What are the orchard machinery?

Machinery and equipment for fruit tree production. It mainly includes machinery and equipment for orchard power, gardening, planting, farming, fertilization, intertillage, irrigation, plant protection, natural disaster protection, pruning and harvesting. In some industrialized countries in the world, the mechanization of fruit tree production has developed rapidly. The mechanization of fruit tree production was basically realized in the United States in the 1940s. Since the 1970s, except for fruit harvesting and some meticulous pruning, manual work has been used, and other major orchard operations have been mechanized. In Europe, the whole process of grape production in some countries has been mechanized.

China began to use semi-mechanized production machines and tools in fruit tree production in the 1950s, and developed semi-mechanized small motorized sprayers in the 1960s. Walking tractors and small and medium wheeled tractors are used for fruit tree production. At the same time, cultivators, fertilizers and ditchers have been developed and improved. At the end of 1970s, we began to develop fruit tree planting excavators, orchard air sprayers, fruit tree mobile lawn mowers, pruning harvesting lifting platforms, hydraulic pruning shears, vibrating hawthorn harvesters, electrostatic sprayers, vineyard sprayers, green manure squeezers, fertilizing ditchers, and tree-falling tray cultivators.

Power machine

In the 1940s, orchard machinery mainly included walking tractors and GAR-dentor tractors equipped with various working tools. In 1960s and 1970s, orchard tractors came out. According to the particularity of orchard operation, it is small in size and has a power of 30-50 horsepower. The bending steering mechanism and front and rear wheel drive can improve the adhesion weight and traction adhesion performance, and have good maneuverability and passability. In addition to rear traction or hanging machines and tools, you can also tow or hang offset machines and tools to weed and cultivate around the trunk. The front and middle of the tractor can also be equipped with machines and tools, which improves the adaptability to various operations in the orchard. At the end of 1970s, according to the need of grape production mechanization, special tractors with high and low frames were developed for vertical grape production. The gap at the bottom of the tractor is about 2 meters, and the tractor straddles the grape plants for various management, harvesting and transportation operations. In addition to mechanical transmission, the tractor's transmission system structure also adopts hydraulic motor.

Jianyuan machinery

Including general civil machinery used for clearing sites, building terraces, leveling gardens, building roads and digging irrigation and drainage channels, such as bulldozers, scrapers, graders, ridge builders, trenchers, etc. , as well as orchard ploughing and digging planting machinery and tools equipped with tractors.

twist drill

Different fruit tree varieties need holes of different sizes and depths. The types of diggers are as follows: ① Portable mobile type. It is driven by a small gasoline engine with 2 ~ 3 horsepower, equipped with a handle and equipped with a vertical auger. When working, it is operated by one or two people. Because the machine is light and the diameter of the drill is small, it is suitable for planting grapes and miscellaneous fruit trees on slopes and digging holes. (2) Hanging excavator. Without power, the gearbox is equipped with a vertical single-screw or double-screw rotating head through the socket, and the whole device is hung on the tractor. The gearbox is driven by the power output shaft of the tractor, which drives the drill bit to rotate into the soil to form a hole. Generally, the hole-forming depth can reach 80 ~ 100 cm, and bits with different sizes (50 ~ 100 cm) can be used. This machine can meet the requirements of planting and digging holes for various fruit trees (Figure 1).

Figure 1 Fruit tree planting machinery

Usually there are: ① artificial rice transplanter. Mechanical ditching or digging, artificial sowing, soil cultivation and compaction planting; ② Semi-mechanized seeder. Mechanical ditching, artificial seeding, roller compaction of seedling roots, and cover plate covering with soil; ③ Mechanized seeder. Tractor traction ditching, seedling throwing, suppression and soil covering are completed at one time. The sowing devices of mechanized seeder include chain-rail type and turntable type, and its structure is mainly composed of three parts: seedling clamp for clamping seedlings; A transmission device for driving the seedling clamping device; The device for clamping and releasing the seedling gripper according to the specified position, together with the ditcher, compactor and laminating machine, constitutes a mechanized seeder (Figure 2).

Fig. 2 Orchard management machinery

Orchard management machinery, including machinery and tools used for inter-row and inter-plant cultivation, fertilization, intertillage weeding, pest control, bird and beast prevention, frost prevention, plastic pruning and other major operations.

tillage machinery

Universal traction or suspension plows, harrows and rotary cultivators are used for ploughing and soil preparation between fruit trees.

Fertilization machinery

Ditching with a ditcher, then fertilizing and covering the soil; Spreading uses a variety of spreaders to spread fertilizer between fruit trees and then plough. Most grape fertilizers use furrowing fertilizers, and the processes of furrowing, fertilizing and covering soil are completed at one time.

Intertillage weeding machinery

Weeding in intertillage, weeding between branches and weeding in trays of fruit trees. Intertillage weeding machinery, including hanging shovel wing cultivator and rotary cultivator. Lawn mowers are often used in grass orchards. There are disc type, reciprocating blade type and flying knife type. In addition, there is a horizontal spiral mowing device. In addition to the above-mentioned working parts, the intertillage weeding machinery between the tree tray and the plants must be equipped with safety avoidance devices, including all-mechanical and inductive. The working part is mostly sideways (offset). When the tractor runs between fruit trees, the intertillage weeding parts can reach under the trees to remove weeds around the trunk. When the safety device touches the trunk, the working part will rotate at an angle to avoid the trunk, pass through the trunk and then return to the inside.

Fig. 3 Plant protection machinery and equipment

Including fruit tree pest control, as well as birds and animals, frost prevention and other machines or devices. ① Spraying machinery. In the 1920s and 1930s, single-tube compression sprayers, plunger sprayers and manual powder sprayers were used. After 1930s, a small single-cylinder motorized sprayer was developed. In the 1940s and 1950s, two-cylinder and three-cylinder plunger or piston-driven sprayers were developed, but manual spraying was still needed. Since 1960s, most orchard sprayers are pneumatic, including small electric backpack sprayers, tractor-driven sprayers (Figure 4), hanging sprayers and self-propelled sprayers. Air sprayer (Figure 5) is the fastest growing and most widely used orchard model in the world. Its working principle is that the fan and the liquid medicine pump are driven by power, and the liquid medicine in the medicine box enters the liquid medicine pump through the infusion tube. Under the action of the pump, a part of the liquid medicine under a certain pressure enters the medicine cabinet through the reflux pipe, is stirred by the stirring device, and a part enters the spraying device, and is sprayed by the nozzle under the pressure (generally 10 kg/cm2) to form atomization, which is blown by the high-speed airflow of the fan. Atomize the mist droplets atomized once for the second time, and the fine mist droplets are evenly blown to the tree. At the same time, the high-speed airflow forms a certain vortex, which makes the thinner branches and leaves of the fruit tree turn over and makes the liquid droplets evenly cover the surfaces of the branches and leaves and fruits. ② Anti-frost device. Using burning fuel to generate heat body can raise the temperature of orchard and prevent frost. Reflective chimney diesel heaters are widely used, with oil consumption of 1.5 ~ 4 liters/hour per unit, oil consumption of 100 ~ 200 units per hectare orchard and standard oil consumption of 300 liters/hectare hour. In addition, there are oil pressure heaters that burn diesel through oil nozzles and heaters that use liquid propane as fuel. There is also a solid fuel with diesel as the main agent, a piece of 1.5 kg solid fuel, which can burn continuously for 4 hours and needs 300 ~ 350 ignition points per hectare; The anti-frost air heating device is actually a fan. Because the air temperature about 10 meter above the ground is higher than the ground, the function of the fan is to blow the warm air in the upper layer to the ground by stirring the airflow, so as to achieve the purpose of frost prevention. Most of the fans are installed at the height of 10 meter, and the diameter of the propeller is 4 ~ 5 meters. It is generally driven by an engine with 60 ~ 80 horsepower. When the convection intensity is 2.5℃, the fan can raise the temperature of the orchard by 1. 1℃, and its working effective area is about 1.5 hectares. When the convection intensity is 5℃, the temperature of the orchard will increase by 65438 0.5℃.

Figure 4

Fig. 5 Trimming machinery

Fruit tree trimmer. From 1940s to 1950s, it began to be used for hand-held disc and chain pneumatic, hydraulic or electric pruning saws. The United States began to develop mechanized pruning in the 1950s and popularized it in the late 1970s. The main components of pruning machine are disc type and reciprocating blade type, which are installed on tractors, and there are also special pruning machines with their own power, which are driven by hydraulic motors and used for modeling geometric fruit trees. Disc cutter adopts disc cutter, smooth-edged disc cutter, serrated disc cutter and triangular rotary cutter. American disc shears are driven by a 45-horsepower tractor, and the trimming part is two 6.6-meter-high vertical arms. Each vertical arm is equipped with 7 disc cutters with a diameter of 350 mm, and the included angle of the vertical arm is adjustable. The lifting of the tool rest is completed by hydraulic mechanism. During operation, the hydraulic motor drives the circular saw at a speed of 600 rpm. When the unit moves, the rotating circular saw will cut off the branches that hinder the unit from passing and obtain the required tree shape. The reciprocating blade trimmer only refits the disc cutter into a reciprocating blade device, and the operation method is the same (Figure 6).

Fig. 6 Mechanical device for fruit postharvest treatment

Harvesting machinery

Semi-mechanized harvesting uses lifting platforms and manual picking. Manual fruit picking tool-inflatable rubber pliers, is to clamp the fruit in the fruit picking bag, press the airbag by hand, and the gas in the bag enters the fruit picking bag through the pipeline because the air pressure in the bag increases; Grab the fruit and pick it by hand. In addition, there are fruit picking bags and nets, both equipped with long handles, which can pick higher fruits.

From 1960s to 1970s, some developed countries developed mechanized harvesting devices, including mechanical and pneumatic vibrators. The working principle of vibration (shaking) harvester is to use crank connecting rod vibrator or inertia vibrator as vibration source to generate vibration, which is transmitted to the tree through transmission rod and tree clamp to make the fruit tree vibrate. When the inertia force is greater than the falling resistance of the fruit, the fruit is shaken off and then collected in the container through the collector. Generally, the power of vibration harvester is about 30 horsepower, the vibration frequency is 900 ~ 1200 times/min, and the amplitude is18 ~ 45 mm. Mechanical harvesting can improve the labor productivity by 4 ~ 1 1 times, but the fruit is damaged greatly, and it is mostly used to harvest processed fruits or nuts. In the early 1980s, China developed a vibrating hawthorn harvester, which was driven by a 12 horsepower walking tractor, and the harvest effect was good (Figure 7).

Fig. 7 In order to pick fruits on the ground, ground fruit pickers have been developed since 1960s, including air suction type, needle roller type and mechanical type.

Fruit sorting (grading) device

The simplest classifier is the grading orifice plate, which classifies the fruits with holes of different sizes on the orifice plate, which is purely manual labor. The history of fruit sorting mechanization is not long, but it develops rapidly and has a high degree of mechanization. Commonly used devices are grading according to the size of fruit shape; Grading according to fruit weight; There are three kinds of classification by color (see fruit classification): ① classification by fruit shape (size). Using machinery to make fruits pass through fruit selection working parts with different sizes, and fruits with different fruit diameter grades are selected in turn. ② Grading by weight. Based on the principle of lever balance, a balance weight or measuring device is placed at one end of the lever. At the other end, a fruit holding part is placed. When the weight of the fruit on the fruit holding part exceeds the balance weight, the lever tilts to throw the fruit. When carrying light fruit, the lever moves forward beyond the balance weight position. When encountering a lighter counterweight, the lever tilts, and the fruit holding part throws the lighter fruit at a new position, thus dividing the fruit into several grades. At present, this device is widely used, and electronic scales have been used in some devices. ③ Grading by color. The principle is that the reflected light of fruit is received by a photoelectric cell with measurable wavelength when it passes through the electron emission point. When the color of fruit is different, the wavelength of reflected light is different. The electronic system can analyze the wavelength, determine the choice according to the standard requirements of fruit color, and achieve the purpose of grading.

In order to meet the requirements of fruit sorting, some countries in Europe and America have begun to make combined sorting devices according to various sorting principles, which can make a certain grade of fruit reach certain size and weight standards and meet certain color requirements. At present, photoelectric detection technology, computer and automatic control technology have been applied to fruit sorting equipment.

Fruit packaging device (see fruit packaging).