What are the characteristics of ancient Chinese and foreign garden plants?

Giving people a crystal clear, approachable and pleasing water body is an important landscape element in the garden. The ancients said that mountains are bones, water is blood, buildings are eyes, roads are classics, and trees are flowers and hair. Gardens at all times and all over the world attach great importance to the use of water in gardens.

Water can make the garden produce many vivid landscapes, forming cheerful spaces and transparent lines. The water body in the garden is like a blank picture, which makes the garden virtual and real, and combines rigidity with softness. The classical gardens in China have almost no gardens and no water from south to north. Throughout the ages, garden water has a close relationship with plants. "Painting without vegetation, mountains without life; There is no vegetation in the garden and there is no life in the water. " It can be seen that the plant configuration of garden water body is an indispensable material for landscaping.

All kinds of water bodies in the park, whether it is the main scene, the matching scene or the small scene in the park, use plants to create colorful water body landscapes.

China's early gardens have long contained water, and plants are indispensable in green mountains and green waters. In ancient China, the myth of "Yaochi" was widely circulated. According to Mu Chuan, "there is a jade pond on the left and green water on the right" and "a tree with white rings planted under the porch and a forest in Dangang", it can be seen that people paid attention to the landscaping of garden water plants in the early days. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, water was widely used in gardens. For example, in Shanglinyuan, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, there are eight great rivers running through the vast plains and hills. In addition, there are ten natural lakes and many artificially excavated lakes. I learned from Sanfu Huang Tu that plants such as willow were planted on the bank of Taiye Pool, and aquatic plants such as lotus, water chestnut and water chestnut were planted in the pool, which shows that the Han Dynasty attached great importance to the plant configuration in scenic spots. Zhuolong Garden and Xiyuan Garden were royal gardens in Luoyang in the Eastern Han Dynasty. There is such a description about the plant configuration of the water body: "Zhuolong Fanglin, Jiugu Baxi; Lotus is covered with water and Qiu Lan is the boundary. " The canal in Xiyuan is crystal clear and can be used for boating. Lotus is planted in the canal, among which it is comfortable at night and rolled at day, with one stem and four leaves, which is called "Shu Lian at night".

During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, landscape became the main body and center of garden material construction. Both royal gardens and private gardens attach great importance to the plant landscaping of garden water bodies.

Xuanwu Lake is especially famous in the palaces of the Southern Dynasties. At that time, the lake was vast and inherited the garden layout of "one pool and three mountains". In the lake with "Penglai, Abbot and Yingzhou", lotus flowers are planted in midsummer, which is a scenic spot. A healthy and famous royal garden, Hualin Garden, has bamboo and cypress trees planted in waterfalls and springs. At this time, the bureaucrats and literati living in the temple were not satisfied with the temporary sightseeing and built gardens one after another. Jingu Garden in Shichong of the Western Jin Dynasty was a famous private villa garden at that time. Its theme is mainly pond flowers and trees, and its style tends to Jing Ya. The most important feature of still water is clear and quiet, and the simple and flat water surface can be used as the background color of various garden scenery. Planting some green willow flowers by the water can achieve better ornamental effect.

During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, garden development entered its heyday. As one of the basic elements of gardens, water has attracted more and more attention. In Xingqing Palace, a royal garden in the Tang Dynasty, there was a dragon ditch in the palace. According to legend, "Xingqing pool is five or seven miles wide, and there are lotus flowers, water chestnuts, algae and weeping willows on the shore." On the south bank of Longchi, there are several bushes with purple leaves and yin. Drunk people pick grass and smell it, saying "hangover grass."

Private gardens in the Tang Dynasty were very prosperous. The main feature of Wangchuan Villa by Wang Wei is the beauty of mountains and rivers. We can know from Wangchuan Collection that it is the most dreamy to plant lotus flowers in the lake and willow trees in rows on the shore. Lushan Caotang is a small villa garden of poet Bai Juyi. There is a pool in the thatched cottage, "there are many wild mangosteen flowers by the pool, and white lotus and white fish are born in the pool." To the south of the thatched cottage, "there are Gu Song and Laoshan in the river, surrounded by only ten people and hundreds of feet high. Matsushita has many shrubs, stone paths and leafy vines, which is a place to make full use of all directions.

From Song Dynasty to Qing Dynasty, Yongzheng period was the early stage of the maturity of China classical gardens, and it was also the period when the contents and forms of the landscape architecture system were completely finalized. Song Huizong's "Shoushan Genyue" is an artificial landscape garden with mountains as the main body. Waterfalls, ponds, streams and mountain streams are connected to form the water system of Genyue. The water system adopts the method of gathering and dividing, which makes the water surface suddenly vast, and then the stream is long, which makes the stream linger, like a rest, like nature. Private gardens in Song Dynasty have different styles according to different regions, but plants and garden buildings are generally used to enrich the waterscape. For example, Li's Renfeng Garden, a garden, grows willows near the water and lotus seeds in the water. The streams around the house garden are won by the waterscape of streams and lakes. Gardens such as pavilions and pavilions are built near the water. There are thousands of pine plums with various varieties, and tents are set up among the flowers and trees to enjoy when the flowers bloom. The beautiful West Lake was a famous scenic spot at that time. Bai Causeway, built in the Tang Dynasty, is divided into two parts: the west "Lihu" and the east "Waihu". There are six bridges on the embankment, and peach hibiscus is planted on both sides of the embankment. The scenery is very beautiful. "Lakes and mountains are endless; Although there are painters, they can't imitate them. The famous "Ten Scenes of West Lake" was formed in the Southern Song Dynasty. Xiyuan in Ming Dynasty was the former site of Taiye Pool in Yuan Dynasty. In the Ming Dynasty, the South China Sea was excavated southward, which expanded the water surface of Taiye Pool and laid the layout of the North, Middle and South Seas. The water surface of the Three Seas is vast, and there are many elms and willows on the shore, which are over 0/00 years old. In the middle of the sea, it is green and green. Lotus is planted in the North Sea, reeds are clustered in the South China Sea, and sand birds and water birds swim in the mountains, waters and colors, forming a unique waterscape, which can increase interest and attract people.

From the middle of Qing Dynasty to the end of Qing Dynasty, gardens tended to be mature and the development of gardens tended to be exquisite. Chengde mountain resort was the imperial palace of the Qing Dynasty, where emperors spent the summer and handled court affairs. The colorful lake area is the main part of the whole landscape. The villa makes full use of the favorable conditions of Jehol Spring and combines the natural landscapes of canyons, streams and mountain springs to create beautiful lakes and mountains. The lake area skillfully adopts the separated layout of islands and bridges to form different water surfaces. In addition to the beautiful scenery in the lake area, the villa also uses the springs, streams and waterfalls of Mingyunxia, Lishuyu and Songlinyu to create a landscape with the theme of waterscape. If plants are applied to these garden waters to create landscapes, more beautiful and moving pictures will appear. For example, Songyunxia is planted with dense and vigorous pine forests, which constitutes the natural landscape of the vast forest. Weeping willows are widely planted on the shore of the lake, and the lake is covered with grass and reed, forming a natural landscape. Another example is Kunming Lake in the Summer Palace in Beijing, which has the largest water surface in the gardens of the Qing Dynasty. Xidi and "Xidi Sixth Bridge" were built in the western half of the lake, directly imitating the Su Causeway and "Su Causeway Sixth Bridge" of Hangzhou West Lake. Simply put, its plant configuration is: willow is the main water side, and lotus is planted on the water surface. Some places in the Summer Palace use plants to point out the characteristics of the scenery. For example, willows and peach trees are planted on Zhichunting Island, and peach willows announce the spring letter and point out the meaning of knowing spring. This humorous garden features weeping willows and lotus flowers.

There are obvious differences between gardens in the south of the Yangtze River and palaces in the north. Jiangnan area has superior natural conditions, abundant water resources, numerous rivers, lakes and ponds, and rich varieties of flowers and trees, and the relationship between garden water and plants is closer. For example, the main attraction of the Humble Administrator's Garden in Suzhou is centered on a large pool in which lotus flowers are planted, and the banner of "Four Walls Lotus and Three Willows" in the "Four Walls Lotus Pavilion" indicates the environment in which the pavilion is located. Whenever the wind blows in summer, the fragrance fills the pavilion. The reeds in the corner of its inlet are full of wildness, adding more fun. Several fig trees stretch out to the water surface, which makes the connection between the shore and the water vague and implicit, and the water surface looks deep, as if it is moving and alive, and the scenery reflects a certain depth and breadth. In the middle of the Humble Administrator's Garden, great attention is paid to the mutual concealment between the water surface and rocks, flowers, trees and other buildings, forming a natural landscape rich in the style of Jiangnan water town. Another example is the pond side of Suzhou Master Park, which is slightly square, but it has twists and turns. Shrubs and climbing plants such as yellow heart and crape myrtle are planted on it, and some pine branches are inclined to show the wild interest of natural water features. Jiangnan gardens are generally private gardens, so there is no pool like the northern gardens. Although the pool is small, it still uses water landscapes such as islands and bridges. For example, the pool in Yangzhou Geyuan is not big, but it has many shapes. Winding, rocky, island, revetment, curved bridge interspersed among them, showing the richness of water level, especially the diversion of water into a stream, introduced into the abdomen of Xiashan Mountain, the combination of water scenery and cave scenery, there are many ingenious and unique designs.

Generally, several trees with different postures, such as willows, are arranged beside the gardens in the south of the Yangtze River. They are easy to grow near water, and their graceful posture tends to be beautiful, which can best reflect the charm of Jiangnan water town. High places are often planted with Spring Festival, Tanchun, Luojia and so on. And then there are day lilies, Hosta, Six in the Snow, Begonia and the like, which are scattered. The roadside in Chi Pan is sparse and does not cover the water features. Lotus, duckweed and water chestnut are common on the water surface, which enriches the spatial level of the water surface, controls its growth, prevents it from spreading on the water surface and affects the reflective effect; The flowers and leaves of water lilies are very small, not high above the water surface, and they are most common in small ponds. Seaweed only cooperates with fish and occasionally decorates it.

Foreign classical gardens are different from domestic ones in water treatment and plant configuration.

JSimonds said, "Water is the most attractive scenery in the garden". Swedish gardener Osilon said: "Water has always been an important part of gardens, but the scope of water in China gardens is larger and its position is more prominent." .

In the "Garden of Eden" recorded in the Bible abroad, the garden is full of flowing water and exotic flowers and trees, and the scenery is very beautiful.

In ancient Egypt, a garden mural was unearthed in the ancient city of Thebes. The garden is square with a rectangular pool in the middle and a pavilion beside it. Around the pool, there are Egyptian figs, dates, palms, figs, grapes and pomegranates. All of them have been planted, and aquatic plants such as lotus flowers have been planted in the pool, and waterfowl and fish have been raised.

In ancient Greece, there was an atrium surrounded by colonnade in the aristocratic mansion, and there were fountains, sculptures and vases in the atrium. And planted roses, poppies, lilies, wind fairies, daffodils and aromatic plants, forming a gorgeous inner courtyard garden.

In ancient Rome, there was a lighted courtyard in the center of the residential garden, and a rectangular pool was built on the ground of the courtyard, which could store rainwater and also be used for bathing. In ancient gardens, pools with statues, marble tables and fountains were often used to enrich the water features.

In ancient Italy, water was an indispensable element in gardens and a living soul. There are clear springs in crevices, fast-flowing streams, waterfalls, chain waterfalls, cascade waterfalls and various fountains. However, there are few plants beside many water bodies. Generally, unique moving water is used to form beautiful landscapes, which is completely different from the water management in China classical gardens.

From ancient times to the present, foreign gardens have presented plane and three-dimensional geometric shapes everywhere, pursuing a regular garden, and the shape of the pool is often regular. For example, the "Crown Fountain" in the garden of France's Freigong Mansion is zigzag. China Garden is "a kind of painting, which keeps the natural shape of natural things and tries to imitate nature", indicating that China Garden pursues natural beauty. The various water bodies dug in the garden are also artistic summaries of rivers, lakes, streams, streams, springs and waterfalls in nature. Artificial water control must be "man-made, but natural". Even if the water surface is small, there will be twists and turns, and rocks will be used to decorate the rock bank. Some people even deliberately make a bay branch and nozzle to show the source and context, if the drainage is endless. On a slightly larger surface, islands and bridges will be built. In the limited space, try to write the whole picture of natural water features, which is the idea of "one scoop will make rivers and lakes Wan Li". The natural beauty in gardens can't be separated from water. Without the embellishment of water, gardens will feel dull and tend to be "no garden without water". As another important factor in the garden, plants also play an important role in the garden. In the garden water, in addition to enriching the waterscape by bridging the water surface, building islands in the water and boating on the water, the beauty of shape, color and rhyme of plant materials is often used for landscaping, which can create more colorful waterscape, give people the enjoyment of beauty and cultivate their sentiments.