listener; The voice also changed from time to time, and it was saved quietly. In spring, yellow is a shallow bud and green is a shallow eyebrow; Spring is old, flocculent and white; Summer silk is windy all the way, and it is cloudy and rumbling; In autumn, the leaves are yellow and fall, but the leaves fall and the frost rings on the trees. " This is a vivid description of the weeping willow scene at four o'clock.

Chen Haozi in the Qing Dynasty said in the preface to "Flower Mirror": "In spring, plum blossoms are gorgeous, golden hairs are broken in willows, begonia is red and charming, Lan Ruifang is besieged on all sides, pear tips are soaking in the moon, peach waves are slanting, tree-headed bees are holding flowers, and the fragrance path under the forest is charming. A new color, prosperous everywhere; In summer, pomegranate flowers are baked in the sky, sunflower hearts lean towards the sun, lotus leaves shake with the wind, poplars dance in the snow, trees are gloomy and flowers are blooming. Clear three paths cool, Huaiyin two steps clear. Purple swallow point wave, brocade scale jump wave; In autumn, the golden wind is cool, the osmanthus trees are on the clouds, the phoenix trees are under the moon, the chrysanthemums are on the hedge, the hibiscus is on the marsh, the maple and cypress are in summer, and the snow is full of reeds. Late flowers are still frozen, and short bricks are still noisy; In winter, when all the flowers are falling, but the flowers in my garden are still tired of loquat, the wax petals are fragrant, the tea buds contain five-color flowers, and the roses are beautiful in all seasons. The grass is green in front of the eaves and the song is outside the window. " Describe the picturesque scenery of flowers and trees in the garden all year round.

In Qing Dynasty, there was a couplet on the mirror pavilion of "Tang 'an Garden" in Shexian County, Anhui Province, which described the time sequence of flowers and trees in four seasons.

Dou Wu once said: "Only by analyzing all people's ideals under specific historical conditions and specific cultural background can we fully understand the art of gardening. Classical gardens in China developed along the path of landscape painting. The perspective of China's landscape painting movement and the infinite and flowing space determine that China's way of gardening is to create infinite artistic conception with limited space and limited scenery. Zong Baihua said in "Artistic Conception": "A day of spring scenery is pinned on a few peach blossoms and two or three waterfowl, inspiring the infinite vitality of nature. "

The classical gardens in China are mainly private gardens of literati, and both royal gardens and temple gardens are influenced by them. The royal gardens are even a collection of gardens from all over the world. Classical private gardens, especially Jiangnan gardens, are its essence. Its plant landscaping often wins by simplicity, "there are not many precious essences", and it is mainly solitary or three or four plants. Individual plant selection is the top grade in color, fragrance and appearance; These two plants lean downward and backward; Many clustered plants have their own backs, reflecting the dynamic trend. This seemingly scattered but actually echoing configuration technique is quite consistent with the "business position" of Chinese painting. Another example is Suzhou Netscape Garden Hill Congguixuan Courtyard, which is long and narrow. Osmanthus fragrans is the main species in the court, with wintersweet, magnolia, maple, Xifu begonia, Acer palmatum and so on. , highlighting the theme of "Mountain Conggui", and also achieving all seasons. Suzhou Huanxiu Mountain Villa is full of rockeries and vines, just like nature.

The arrangement of plants in classical gardens has no fixed pattern, but it is always carried out naturally and according to local conditions. To achieve "although someone does it, it is self-opening."