How to say hospitality in classical Chinese?

1. How to translate classical Chinese? Introduction to classical Chinese translation: at present, classical Chinese translation has become a key point in college entrance examination and senior high school entrance examination. Students are required to translate the key sentences in the text whether in class or after class, and learning classical Chinese is a difficult point for students. Many students take a translation reference book as soon as they learn classical Chinese, but once they leave the textbook, it is difficult for them to understand it correctly.

In view of this situation, I personally think it is necessary for students to master the translation methods of classical Chinese. Key words: reservation, addition, deletion, substitution, adjustment and flexible free translation. Nowadays, the translation of classical Chinese has become a key point in the college entrance examination and senior high school entrance examination. Students are required to translate key sentences in classical Chinese both in class and out of class, and learning classical Chinese is a difficult task for students. Many students take a translation reference book as soon as they learn classical Chinese, but once they leave the textbook, it is difficult for them to understand it correctly.

In view of this situation, I personally think it is necessary for students to master the translation methods of classical Chinese. In my teaching career for several years, I have summed up a set of effective translation methods of classical Chinese and achieved certain results. Now I will provide you with these methods.

1. Preservation method In classical Chinese, proper nouns, country names, place names, official names, object names, etc. should be preserved. No change. For example: "On the evening of October 12, 2006, Yuanfeng."

The title of the night tour "Yuanfeng" in Chengtian Temple is the year number, which can be kept unchanged when we translate it. "Nie Zheng stabbed Han Fu, and Bai Hong watched the sky".

("The Warring States Policy Tang Ju Live up to the Mission")-After Nie Zheng stabbed North Korea, a white light went straight to the sun. "Nie Zheng" and "Han Jing" are both names, which remain unchanged in translation.

2. Supplementary method There are many ellipsis phenomena in ancient Chinese, and the omitted components should be supplemented in translation. For example, "When I saw a fisherman, I was shocked. I asked what I didn't say, and I answered.

You have to go home and set up wine to kill chickens for dinner. "(Peach Blossom Spring)-(Village people) were surprised when they met the fisherman and asked him where he came from.

(Fisherman) Give a detailed answer. (Villager) Someone invited (fisherman) to his house, put wine to kill the chicken, and treated him warmly.

Ellipsis is a common phenomenon in classical Chinese, and it should be supplemented in translation. 3. Delete some function words from French ancient Chinese. There is no equivalent word to be translated in modern Chinese, or according to the law of modern Chinese, function words are not used here, so they can be deleted and not translated, without affecting the accuracy and fluency of sentences.

Such as modest adverbs, partial conjunctions, mood auxiliary words and "zhi" used to cancel independence in subject-predicate phrases. All the disciples said,' Love your life'.

(Historical Records Chen She Family)-The partners said with one voice, "I will obey your orders". "Although I am dead, I have a son."

Even if I die, my son is still alive. The adverb of "Jing" expressing humility can be omitted and untranslated, and "Zhi" can be omitted and untranslated between subject-predicate phrases, thus eliminating independence.

4. Substitution method (also known as variation method) Word substitution: Some words with special usage in ancient Chinese cannot be translated with words with roughly the same meaning in modern Chinese, which is called word substitution. For example, "When filial piety was established, Huiwen Wang, Wuwu Wang and Zhao Xiang learned from it and used it" ("On Qin")-After the death of filial piety, Huiwen Wang, Wuwang Wang and Zhaoxiang Wang inherited the heritage of their ancestors and followed the national policies handed down by their ancestors.

Sentence substitution: Sentences with special meaning in ancient Chinese can be transformed into corresponding sentences in modern Chinese to express their special meaning. 5. There are many variant sentences (predicate preposition, attributive postposition, preposition object, preposition object postposition, etc.). Classical Chinese, and the word order of these sentences needs to be adjusted when translating, such as "Compared with their knees, each one is hidden in the fold at the bottom of the painting and calligraphy scroll" (the story of the nuclear ship)-their knees close to each other are hidden in the fold at the bottom of the painting and calligraphy scroll.

"Comparison" is the central word; The postposition attribute of "two knees"; "Zhe" is used as the tail of the postattributive, which is equivalent to "De". Cao Cao is better than Yuan Shao.

("Longzhong Dui")-Compared with Yuan Shao, Cao Cao. 6. Flexible use of parts of speech is a common phenomenon in classical Chinese. When we encounter flexible words, we should translate the meaning of the word flexibly.

For example, "When the six kings are finished, the four seas are one." ("Epang Palace Fu")-"Six countries perish and the world is unified."

The word "one" is translated into "unity" and used flexibly as a verb. "If time is lost, the law will be cut."

(Historical Records of Chen She's Family)-If you miss the deadline, you will be beheaded according to the military law of the Qin Dynasty. The original meaning of "law" is law and noun, which should be translated here according to law, with noun as adverbial.

7. Free translation does not strictly require the correspondence between modern Chinese and ancient Chinese, but only requires accurate expression of the original meaning, which is quite flexible. The meanings of metaphor, metonymy and extension in classical Chinese are not clear in literal translation, so we should use free translation.

For example, "I dare not approach in autumn." (The Hongmen Banquet)-Even the fur of wild animals in autumn is afraid to go near (literal translation)-the property is simply afraid to take it for yourself.

Free translation should be chosen here, so that the meaning is more clear. Classical Chinese translation is not only a difficult point for us to learn classical Chinese, but also the focus of the exam. It is necessary to master a set of correct translation methods, so as to get twice the result with half the effort, and I hope everyone can benefit from it.

Finally, I sum up these seven translation methods of classical Chinese into a song-a song translated from ancient Chinese to modern Chinese: the words correspond to the sentence method, and the original appearance is the most appropriate. If words are difficult to correspond, they can be changed through free translation.

Omitted ingredients must be supplemented, and meaningless meanings can be deleted. Syntactic word order is different from ancient times to the present, so it is difficult to translate according to the present adjustment.

Keep the technical terms, believe them and translate them well.

2. Classical Chinese translation: The host entertained the guests with the tip of the lotus root, but left the long lotus root in the kitchen. The guest said that he had read a poem, which said,' Yujinglian, the top of Taihua, blooms ten feet like a boat.' At first I suspected that there was no such thing, but now I finally believe it. The host asked, "Why?" The guest replied, "The end of the lotus root is already in front of us, but the head of the lotus root is still in the kitchen."

Generally, there is no need to translate the quoted poems in classical Chinese, but if you don't quite understand the meaning of these two sentences, I can explain: Taihua Phoenix-headed Jade Crystal Lotus should refer to a certain kind of lotus in a certain place, which opens ten feet like a boat, meaning that its lotus is ten feet after opening, and the lotus produced is as big as a boat. It should be metaphor and exaggeration.

3. How to translate classical Chinese 1? Basic methods: literal translation and free translation.

There are two basic methods of classical Chinese translation: literal translation and free translation.

The so-called literal translation refers to the word-for-word translation of the original text with modern Chinese words, so that the content words and function words are as opposed as possible. The advantage of literal translation is the implementation of every word; Its disadvantage is that sometimes the translated sentences are difficult to understand and the language is not fluent enough.

The so-called free translation means translating according to the meaning of the sentence, conforming to the original intention as much as possible, and taking care of the original intention as much as possible. Free translation has certain flexibility, which can add or subtract words, change the position of words and change sentence patterns. The advantage of free translation is that the text is coherent, and the translation conforms to the expression habits of modern languages and is fluent, fluent and easy to understand. Its disadvantage is that sometimes the original text cannot be realized word by word.

These two translation methods should be mainly literal translation, supplemented by free translation.

Second, specific methods: leave, delete, supplement, change, adjust and change.

"Stay": that is, keep. Words with the same meaning in ancient and modern times, as well as ancient names such as names of people, places, things, officials, countries, years and units of measurement, can remain unchanged when translated. For example, there is no need to translate the words "King of Chu", "Yan Ying" and "Yan Zi" in Yan Zi's Envoy to Chu.

"Delete" means delete. Delete function words that do not need to be translated in classical Chinese. For example, the word "Yan" in I'm going to be sick is a modal particle and cannot be translated. This sentence means "I am boring myself instead." Another example is: "Yuzi and Amethyst were seriously ill, but Amethyst died first". The word "He" is a conjunction, which means "Yuzi and Amethyst are both seriously ill, and Amethyst died first."

"Supplement" means supplement. (1) Change monosyllabic words into disyllabic words, such as "lead a wife to this desperate situation" in The Story of Peach Blossom Garden, and the word "wife" means "wife and children"; (2) Make up the omitted elements in the ellipsis sentence, such as "When you speak, you are not sad at all" in "Qin is dead", which translates as: (Ziyi) When you speak, you are not sad at all.

"Change" means replacement. Replace ancient words with modern words. For example, replace "I, Yu, Yu" with "I" and "II, Ru" with "You".

"Adjustment" means adjustment. Adjust ancient Chinese inverted sentences to modern Chinese sentence patterns. For example, "Why don't you hear the news" in Everyone dies, and "Why" is the inversion of "Why". The sentence of prepositional object means "why".

"Change" means flexibility. On the basis of being faithful to the original text, translate related words on the spot. The word "left and right" in Ziyou Asking Left and Right (all the players died) refers to his people, and the word "left and right" in Yan Zi's envoy to Chu refers to a recent minister.

4. The common greetings in classical Chinese are "Hello" and "Hello" when meeting. (Return names: "Hello" and "Hello")

Meeting for the first time is called "I've heard a lot about you". (Reply: "I've heard so much about you")

Meeting again after a long separation is called "long time no see". (Memories are Long Time No See, Long Time No See)

Visiting others is called "visiting". (Return to: "You're welcome")

Guests say "welcome" and "come in" when they arrive. (Back name: "Disturbing People")

When guests enter the door, they say "Come in". (Return to "Thank you")

Treat guests with tea and say "please have tea". (Return to "Thank you")

Entertaining guests from afar is called "welcome" and "welcome". (Return: "Not required")

Kelly personally called it "Wang Yiyu's toe". (Return "Yes")

Guests are called "welcome" and "welcome". (referred to as "do it")

Accompanying guests is called "accompanying". (Return to: "You're welcome")

Giving up halfway is called "excuse me" (Return to: "Continue")

The guests went home to say goodbye. (called "snub" and "sorry")

Seeing the guests out is called "walking slowly" and "walking well". (Backname: "Stay")

Shake hands with the guests by another name "Goodbye" and "Come more often". (Return to "Goodbye")

People call it "thank you" and "thank you". (Return to: "You're welcome")

It is called "the grace of rain and dew". (Recall as "unworthy")

Xie Renze called it "He Run". (back: "I'm flattered")

The feeling of saving a life is called "reconstruction" and "unforgettable teeth" (referred to as "things to do")

Thanksgiving virtue is unforgettable and is called "Gu Lou with a bright heart". (Return: "Not required")

Knowing grace will be called "knotting grass" (recalled as "unworthy")

Asking people to read the manuscript is called "reading" and "reading". (referred to as "reading")

Ask someone to revise the manuscript and call it "axe school" (reply: "teach others to swim")

Please comment on "teaching" and "pointing". (referred to as "learn from each other's strengths")

Ask people the way and say "I'm sorry" and "I'm sorry". (Return to: "Continue")

Asking people to answer questions is called "guidance" and "instruction". (Backname: "* * * Quotient")

It is taught to be enlightened. (back: "I'm flattered")

It is called "medical stone" and "suggested rule". (back: "I'm flattered")

Help is called "please" and "help". (meaning "should" and "do")

Asking for answers is called "pleading" and "pleading". (hereinafter referred to as "try your best" and "service")

Ask someone to write back and say, "I pray for your reply." (called "as instructed")

Thank you for your letter saying "insulting Hua Han". (back: "I'm flattered")

Central people help to call it "trouble". (Return: "No trouble")

Ask others to call it "disturbing" (back to "not disturbing")

Please forgive me for calling it "tolerance" and "tolerance"

I hope everyone will forgive me and call it "forgiveness" (return: "good chat")

Peer interests are called "borrowing light". (back: "no, no")

The enjoyment of companionship is called "the happiness of companionship". (short for "there, there")

Xie Renzhi asked, "It's more than a voice". (Back to "Should")

Zanxiang called it "Yucheng". (Back: "Not done well")

Trusting people is called "relying on words." (back: "I'm flattered")

He Ren Rong is called "Jin Xuan". (back: "I'm flattered")

Call your birthday "the first birthday". (regression: "why bother")

Dedication is called "respecting teeth and respecting morality". (Back: "It's no use getting old")

Congratulations to the people. (Reply: "Thank you for your concern")

Modesty is rarely called "offering sacrifices to Qin" or "honoring the Philippines". (referred to as "after friends")

Avoiding debt is called "anti-wall". (Back to: "Don't give up")

The farewell ceremony is called "Yiyi". (Back: "Why bother")

The ceremony of mourning is called "libation".

The wedding ceremony is called "wedding ceremony".

Waiting for the sage to call it "empty". (Return: "Dare not climb")

When things are returned to their original owners, they are called "all returned to Zhao" and "returned to Bi". (Back: "Thank you very much")

The return of lent items is called "return". (called "receiving")

Praise others for their beauty and call them "Guan Yu". (Recall as "unworthy")

Those who leave the crowd are called "giants". (back: "I'm flattered")

You and I are both called "Jin Lan". (Back to "Should")

There is a strange fate called "three lives are lucky." (Back to "Heaven and Man Give")

Self-advice is called "humble opinion" and "superficial opinion" (back to Gao Jian)

Acting for others is called "acting for others". (Return names: "Sorry" and "Trouble")

5. Lv Congyuan is willing to translate classical Chinese; Lu Huaishen is a native of Slippery State, about a noble family in john young. His grandfather, Lu Zun, was appointed as the magistrate of Lingchang County, so he became a native of Lingchang County. Lu Huaishen was already extraordinary when he was a child. His father's good friend Han Siyan lamented: "This child's talent is not * * *!" When he grew up, he became a scholar and served as a consultant. During the dragon period, he was promoted to counselor. Zhongzong went to Shang Yang Palace to meet Wuhou, and Wuhou wrote him a letter. Lu Huaishen remonstrated: "In the past, Emperor Gaozu was an emperor and went to Liyang Palace once every five days to meet the squire. Because he ascended the throne from Buyi, he owned the world and attributed the honor to his father, so he did so." What's more, yingtianmen is only two miles away from Xiangmen. You can't ride in a row, and you can't ride in parallel. It often comes out from here. If a fool invades the driver, it's too late to blame him. I think we should honor the queen mother in the inner court to avoid the trouble of going in and out. "Zhong zong didn't listen. He was promoted to Zhong Cheng in the right censorate. The last chapter states the politics at that time, saying, "I heard that good people continue to govern the country. "You can overcome cruelty and avoid being killed." Confucius said, "I am in charge of state affairs. One year is almost enough, and three years will be very fruitful." So Shangshu said: "Assess your political achievements every three years, and then decide to promote, commend or dismiss after three assessments." In the past, Zichan was the prime minister of the State of Zheng, reformed the law, and issued a punishment book. In the first year, everyone was angry and wanted to kill him. Recently, the state secretariat, the long history Sima, and the county magistrate of Gyeonggi moved officials in one or two years, or three or five months, regardless of their political achievements. In this way, people who don't move the official listened attentively, stood on tiptoe and rushed forward without shame. How can they declare corruption and pensions for your majesty? Etiquette can't be implemented, the registered permanent residence is more dispersed, the warehouse is more and more scarce, and the people are getting worse and worse, all of which are the reasons. People know that they haven't been an official for a long time, so they don't listen to his teachings. Officials know that the day of transfer is not far away, so they don't try their best. The title and stealing security are used to develop their qualifications and reputation. Although Mingjun has the ambition to rule the world diligently, the road of luck has been opened, and the upper and lower sides are deceiving each other. How can we be as open as possible? This is a national disease. What Jia Yi said about varus soles is a minor problem. The disease can't be cured, even if there are famous doctors. Xuan Di, Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty, assessed birthright and made great efforts to manage birthright, which led to the trend of ethos. Ba Huang was an excellent satrap. Xuan Di gave him gold to increase his rank and commended his achievements on the spot, but he finally refused to move him to an official position. Therefore, he was an official in ancient times. In this way, it can continue to future generations. I request the viceroy, the secretariat, the long history Sima, and the county magistrate of Jixian County to serve for less than four years, and they cannot move their posts. If the governance is particularly excellent, you can add the rank of salary officer to the horses and chariots, send envoys to express condolences, and write letters to encourage them. You can only be promoted when there are open vacancies to encourage those who are talented and capable. For those who are incompetent or greedy and tyrannical, they can avoid officials and return home. Only 100 officials. The number of officials in Xia and Shang dynasties doubled, and talents can still be appointed. " This means reducing the number of officials. Therefore, it is said that "officials don't have to be all, only talents." Don't neglect the official position, food is the first thing for the people. "I'm talking about the selection of talents here. Now there are dozens of times more foreign officials in various lawsuits in the capital, which is unprecedented in modern times. If a person can do his duty on his behalf, he will probably do nothing. However, hundreds of millions of dollars are spent on wages every year, which exhausts the national treasury in vain. Is this the original intention of seeking treatment? At present, the people's strength is extremely weak, and the expansion of the Yellow River Weishui water transport is not enough to supply the capital. The private losses of public officials are countless, and the border is still not calm. If there is a flood and drought, the tax revenue is reduced, the enemy is on alert at the border, and the grain reserve for relief is less than one year, what will your majesty use to solve the crisis? " Don't use the people's power easily, it will put the people in danger; Don't stand still, because it's dangerous. " This means being cautious. Looking at these foreign officials, they are all talented and good officials in the world. Is it true that since ancient times, talents have been promoted but failed to play their role, respected by fame but failed to do their best? I request that talented foreign officials who can serve as local governors or spin doctor be promoted together, so that they can contribute to the local government and their achievements can be assessed by the imperial court. If the old, the weak, the sick and the disabled can't serve, everything will stop and the sages will be completely separated from the shameless. This is the urgent task at present. Fighting for power and profit, accepting bribes, bullying the weak and fearing the hard are the evils in political affairs. I saw officials inside and outside the court. And officials who killed civilians were exiled and demoted, but they were soon promoted back and still served as local governors. They were appointed in Jianghuai, Lingbiao and desert areas just to give a rough expression of punishment and condemnation. They give up on themselves, so that they are greedy for money, regardless of their health and have no intention of changing. A wise monarch should share the benefits equally with all things, and govern distant places with guilty officials, which is tantamount to giving a traitor a favor and abandoning the people far away. Ethnic minorities and China people live together in border areas. They are far away from danger, easily disturbed and difficult to settle down. If the Chief Executive is incompetent, civilians will be exiled and become thieves. From this perspective, ordinary people do not have it, let alone cunning officials. I request that those who have been suspended for taking bribes should be dismissed in less than a few decades, so they should not be given employment. The history books say that "distinguish between good and evil" is the truth. The children didn't answer. He was promoted to assistant minister of Huangmen, awarded uncle of Yuyang County, and Wei Zhigu was in charge of election affairs in Du Dong respectively. In the first year of Kaiyuan, they were appointed as both Wei Zihuang Men Pingzhang. Three years later, they were replaced. At this time, another imperial edict ordered Zihui and Huangmen provinces to verify the facts. Lu Huaishen and Yao Chong said: "Wang Xiantong's crime is very clear. If all the suggestions can be doubted, how can others believe them? "So the case is settled. Lu Huaishen thought he was not as talented as Yao Chong, so he went to work.