Fortune Telling Collection - Ziwei fortune-telling - Why does too fast slow down time?
Why does too fast slow down time?
People will feel that the outside world is slowing down, but time is slowing down in his relative frame of reference. In other words, compared with the observers on earth, the time of astronauts is slowing down, and the time process on earth is indeed slowing down. This seems contradictory, but this is the conclusion of relativity. This is the famous twin paradox. In fact, the twin paradox does not exist. Special relativity is a theory of time and space between inertial systems. The reference systems of A and B are not all inertial systems, and B is approximate inertial system. B it is correct to infer that A is younger. But a is a non-inertial system, so special relativity is not applicable. A cannot infer that b is younger. In fact, according to general relativity, even without general relativity, imagine the special process of variable speed movement of A relative to B: rapid acceleration-uniform speed-rapid deceleration and then rapid acceleration-uniform speed-reverse rapid deceleration. According to the special theory of relativity, carefully considering the relativity of time delay and simultaneity, we can draw the conclusion that A is younger than B, and in 1966, an experiment similar to twin tourism was made with muons, which made muons move along a circle with a diameter of 14 meters and then returned to the starting point. The experimental results show that the moving muon does live longer than the stationary muon. It seems that it can be concluded that whoever moves at a variable speed is younger than the whole universe. First, let's look at an example. Suppose our family came to the city where Mr. tompkins once sleepwalked under the pen of American scientist Gamov. In this city, the speed limit (light speed) is very low, so the relativistic effect is very significant. After coming to this city, we walked into a Swiss watch shop. Each of us chose our favorite watch and asked the clerk to adjust the time of three watches to the same time. Then, we came to an amusement park, and one of them rode at the speed of light, but the speed of the car did not reach the speed of light. I stood at the starting point A and helped my son fasten his seat belt. My son is happily sitting at point A of the speed of light ... My wife is standing at the terminal B, the distance between A and B is L, and the bus is about to leave. I subconsciously looked at my watch and my son's, and the time is not bad. Finally, I looked up at my wife's watch and found that her watch was a little slower than mine. Before I thought about it, the car had rushed out like an arrow. Suddenly I found my son's watch getting slower and slower. Of course, when we finally reached the finish line, it was consistent with my wife's watch. The quality of Swiss watches doesn't seem to be so good either. When I come back from the game, I will return it to them. On the way back, I glanced at my wife's and son's watches. Strange! Why does our watch show the time per minute? I clearly see that their watches are slower than mine! I told my wife what I found, and she said that she thought it was quite strange, but it was slightly different from what I said. At the finish line, she found that my son and I's watches were slower than hers, but when my son came to her by car, his watch got faster and faster, and finally reached the finish line with her. At this moment, my son joined our conversation. He told me what he found. He described it like this. At first, he found that his father's watch was consistent with his, and his mother's watch was slower than his. When the car started, his father's watch was slower than before, and his mother's watch was faster than before. Finally, when he reached the finish line, his mother's watch was consistent with his. As can be seen from the above example, the conclusions drawn by three people are quite different because of their different states. But they all have one thing in common, that is, everyone makes judgments according to their own time. We know that the speed of light is limited, and it takes time for light to travel in space. When the object under study involves a large-scale space or the speed of the object can be compared with the speed of light, the time required for light to pass through two points in space cannot be taken into account, so it is generally considered that two events that occur at the same time under the condition of small scale and low speed can no longer be considered as simultaneous. It is also from the synchronization of time that Einstein put forward the special theory of relativity. In the universe we live in, time is an immaterial quantity and a physical concept introduced artificially to describe the motion of objects. Classical physics defines time as "absolute, real and mathematical time itself is disappearing, and because of its nature, it is disappearing evenly, regardless of any other external things". This definition is undoubtedly correct when studying small-scale objects or low-speed moving objects in space, because it implies the concept that the simultaneity of time is absolute. However, whether this definition still holds when studying large-scale or high-speed moving objects in space depends on how the simultaneity of time is defined and how the time of two events in space is recorded. Suppose there are two identical clocks in AB. We can calibrate the clocks in two places by the midpoint method. We say that two events in AB are simultaneous if the clocks in AB indicate the same time. This conclusion implies that there are two observers in AB to record the time of local events, and then compare the two times to judge whether these two events occur at the same time, and the judgment result has nothing to do with the position of AB. In this sense, the synchronization of time is absolute. Let's look at another situation. We still use the same method to calibrate the clock in AB. Observing two simultaneous events in AB from point A, the conclusion is that the event in A precedes the event in B, and the time difference is related to the distance between the two places. In the same way, observing the two simultaneous events in AB from point B, the conclusion is that the events in B precede the events in A ... According to this conclusion, the synchronization of time is relative. Therefore, whether the simultaneity of time is relative or absolute depends entirely on how to measure time. Special relativity deals with the latter case. What about moving objects? Suppose a rocket moves from point A to point B, and the rocket is equipped with a calibrated clock. We still use the midpoint clock method to place a series of calibrated clocks between AB points A 1, A2, A3 ... and set an observer at each position A 1, A2, A3 ... to record the launch time of the rocket. Everything is ready. The rocket was launched. The observer at point A immediately found that the clock on the rocket became slower and slower, and the speed at which time slowed down was related to the speed of the rocket. According to observers A 1, A2, A3, when the rocket passes their position, the indication of the clock on the rocket is the same as that of the local clock. At point B, the observer found that the clock on the rocket was slower than that at point B before the rocket set off, but as the rocket approached, the clock on the rocket became faster and faster, and when it reached point B, it was the same as that at point B. If there was an observer in the rocket, he would come to the conclusion that when the rocket moved, the clock at point A slowed down and the clock at point B accelerated, and the time indicated by the clock along the way was the same as that on the rocket. In the above example, the rocket moves in different directions relative to A and B, so the results from point A and point B should be different. Time is slower than point A and faster than point B ... Whether time becomes faster or slower depends on whether the distance between the observer and the observed object increases or decreases, and the speed of faster or slower is related to the relative motion speed between the two objects. Below we will make a quantitative analysis of the above examples. Let's use the rocket example mentioned above and put two calibrated clocks in AB respectively. The rocket moves from point A to point B at a speed V, and the distance between two points AB is S. Let δt 1 be the time difference recorded by the observer at AB when the rocket passes through AB. Observers who set Δ T2 as point A record the time difference of the rocket passing through AB ... When an object arrives at point B, the time required for light to return to point A is the distance S between AB divided by the speed of light C. According to the above conditions, we can get: Δ T2-δ T 1 = s/c (1) s = v× δ T1(. Δ t1= Δ t2÷ (1+v/c) (3) From the analysis of formula (3), we can see that when the rocket speed is V=C, Δ t2 = 2× Δ t1; When the rocket speed is v < < c, δt 1≈δT2, because 1+v/c ≥ 1, δT2≥δt 1. We come to the conclusion that time on the rocket has slowed down, that is, time has expanded. Of course, this is the conclusion observed at point A. What is the conclusion from point B? Let Δ t1be the time difference recorded by the observer in AB when the rocket passes through AB, Δ t2 be the time difference recorded by the observer in B, and the time required for light to travel from A to B is S/C ... Similar to the above, we can get: Δ t1-Δ t2 = s/c (4) s = v× Δ t/kloc-. When the rocket speed is v < < c, δt 1≈δT2, because the equation 1-v/c ≤ 1, δT2≤δt 1. So we come to the opposite conclusion that the time of the rocket has become faster, that is, the time has shrunk. So far, we have discussed this problem on the premise that the speed of light remains unchanged. The hypothesis that the speed of light is constant was deduced by Einstein from the negative result of Michelson-Morey interference experiment that proved the existence of ether. In the above discussion, the velocity V of the moving object is obtained by placing two calibrated clocks in AB, and the distance between AB and AB is L. Record the departure time of the object at point A and the arrival time of the object at point B, and divide the distance L between the two places by the recorded time difference between the two places to obtain the velocity of the moving object. The result of this calculation has nothing to do with the distance between the two places Of course, you can also use another method to record the time when the object sends out at point A, record the time when the object returns to point A after passing through point B, and divide the distance L by the time difference recorded at point A to get the speed of the moving object. The results of these two algorithms are the same. If you look at a moving object from point A, is the speed the same when you walk back and forth? With the above conclusions of time expansion and time contraction effects, we can draw the conclusion that an object is slow after leaving point A and fast when returning from point B, which is of course the result observed at point A. There is another effect of special relativity, that is, scale effect. The same method can prove that the length of the moving object decreases with the distance between the observer and the moving object, and there is also the effect of length extension. It can be clearly seen from the above discussion that whether simultaneity is relative or absolute depends on the method of observing time. Without this, it is meaningless to emphasize whether simultaneity is relative or absolute. Even according to the view that simultaneity is relative, time should have contraction effect in addition to expansion effect, so the twin paradox itself does not exist.
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