Pretend crape myrtle voice packet

Basic composition of ancient architecture in China

(1) Taiwan Province base

Weigh the base. It is a building foundation above the ground. It is used to support the building, make it moisture-proof and anti-corrosive, and at the same time make up for the grand deficiency of the single building of ancient buildings in China. There are roughly four kinds.

1, common abutment

Compacted with plain soil or lime soil or broken brick concrete, about one foot high, often used in small buildings.

2, a higher level of platform foundation

It is higher than the common abutment, and white marble railings are often built on the abutment, which are used as secondary buildings in large buildings or palace buildings.

3. More advanced platform foundation

That is, sumeru, also known as King Kong. "Sumeru" is a mountain name in ancient Indian mythology. According to legend, it is located in the center of the world and is the highest mountain in the universe. During this period, the sun, moon and stars haunt it, and the three realms of heaven are also built by it. Sumeru is used as the base of a Buddha statue or shrine to show the greatness of the Buddha. The ancient buildings in China use Sumitomo to indicate the grade of the building. It is generally made of brick or stone, with concave and convex feet and decorative patterns on it, and white marble railings on the stage, which are often used in the main palace buildings in palaces and famous temples.

4, the highest stage base

It is composed of several sumeru seats, which makes the building look more magnificent and tall. The highest-level buildings, such as the Three Great Halls of the Forbidden City and Dacheng Hall of Confucius Temple in Qufu, Shandong Province, stand on the highest platform.

(2) Wooden cylinder

Cylindrical wood usually made of pine or barrel wood. Put it on a stone (sometimes bronze) platform. Many wooden columns are used to support roof purlins and form a beam frame.

(3) Studio

The space surrounded by four wooden pillars is called a room. The number of rooms facing the building is called "width" or "width" The depth of a building is called depth. In ancient China, odd numbers were auspicious numbers, so the bays in the plane combination were mostly singular; And the more rooms, the higher the grade. There are eleven halls of supreme harmony in Beijing Forbidden City and the hall of supreme harmony in Beijing Forbidden City.

(4) Girder, that is, beam.

A main piece of wood mounted on a wooden column to form a roof. Usually made of pine, elm or Chinese fir. It is one of the main components of the skeleton in the traditional wooden buildings in China.

(5) bucket arch

It is a unique part of ancient architecture in China. Square blocks are called buckets, short arcuate blocks are called arches, and long oblique blocks are called Ang, which are collectively called bucket arches. Generally placed between the stigma and forehead (also known as diaphragm head, commonly known as visiting, located between two eaves columns to support the bucket arch) and the roof, used to support the load-bearing beam frame and overhangs, with decorative effect. It consists of bucket-shaped wood blocks, bow-shaped short wood blocks and inclined long wood blocks, which are staggered and stacked, and are picked out layer by layer to form a support with a big vertical bottom and a small bottom.

(6) Color painting

At first, it was used to protect wooden structures from moisture, corrosion and moth, and later it was decorative. In the Song Dynasty, post-color painting became an indispensable decorative art of the court. It can be divided into three grades.

1, seal color painting

It is the highest realm of color painting. Its main features are: the middle picture is composed of various dragon and phoenix patterns, supplemented by flower patterns; The two sides of the picture are framed with "",gilded and resplendent.

2. Spindle color painting

The level is second only to that of the seal. The picture uses simplified scroll petals to rotate flowers, and sometimes it can draw dragons and phoenixes. The two sides are framed with "",and the gold powder can be pasted or not. Generally used in secondary palaces or temples.

3. Soviet-style color painting

The grade is lower than the first two. There are landscapes, people's stories, flowers, birds, fish and insects in the pictures. , both sides with ""or () box. "()" is called "Fu Bao" by architects, and Soviet-style color painting evolved from Fu Bao color painting in the south of the Yangtze River.

(7) Roof (formerly known as roof)

There are seven kinds of traditional roofs in China, among which the double-eaved hall and double-eaved sloping hill are the highest, followed by single-eaved hall and single-eaved sloping hill.

Xi 'an, Ding Dian 1

There are four slopes, one positive ridge and four oblique ridges, and the roof is slightly curved, also known as four roofs.

2. Rest at the top of the mountain

It is a combination of the roof and the hard roof of the palace, that is, the upper part of the roof has four slopes and becomes a vertical triangular wall. There is a positive ridge, four vertical ridges and four ridges, so it is also called the top of nine ridges.

3. Hanging from the top of the mountain

The roof has a double slope, and both sides protrude beyond the gable. The roof has one straight ridge and four vertical ridges, which is also called picking the top of the mountain.

4. Hard hilltops

The roof has a double slope, and the gables on both sides are flush with or slightly higher than the roof.

5. Pyramid roof

The plane is round or polygonal, and the top of the roof is tapered. There is no positive ridge, and several ridges intersect at the upper end. This type of roof is often used in pavilions and towers.

6, roll the roof

The roof has two slopes, and there is no obvious positive ridge, that is, the joint of the front slope and the back slope is built into an arc surface without ridge.

(8) Gables

That is, the upper parts on both sides of the house are mountain peaks. The common gables are also wind-volcano walls, which are characterized in that the gables on both sides are higher than the roof and are stepped with the slope of the roof.

(9) Algae well

A decoration on the ceiling of traditional buildings in China. It is called "algae well", which means five elements to prevent fire with water. Usually in the Buddha's seat in a temple or on the throne of a palace. It is a flat-topped concave part, square, hexagonal, octagonal or round, with carvings or paintings on it, and the common one is "Shuanglong Play Pearl".

Characteristics of Ancient Architecture in China

1, the ancient buildings in China are mainly wood, brick and tile, and the wood structure is the main structural mode.

This structure is composed of columns, beams, purlins and other main components, and the joints between the components are matched with tenons and mortises to form an elastic frame. There are three different structural modes of ancient wooden frame in China: hanging beam, span bucket and shaft. The hanging beam type is called "hanging beam type" because the beam is placed on the column and hung on the beam. This structure is often used in palaces, temples, monasteries and other large buildings. The bucket-piercing type is called bucket-piercing type because rows of columns are connected through purlins to form bent frames, and then connected through purlins. Mostly used in houses and smaller buildings. The well stem type is made of cross-stacked wood, hence its name, because the space it encloses looks like a well. This structure is relatively primitive and simple, and it is rarely used except in a few forest areas. Wood structure has many advantages. First, the load-bearing and envelope structure are clearly defined, the weight of the roof is borne by the wooden frame, the outer wall plays the role of shielding the sun, heat insulation and cold protection, and the inner wall plays the role of dividing the indoor space. Because the wall is not load-bearing, this structure gives the building great flexibility. Secondly, it is conducive to earthquake prevention and resistance. Wood frame structure is very similar to today's frame structure. Due to the characteristics of wood and the certain expansion space of the bucket arch and mortise and tenon used in the frame structure, the damage of the earthquake to this frame can be reduced to some extent. "The wall falls but the house does not collapse" vividly expresses the characteristics of this structure.

2. The plane layout of ancient buildings in China has a simple organization law.

It is to form a single building with the "house" as the unit, then form a courtyard with the single building, and then form various forms of groups with the courtyard as the unit. As far as single building is concerned, rectangular plane is the most common. In addition, there are geometric planes such as circle, square and cross. Generally speaking, the design of most important buildings is balanced and symmetrical. With the courtyard as the unit, along the vertical axis and the horizontal axis, with the help of the organic combination and contrast of building groups, the main building is particularly magnificent. Residential buildings and landscape gardens adopt a flexible layout of "being in harmony with people at the right time".

3. The ancient buildings in China have beautiful shapes.

In particular, the shape of the roof is the most prominent, mainly in the form of temple, rest mountain, hanging mountain, hard mountain, point, shed and so on.

Whether it is a temple or a mountain top, it is a big roof, which looks stable and harmonious. The straight lines and curves in the roof are ingeniously combined to form a slightly upturned cornice, which not only expands the lighting surface, but also helps to discharge rainwater and increases the aesthetic feeling of the building flying briskly.

4. The ancient buildings in China are richly decorated.

Including painting and sculpture. Painting has many functions such as decoration, symbol, protection and symbol. Paint pigment contains copper, which can not only prevent moisture and wind erosion, but also prevent insects and ants. The use of color is limited. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Zhu and Huang were defined as supreme colors. Color paintings mostly appear on beams, arches, indoor ceilings, algae wells and stigma, and the composition is closely combined with the shape of components, with exquisite drawing and rich colors. Liang Fang's colorful paintings in Ming and Qing Dynasties are the most striking. Color painting in Qing Dynasty can be divided into three categories, namely, seal color painting, spiral color painting and Soviet color painting.

Sculpture is an important part of ancient architectural art in China, including brick carving on the wall, stone carving on the railing of abutment, gold, silver, copper, iron and other architectural decorations. The sculpture theme is very rich, including animal and plant patterns, figures, drama scenes and historical legends. A stone on the pedestal of Baohe Hall in the Forbidden City in Beijing is carved with exquisite dragon and phoenix patterns, weighing 200 tons. There are also many carved works of art inside and outside the ancient buildings, including Buddha statues, stone statues and animals in front of tombs in temples.

5. The ancient architecture in China pays special attention to the harmony with the surrounding natural environment.

Building itself is the environment for people to live, work, entertain and socialize, so we should not only coordinate the internal components, but also pay special attention to the coordination with the surrounding natural environment. Designers in ancient China paid great attention to the surrounding environment when designing, and made a detailed investigation and study on the surrounding mountains, rivers, geographical features, climatic conditions and forest vegetation. , so that the layout, form and color of the building can adapt to the surrounding environment, thus forming a large environmental space.

Several forms of garden green space

The forms of garden green space can be divided into three categories: regular, natural and mixed.

I. Regular gardens

Also known as integral form, architecture, pattern or geometric garden. Western gardens, from Egypt, Greece and Rome to the appearance of British landscape gardens in18th century, are mainly regular gardens, which are represented by Italian terraced architecture gardens in Renaissance and Rainotte landscape gardens in17th century. This kind of garden takes architecture and architectural space layout as the main theme of landscape performance.

Beijing Tiananmen Square Garden, Dalian Stalin Square Garden, Nanjing Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum Garden and Beijing Tiantan Park all belong to formal gardens.

Characteristics of conventional gardens:

1. Terrain: In the plain area, it consists of different levels and gentle slopes; In mountainous and hilly areas, it consists of stepped horizontal platforms, inclined planes and stone steps of different sizes.

2. Water body design: contour corridors are all geometric figures; Most of them use neat revetment, garden waterscape and plastic pool type, wall spring, plastic waterfall and canal, among which fountain is often the theme of waterscape.

3. Architectural layout: The garden not only adopts the design of symmetrically balancing the central axis for single buildings, but also adopts the method of symmetrically balancing the central axis for the layout of buildings and large buildings, and controls the whole garden with the main axis and the auxiliary axis in the form of main buildings and secondary buildings.

4. Road Square: The outline of the open space and square in the garden is geometric. The enclosed lawn and square space are surrounded by symmetrical buildings or regular forest belts and tree walls. Roads are all composed of straight lines, lines or geometric curves, forming a grid-like or annular radial geometric layout with symmetrical or asymmetrical central axes.

5. Planting design: The flower arrangement in the garden is mainly flower beds and flower borders with patterns as the theme, and sometimes it is arranged into large flower beds. Trees are mainly arranged in determinant and symmetry, and hedges and green walls are widely used to divide and organize space. Trees modeling pruning mainly simulates architectural modeling and animal modeling, such as green columns, green towers, green doors, green pavilions and birds and animals trimmed with evergreen trees.

6. Other scenery in the park: In addition to buildings, flower beds, conventional water features and a large number of fountains, the rest are often dominated by potted trees, potted flowers, vase ornaments and statues. The base of the statue is regular, and the position of the statue is mostly arranged at the beginning, end or intersection of the axis.

Formal gardens give people the feeling of grandeur, neatness and solemnity.

Second, the natural garden

Also known as landscape gardens, irregular gardens and landscape gardens. The gardens in China, starting from the Zhou and Qin Dynasties with historical records, are mostly natural landscape gardens, whether large-scale royal gardens or small-scale private gardens. Among the classical gardens, the Summer Palace, Three Seas Garden, chengde mountain resort, Humble Administrator's Garden and Liuyuan are the representatives. China's natural landscape gardens began to influence Japanese gardens in the Tang Dynasty, and were introduced to Britain in the second half of the18th century, which led to the innovation movement of classical formalism in European gardens. Guangzhou Yuexiu Park, Liuhua Lake Park, Orchid Garden and West Garden are all natural gardens.

Characteristics of natural gardens:

1. Terrain: Plain area, where the terrain is a combination of natural undulating gentle terrain and some artificially sharpened natural undulating mounds, and its cross section is a gentle curve. In mountainous and hilly areas, natural landforms are used, except for buildings and square bases, and the original broken landforms are also manually arranged to make them natural.

2. Water body: its outline is a natural curve, and the river bank is inclined with various natural curves. If there is a revetment, it is also a natural rock revetment. The types of garden waterscape are mainly streams, rivers, natural waterfalls, ponds and lakes. Waterfalls are usually the theme of waterscape.

3. Architecture: The single buildings in the garden are symmetrical or asymmetrical, while the buildings and large buildings are asymmetrical. The whole park is not controlled by the axis, but by the continuity of the main guiding lines.

4. Road Square: the open space in the garden and the open grassland and square with closed natural outline, surrounded by asymmetric buildings, earth mountains, natural trees and forest belts. The plane and section of the road are composed of natural undulating plane lines and vertical curves.

5. Planting design: Planting in the garden cannot determine the natural beauty of natural plant communities. Flower arrangement is mainly based on flowers and plants, and there is no need for patterned flower beds. Trees are mainly planted with isolated trees, shrubs and Woods, hedges are trimmed irregularly, and natural shrubs, trees and trees are used to divide and organize garden space. Tree modeling does not simulate the figure of architectural birds and beasts, but mainly simulates the ancient trees in nature.

6. Other scenery in the park: In addition to buildings, natural landscapes and plant communities, rocks, fake stones, piles, bonsai and sculptures are still the main scenery, among which the pedestal of the statue is natural and the position of the statue is mostly arranged at the focus of the perspective line.

Natural gardens have a long history in China, and most classical gardens are natural gardens. It is reflected in the fact that tourists stay at home, just like being in nature and traveling around famous mountains and rivers. Chengde mountain resort, for example, is a park with gardens in the north and south of China, where you can enjoy various styles of garden landscapes. There are many pictures of natural gardens, so I only choose a few for you to enjoy.

Third, mixed gardens.

In the garden, if the proportion of regular garden and natural garden is similar, it can be called mixed garden. Such as Guangzhou Martyrs Cemetery. In the garden rules, the original flat terrain can be planned into a regular pattern, the original undulating terrain can be planned into a natural pattern, the water surface of hills can be planned into a natural pattern, and the trees can be planned into a regular pattern. Large-scale gardens, natural patterns are appropriate, and small areas are more economical. If the surrounding environment is regular, it is planned to be regular, and if the surrounding environment is natural, it is planned to be natural. Boulevard, street garden of building square, etc. It should be regular style. The green space in front of residential areas, institutions, factories, gymnasiums and large buildings should be mixed.

Guangzhou Tianhe Space Wonder is a mixed garden.

I think schools are different from ordinary gardens, for example, students go to and from school, the flow of people is large, and large venues are needed for recess and large-scale activities. Therefore, the greening design of the school should be mixed and matched, not only with traditional garden style, but also with large activity venues reserved. This style is very common in big schools.

Pavilions, terraces, buildings and pavilions in gardens; Stone benches, tables and rattan frames for sketch; The lotus planted in the pond has a typical China garden flavor.

China garden architecture art is the most distinctive in the world culture. It develops with other categories of China traditional culture and is an important part of China traditional culture. It has experienced more than two thousand years of historical development, and has extremely rich literary and aesthetic connotations. Its development can be roughly divided into three periods, that is, the "natural period" in the pre-Qin, Qin and Han dynasties, which is a period from "cave" to "garden", characterized by a wide area, huge projects and an increase in artificial facilities; During the formation of classical gardens in Tang and Song Dynasties, the development of China gardens began in Han Dynasty. After the transition from the Eastern Han Dynasty, Three Kingdoms, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties to the unification of China in Sui Dynasty, the development of gardens has two characteristics. First, attach importance to the role of entertainment and appreciation in garden construction; Second, the development of painting technology and gardening art promote each other. The outstanding achievement in the formation period is the combination of garden, literature and painting. The Ming and Qing Dynasties were the heyday of classical gardens in China. So far, the landscape architecture in China has three characteristics: full function, diverse forms and strong artistry.

Due to different historical backgrounds and cultural traditions, Chinese and Western gardens have different styles and characteristics. Although China gardens are divided into northern royal gardens and private gardens in the south of the Yangtze River, and there are many differences, western gardens have different styles such as ancient gardens, medieval gardens and Renaissance gardens due to different historical development stages. But generally speaking, Chinese and western gardens are dominated by different philosophical and aesthetic ideas, and their forms and styles are still very distinct. Especially, the differences between Italian Renaissance gardens and French classical gardens in15 ~17th century and China classical gardens are more obvious.

Artificial beauty/natural beauty

The differences between Chinese and western gardens in form are very obvious. Western gardens embody artificial beauty, which is not only symmetrical, regular and rigorous in layout, but also square in pruning flowers and plants, thus showing a geometric beauty. Phenomenologically, western gardening mainly uses artificial methods to change its natural state. China gardens are completely different. They don't seek axis symmetry, and there is no law to follow. On the contrary, they are surrounded by mountains and waters, winding and winding. Not only do flowers and trees leave the original appearance of nature, but even artificial buildings try to conform to nature and strive to be integrated with nature. "Although it is made by people, it is all natural."

Humanized nature/personification of nature

Because gardening is inseparable from nature, China and the West have very different attitudes towards nature. Although natural beauty is also mentioned in western aesthetic works, it is only a material or source of beauty. Natural beauty itself is flawed, and it can't be perfect without artificial transformation, that is to say, natural beauty itself has no independent aesthetic significance. Hegel once specifically discussed the defects of natural beauty in Aesthetics, because everything in nature is comfortable, and there is no conscious spiritual perfusion of life and the unity of theme in some parts where differences coexist, so the characteristics of ideal beauty cannot be seen. "Beauty is the perceptual manifestation of ideas", so natural beauty must be flawed and cannot be sublimated into artistic beauty. The garden is man-made, and he has to rebuild it according to his own will to achieve a perfect situation.

China people discover and explore natural beauty in another way. China people are mainly looking for something in nature that can be in harmony with people's aesthetic feelings and can cause * * *. The establishment of China people's natural aesthetics can be traced back to the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Specific historical conditions forced the literati class to be indifferent to politics and invited them to visit the mountains and rivers, so through the intermediary of "love", the extremely rich natural beauty contained in the lakes and mountains was realized. Although China gardens belong to natural landscape gardens in form and style, they are not simply copying or imitating nature, but refining, abstracting, generalizing and typifying on the basis of a deep understanding of natural beauty. This kind of creation does not violate the nature of compassion, on the contrary, it conforms to nature and expresses it more deeply. It seems that China people's aesthetics does not change nature according to people's ideas, but emphasizes the emotional correspondence between subject and object, that is, "relaxing the mind". It can play the role of communication between aesthetic subject and aesthetic object. From a higher level, we can also personalize the object through the role of "empathy". Zhuangzi's "taking advantage of things" means that things and I can blend with each other, so as to achieve the state of forgetting myself. Therefore, the aesthetic thought of western gardening personifies nature, while China personifies nature.

Formal beauty and artistic conception beauty

Due to different attitudes towards natural beauty, the pursuit embodied in gardening art also has its own emphasis. Although there is no lack of poetry in western gardening, it deliberately pursues formal beauty; Although China also attached importance to the form of gardening, he devoted himself to the beauty of artistic conception. Westerners believe that natural beauty is flawed. In order to overcome this defect and achieve a perfect situation, we must rely on some ideas to enhance the natural beauty, so as to reach the height of artistic beauty. That is, a kind of formal beauty. As early as in ancient Greece, the philosopher Pythagoras explored harmony from the perspective of numbers and put forward the golden ratio. Vitruvius in Roman times also mentioned the problem of proportion and balance in his ten architectural works, and proposed that "proportion is a beautiful appearance and a moderate relationship when combining details". Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo and others in the Renaissance also discussed the law of formal beauty through the human body. Hegel, on the other hand, takes "the external beauty of abstract form" as the proposition, and abstractly summarizes the laws of formal beauty such as unity, balance and symmetry, conformity with rules and harmony. So the law of formal beauty is quite common. It not only dominates the visual arts such as architecture, painting and sculpture, but also has a great influence on the auditory arts such as music and poetry. Therefore, gardens closely related to architecture are regarded as the golden rule. The symmetrical and balanced layout, exquisite geometric pattern composition and strong sense of rhythm in western gardens clearly reflect the deliberate pursuit of formal beauty.

China pays attention to "scenery" and "emotion" in gardening, and scenery naturally belongs to the category of material form. However, its standard of measurement depends on whether it can arouse people's feelings, thus having a poetic environmental atmosphere, that is, "artistic conception." This is obviously different from the formal beauty pursued by western gardening, mainly due to the cultural background of China's gardening. There were no special gardeners in ancient China. Since Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, China's gardening has been deeply influenced by painting, poetry and literature due to the intervention of literati painters. Both poetry and painting attach great importance to the pursuit of artistic conception, which makes China's gardening with strong emotional color from the beginning. Wang Guowei of A Qing Dynasty said: "Scenery is not unique, and emotion is also one of the realms in people's minds. Therefore, those who can describe the scenery and feel the truth are called the realm, otherwise they are called the realm. " Artistic conception can only be obtained through "enlightenment", which is a psychological activity. "the scenery is ruthless and the emotions are lifeless." Therefore, the essence of garden management is to pursue artistic conception.

A good garden, whether in China or in the West, is bound to be pleasing to the eye. However, due to different emphases, western gardens give us the feeling that they are pleasing to the eye, while China gardens are intended to be pleasing to the eye.

Necessity/contingency

Western gardening follows the law of formal beauty and deliberately pursues the beauty of geometric patterns, which inevitably presents a geometric relationship, such as axial symmetry, balance and the wide application of some geometric shapes, such as straight lines, squares, circles and triangles. Although the combination changes can be varied, there are still rules to follow. Since western gardening deliberately pursues formal beauty, it is impossible to violate the law of formal beauty. Therefore, all elements in the garden can not be separated from the whole, but must be embedded in a certain part with a certain shape and size, so it shows a kind of inevitability that conforms to the law.

China's gardening is far from the natural mountains and rivers, and he pursues a poetic and picturesque realm. If it also attaches great importance to landscaping, then its materials, prototypes, sources and inspirations. . . . . . If you wait, you can only explore in nature. The more natural things are, the richer they contain. Therefore, China's gardening has great randomness and contingency. Not only is the layout ever-changing, but there is no strict subordinate relationship between the whole and the part, and the structure is loose and irregular. As the saying goes, "Gardening is omnipotent". Even many landscapes are consciously hidden, such as "My road has twists and turns, passing through a sheltered depression, and the meditation room is full of flowers and trees", "There is no doubt that there is another village in the dark" and "The peak turns around, with pavilions and wings", all of which are very poetic realms.

Compared with China and the West, western gardens show their inevitability with fine patterns, while many deep and tortuous landscapes in China gardens are often unexpected and full of contingency.

Clear/fuzzy

The master-slave relationship of western gardens is clear, the key points are prominent, the relationship between each part is clear, the boundary and spatial scope are clear, and the spatial sequence is clear, giving people an orderly and clear impression. The main reason is that the pursuit of formal beauty in western gardens shows a regularity and inevitability by following the law of formal beauty, but anything with regularity will give people a clear sense of order. In addition, westerners are good at logical thinking and are used to analyzing things to reveal their essence. This social ideology has greatly influenced people's habits and concepts of judging beauty.

China's gardening pays attention to implication, dreaminess, implication, and endless dreaminess, which is naturally caused by China people's aesthetic habits and concepts. Different from westerners, China people know things through direct recognition, and think that intuition is not a direct response of the senses, but a psychological activity, which is the sublimation of internal experience and cannot be obtained through reasoning. Drawing lessons from poems and paintings, China's gardens strive to be subtle, profound and illusory, with large and small, small and large, virtual and real, real and virtual, hidden or exposed, shallow or deep, thus interweaving many completely opposite factors, which is seamless and unclear. On the contrary, it makes people feel hazy everywhere.

WTO accession/birth

In many western garden works, it is often mentioned that God built the Garden of Eden for Adam and Eve. The Garden of Eden depicted in the Bible is similar to the Fairy Mountain Qiongge imagined by China people. However, with the development of history, western gardens gradually got rid of fantasy and approached reality step by step. The classical gardens in France are the most obvious. The gardens of princes and nobles often entertain guests, hold dances and perform plays, making the gardens an open-air mansion with people coming and going, bustling and lively, without seeing the illusion of Xanadu, and stepping into the secular world step by step.

Enjoying immortals has a far-reaching influence on ancient gardens in China. The emperors of Qin and Han Dynasties, out of the superstition of other literati, always built gardens with pools and named them Penglai, Abbot and Yingzhou to symbolize the fairy mountains in the East China Sea, thus forming a model of "one pool and three mountains". During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, due to cruel political struggles, social unrest and fragmentation. In order to save their lives, escape from reality and indulge in pleasure, the scholars in troubled times invited them to visit famous mountains and rivers, express their feelings and even live in seclusion. At this time, a negative idea of being born is bred. Tao Yuanming's Peach Blossom Garden depicts a life in a paradise. This has deeply influenced the future gardens. Literati often feel frustrated or retire from the officialdom, so they build houses and let themselves enjoy themselves according to poverty and contentment. Therefore, compared with western gardens, China gardens are only suitable for a few people to appreciate the taste, unlike western gardens, which can accommodate many people for public activities.

Reason/sensibility

What causes such a big difference between Chinese and western gardens? This can only be analyzed from the cultural background, especially philosophy and aesthetics. Garden art, like other arts, is influenced by aesthetic thoughts, and aesthetics grows under a certain philosophical system. Historically, both materialism and idealism attach great importance to the cognitive role of reason in practice. The Pythagorean school in the 6th century BC tried to find the factors of beauty from quantitative relations, and the famous "golden section" was first put forward by them. This aesthetic thought stubbornly ruled Europe for thousands of years. She strongly adjusts one, order, balance, symmetry and respects circles, squares and straight lines. . . . . . Wait a minute. The garden style in the form of European geometric patterns is formed under the influence of this "rationalism" aesthetic thought.

Different from the West, the classical gardens in China were bred in the fertile soil of China culture and were deeply influenced by painting, poetry and literature. Due to the direct participation and management of poets and painters, China gardens have a strong emotional color of poetry and painting from the beginning. Chinese painting, especially landscape painting, has the most direct and far-reaching influence on China gardens. It can be said that China gardens have always been developed under the background of painters' paintings. In ancient China, there was no monograph on gardening theory, but there were numerous works on painting theory. These painting theories have played a lot of guiding roles in gardening. The principle followed by painting theory is nothing more than "nature comes from the outside and the heart comes from the inside". The nature of foreign teachers refers to taking the natural landscape as the model of creation, while the internal source emphasizes that it is not the reproduction of the natural landscape by the class, but the artist's subjective feeling to extract its essence.

Apart from painting, poetry has a far-reaching influence on China's gardening art. Since ancient times, there has been a saying that poetry and painting are of the same origin. Poetry is an invisible painting, and painting is a tangible poem. The influence of poetry on gardening is also reflected in the "fate" side. Most ancient gardens in China were built by literati painters, which inevitably reflected their temperament and sentiment. As a scholar-bureaucrat class, these people undoubtedly reflected the philosophy and ethics of society at that time. China's ancient philosophy of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism attached great importance to feelings, and the thoughts of respecting nature, escaping from reality and pursuing innocence and inaction merged together, forming a unique literati's elegant taste, romantic and elegant demeanor and unpretentious temperament and sentiment, which also determined China's aesthetic thought of "attaching importance to feelings" in gardening.

Sorry, I really can't find it!