Palace Architecture in Sui and Tang Dynasties

In 582 AD, Sui built a new capital palace in the southeast of Chang 'an City in Han Dynasty, which was completed the following year. Its palace is called Daxing Palace. In 605 AD, Yang Di, Emperor of the Han and Wei Dynasties, built a new capital in the west of Luoyang City, which was called Tokyo or Du Dong the following year, and his palace was called Wei Zi Palace. These are two palaces built by the Sui Dynasty in the capital.

After Tang Jianguo, the capital palace of Sui Dynasty was used, renamed Daxing Palace as Taiji Palace, and Wei Zi Palace as Luoyang Palace or Taiji Palace. In 662 AD, Tang Gaozong attached Jianxin Guo Palace to the northeast corner of Chang 'an, which was called Daming Palace. Fifty-two years later, in 7 14, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty built a palace in Xingqing Square in Chang 'an, which was called Xingqing Palace. These are two new palaces built by Tang in Chang 'an. In addition, during the Sui and Tang Dynasties, a large number of detached palaces were built, such as Suizhijiang Dugong, Renshou Palace, Fenyang Palace, Tang Cuiwei Palace, Jiucheng Palace, Shangyang Palace and Hehe Palace. Daxing Palace in Sui Dynasty, renamed Taiji Palace in Tang Dynasty, is located at the northern end of the central axis of Chang 'an. In recent years, exploration has been carried out, with a width of 2820 meters from east to west and a depth of 1492 meters from north to south, which is divided into three parts: middle, east and west. In the middle is the Imperial Palace, that is, Taine, which is 1285 meters wide from east to west and covers an area of 1.92 square kilometers. To the east is the Prince's East Palace, which is 833 meters wide, and to the west is the service supply part and workshop palace, which is 703 meters wide. From south to north, the interior is divided into three parts, namely, facing area, sleeping area and garden. Chaoqu is an office area for handling state affairs and holding ceremonies, symbolizing state power; The sleeping area is the residence of the emperor, representing the imperial power of the family. Just south of Chaoqu is the main entrance of Miyagi, where grand ceremonies such as New Year's Day and Winter Solstice are held. Compared with the big court or outer court attached to the imperial palace in the Zhou Dynasty, there are tall double pavilions outside the door, and the court is outside the pavilion. To the north of the gate is Taijitang, which is the main hall in Chaoshan area. It is the place where Emperor Wang Shuo listened to politics (the first day and the fifteenth day), comparable to the "Chinese Dynasty" or "Japanese Dynasty" of the Zhou Dynasty Palace. There is a huge palace surrounded by cloisters around the temple, with doors open on all sides and Tai Chi Gate at the south gate. There are palaces on the east and west sides of a group of palaces in Taiji Hall, with Menxia Province, History Museum and Hongwen Museum in the east and Zhongshu Province and Sheren Hospital in the west. Behind the Taiji Hall is the first east-west street in the palace, which is the dividing line between the palace area and the bedroom area.

To the north of Hengjie is the sleeping area, with two instrument doors in the middle. It is the main hall of the sleeping area and the two instrument halls, and it is also surrounded by rectangular palaces. This hall is the place where the emperor meets the minister every other day, which is comparable to the "imperial court" or "regular court" of the Zhou Dynasty Palace. The Hall of Two Instruments has the Hall of Wan Chun in the east and the Hall of Money Ball in the west. The three halls have their own gates, and there are cloisters around them, which are juxtaposed with the two instrument halls. To the north of Liangyi Hall is the second east-west street in the palace, with Rihuamen at the east end and Yuehuamen at the west end. To the north of Hengjie is the bedroom where empresses live, and ministers and others are not allowed to enter. In the middle of this part are the main hall, Ganlu Hall, Shenlong Hall in the east and Anren Hall in the west. The three halls are juxtaposed, with Ganlu Hall as the main one, each with its own entrance, forming an independent palace. There are two rows before and after, and the hall in each row is the core of the sleeping room, surrounded by a wall. Among them, the Hall of Two Instruments and the Hall of Ganlu are close to the front and back halls of a general's mansion in nature. To the north of Ganlu Hall is a garden with pavilions and ponds, to the north is the north wall of Gongcheng, and Xuanwu Gate leads to the outside of the Palace. There are several palaces in the east and west of Menxia Province, Zhongshu Province, Rihuamen and Yuehuamen in the sleeping area, which are secondary buildings in the palace. The main halls in Qin Chao are Tianmen, Taiji Gate, Taiji Hall, Liangyimen, Liangyidian, Ganlu Gate and Ganlu Hall, which form the central axis of the whole palace. The main halls of Taiji Palace are under the pressure of Xi 'an today, so it is impossible to do further exploration. We can only make a schematic diagram of the plane relationship according to the literature to know the general situation. Daming Palace in Tang Dynasty is located outside the northeast corner wall of Chang 'an Waiguo, and has been explored and partially excavated in recent years. Its plane is almost trapezoidal, with a width of 1370 m in the south and135 m in the north. The west wall is 2256 m long and the east wall is irregular, with an area of 3. 1 1 km2. The south wall of the palace is the east of the north wall of Chang 'an Waiguo, and the layout of the palace is roughly divided into four areas from south to north. The southernmost square is about 500 meters deep and its northern terrain is about 15 meters high. The first temple, Hanyuan Temple, was built in front of Gaogang, facing the square in the south. The temple has a first horizontal wall across the whole palace. There is Zheng Xuan Hall more than 300 meters behind the Han and Yuan temples, and there is a second horizontal wall across the whole palace. Zheng Xuan Hall is surrounded by a huge hall about 300 meters wide. Outside the East Gallery, there are Menxia Province and History Museum, and outside the West Gallery, there are Zhongshu Province and Central Yunnan Province, both of which are central government offices. The Hall of Han and Yuan Dynasties is the main hall where the Grand Court will be held, and its nature is equivalent to the Chengtian Gate of Taiji Palace. The two pavilions around it, Xiangluan and Qifeng, are actually double pavilions, and there is a pavilion outside the pavilion, which is exactly the same as the situation outside Chengtianmen.

Zheng Xuan Hall is the place where the emperor meets the ministers at the beginning of each month, which is equivalent to the Taiji Hall of Taiji Palace, and so is the construction of official offices around the main hall. The section from Hanyuan Hall to Zhengxuan Hall is the courtyard of the palace. Zheng Xuan Hall is followed by Chenzimen, where the emperor meets his ministers every other day. It is equivalent to the two instrument halls of Taiji Palace, and it is the main hall of the sleeping area. In the east of Chenzi Hall, there are a bathing hall and a greenhouse hall, and in the west, there are a hall for prolonging the life of heroes and an elephant hall, which are juxtaposed and become the place for the emperor's daily activities. There is a street to the north of Chenziting, which is the bedroom of the queens. Daxiong Hall is in the north of Chenzi Hall, which is Penglai Hall, and there is a pavilion behind it, which is adjacent to Taiye Pool in the north. There are several sub-halls around Penglai and Han Liang, which are juxtaposed to form their own courtyards. From Chenzimen in the south to Hanliang Hall in the north, including two small halls, east and west, surrounded by palace walls, forming a sleeping area in the palace. To the north of the sleeping area is Yutai Pool in Palace Lake, which has an island. There are several halls in the east, west and north of Dong Chi. There are Linde Hall and Doctor Hall in the west of the pool, both of which are huge buildings. Linde Hall is an informal meeting and banquet place. Dong Chi has the Hall of Supreme Harmony and the Hall of Qingsi. , is the playground of the Tang emperor. There are Dajiaoguan, Xuanyuan Temple and Sanqing Hall. To the north of Chibi, there are all Taoist temples. Due to the worship of Taoism in the Tang Dynasty, many Taoist buildings were built in the Forbidden City. Sanqing Hall has a palace wall in the north and Xuanwu Gate in the middle, which is the main entrance to the north. From the north of the sleeping area, including Taiye Pool and its surrounding temples, it is the palace garden area. Hanyuan Hall, Linde Hall, Sanqing Hall, Xuanwu Gate, etc. All the cultural relics in Daming Palace have been excavated and restored, and their appearance can be seen.

All the halls of Daming Palace are rammed earth foundations, surrounded by bricks and stone railings. In the early Han and Yuan Dynasties, rammed earth load-bearing walls were used on the east, north and west sides, and rammed earth was filled on the three sides of Linde Hall, showing the remains of civil-mixed structures commonly used in the Northern and Sui Dynasties. Later, the hall was built with all-wood frame, but the walls of the house were still made of mud, without bricks, and the surface was painted red or white. The floor of the temple is paved with bricks or stones, and the pedals or ramps are paved with molded pattern bricks. The wood structure of the building is mainly earthy red, the upper bucket arch is painted in warm color, the door is vermilion, the window sill is green, the roof is black carbonized gray tile, and the ridge and cornice are sometimes made of green glass. Yellow, blue and green glazed tiles have been unearthed in the late architectural sites, indicating that the architectural color in the middle and late Tang Dynasty developed from simple and dignified to gorgeous.