What are the national treasures and cultural relics in China?

China Twelve Bronze Beasts! ! Mom, I want to destroy the French and dare to buy our national treasure. Thousands of treasures are scattered all over the world.

Chinese civilization has a long history, with a history of 5,000 years, and shines brilliantly in the world. The vast cultural ancient books and exquisite cultural relics constitute a piece of Duan Hua music in the long history of China.

However, since modern times, the cultural relics bearing the heavy history and culture of China have been lost overseas at an alarming rate. According to Professor National Cultural Heritage Administration and senior engineer Luo, according to incomplete statistics, there are 6.5438+0.63 million pieces of China cultural relics in 2.65438+08 museums in 47 countries around the world, which is equivalent to 654.38+0/654.38+00 pieces of China cultural relics in all private collections in the world at best. After more than ten years of on-the-spot investigation and literature review, Professor Lin of Nanjing University of the Arts thinks that there are more than 30,000 famous paintings lost overseas in China.

These China cultural relics are scattered all over the world, either in museums, art galleries, school libraries or in the hands of private collectors.

British Museum

China has the richest collection of cultural relics in Europe, among which Britain has the largest collection. The British Museum in London, the British Library, the Victoria and Albert Museum, the Fitzwilliam Museum in Cambridge, the Cambridge University Museum, the ashmore Land Museum in Oxford and the Royal Scottish Museum in Edinburgh all have a large number of China cultural relics. In addition, Bristol and Glasgow also have rich collections. Among them, the British Museum is the most famous, and its collection of China cultural relics is second to none in quantity and quality. Known as the treasure of the town hall of the British Museum, A History of Women by Gu Kaizhi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty is a very high-ranking work in the art history of China, which can be called an open picture in the art history of China. Tang Sancai, pottery figurines and sculptures in the British Museum are all of high quality. The collection of Dunhuang cultural relics, especially the paintings, silk paintings, classics and documents of the Tang Dynasty, is unparalleled in the world, and the collection of jade, porcelain and enamel is also very rich. There are many precious bronzes in the yard. There used to be Oracle Bone Inscriptions in the Yin Ruins, which was originally collected and searched by American missionaries and later transferred to the British Library.

Among European countries, China's cultural relics collected by France are second only to Britain. The Louvre Museum has the largest collection of China cultural relics in France, and its branch, the Ji Mei Museum, is a museum specializing in Asian cultural relics. More than half of them are China's cultural relics, reaching more than 30,000 pieces, especially the collection of painted pottery, Shang and Zhou bronzes and porcelain in primitive society reaching more than 6,000 pieces, most of which are fine works. It is the largest collection center of China porcelain except the Forbidden City. The cultural relics of the Oriental Museum in Paris are comparable to those of the Louvre. The National Library of France collects more than 65,438+00,000 Dunhuang cultural relics, among which three Tang rubbings of Dunhuang paintings and calligraphy are rare treasures.

In the United States, there are seven centers that collect China cultural relics: Boston Museum of Fine Arts, Harvard University Fogg Art Museum, new york City Art Museum, University of Pennsylvania Museum, Flair Art Museum, Metropolitan Art Museum and Nelson Art Museum.

Among the collections of the Boston Museum of Art, Asian art is the most abundant, and China is the largest collection of Asian art.. * * * China Cultural Relics Exhibition Room 10, divided into sculpture, painting, bronze ware and ceramics. In the ancient studio, there are the representative works of the Tang Dynasty painter Yan, The Emperor's Map of Past Dynasties, Evonne's copy of Zhang Xuan's rammed earth map and his five-color parrot map, and the Kowloon Map, which is good at painting in the Song Dynasty.

According to Professor Li Xueqin, a famous historian, friel Art Museum is famous for its large collection of bronzes. Most of these bronzes are selected from the artistic point of view, which is of special value for studying the shape and decoration of utensils. The Fogg Art Museum of Harvard University also has many precious bronzes and bronze mirrors. Moreover, jade articles are particularly exquisite, such as Jade Ge with words and Yufu with lines in the Shang Dynasty.

A History of Women (Eastern Jin Dynasty)

Since the Meiji Restoration, Japanese have been systematically collecting China cultural relics. At present, there are more than 1000 museums and galleries in Japan, almost all of which have China's cultural relics. Among them, China's cultural relics are the most abundant in Tokyo National Museum, which has an oriental exhibition hall and five exhibition rooms dedicated to displaying China's cultural relics. Okura Collection Museum, Jingjiatang Museum, Jingen Art Museum, Izumi Art Museum, Fujita Art Museum, Fujii 70% Neighborhood Museum, Tokyo Wudao Art Museum, Lily Art Museum and Ohara Art Museum are also famous collections with their own characteristics. It is worth mentioning that Jingjiatang and Fujii Kaicheng will have adjacent exhibition halls. The former is composed of books collected by Yanosuke and his son of Mitsubishi Group, including China classical books1.2000 volumes, including the collection of Lu Xinyuan, a great bibliophile in the late Qing Dynasty, including 200 kinds of Song dynasty engraved books, 400 kinds of Yuan dynasty engraved books and rare books1.5000 volumes, all of which were sold to the Japanese by his wife after Lu's death. The latter is a famous Japanese private art museum, which has a very rich collection of China treasures, among which the most distinctive is the ancient seal of China, with a total area of more than 6,000 square meters, including the old collection of Chen Jieqi, the epitaph of A Qing Dynasty, and the collections of Wu Daji and Duan Fang, the great officials in the late Qing Dynasty. Baihe Art Museum is famous for its collection of bronzes, with more than 0/000 pieces of Shang and Zhou bronzes. Important collections include all the cultural relics unearthed from Tang tombs in Luoyang suburbs in 65,438+0,926 and the cultural relics unearthed from Yin ruins in 65,438+0,928.

When it comes to Japanese cultural relics in China, we must mention Oracle Bone Inscriptions. According to incomplete statistics, nearly 200,000 pieces of Oracle bones were unearthed in Xiaotun, Anyang, and about 26,700 pieces were lost overseas, covering Japan, the United States, Britain and other countries 12. Among them, Japan has the largest number, reaching 12443 tablets. Most of these Oracle bones are hidden in the Oriental Library, the Institute of Humanities of Kyoto University and the Institute of Oriental Culture of Tokyo University. That some people lament that Oracle Bone Inscriptions is in China and Oracle bones are in Japan.

Russian, German, Canadian, Australian, Swedish and Swiss countries also have quite rich collections of China cultural relics.

When will the treasure stay overseas?

How did so many exquisite cultural relics spread around the world?

Except for a few exported through cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries, most of them were lost through illegal channels. After the Opium War, China lost a lot of cultural relics.

During the Second Opium War, the British and French allied forces invaded Yuanmingyuan Garden in l860, plundered, smashed and finally set fire to it. Countless treasures were robbed. According to Ports in Shiqu, more than 200 famous paintings in Yuanmingyuan were either burned or looted in this catastrophe. The British Museum has a Picture of Women's History copied by Gu Kaizhi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty in the Tang Dynasty, and the National Library of Paris has a Picture of Ten Scenes of Yuanmingyuan painted by Shen Yuan, both from Yuanmingyuan.

1900 after Eight-Nation Alliance invaded Beijing, it was publicly looted for three days. After that, the private plunder of soldiers did not stop. The ancient observatory was ransacked by German and French invaders. The Forbidden City was robbed, as can be seen from the list of things that foreigners brought to clean the palace later. Zhongnanhai, as the headquarters of the Coalition forces, was also looted; Yuanmingyuan has once again become the target of looting, and the Eight Banners and local ruffians have also taken advantage of the fire to rob; Britain, Germany, France and Italy robbed Baoding ancient lotus pond and set it on fire. Geng Xin Chronicle said that after the catastrophe, China's savings since the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, from legal relics to national treasures, were all wiped out.

1899 Oracle bones found in Yin Ruins in Anyang. These Oracle bones are royal archives in the late Shang Dynasty in China, covering almost all aspects of the Shang Dynasty 3,000 years ago. However, since the day of excavation, these Oracle bones have been lost. Foreign missionaries such as Ku Shouling, Fallen and James Mellon Menzies collected many Oracle bones earlier. According to more accurate statistics, nearly 200,000 pieces of Oracle bones were unearthed in Xiaotun, Anyang. Among overseas collections, Japan has the largest number, followed by Canada, with about 26,700 pieces collected in 12 countries or regions.

/kloc-from the end of 0/9 to the beginning of the 20th century, northwest China was a paradise for explorers all over the world. Without the permission of China government, some expeditions wantonly stole cultural relics here, and illegally stole items from China cultural sites, resulting in a large loss of cultural relics in China. There are countless treasures in Dunhuang Tibetan scriptures cave, and exquisite murals and clay sculptures show high artistic attainments and profound cultural connotations. However, since 1900 was discovered, the disaster of Dunhuang treasures came. 1907, the Englishman Stein took Jiang Xiaowan, an interpreter from China, to the Tibetan Sutra Cave. He tried his best to deceive Wang Daoren, the host of the Thousand Buddha Cave, and selected 24 boxes of ancient manuscripts, 5 boxes of ancient paintings and silk embroidery, totaling more than 1 10,000 pieces, all of which were delivered to the British Museum in London. And he only paid Wang Daoshi 500 taels of silver and 130 Jin tax for these rare treasures. 19 14 years, Stan cheated five boxes of manuscripts from here, including more than 600 volumes of Buddhist scriptures. Among them, the woodcut "Diamond Sutra" in 868 AD is an extremely rare treasure in the history of printing.

Followed by the Frenchman Pelliott. He plundered many precious cultural relics from Mutuzhen and Kuqa, including Buddhist classics written in Kuqa's early characters. In the Dunhuang Chamber of Secrets, pelliot turned over for three weeks, and tied up all the fine products that Stein missed, and the price he paid was still only 500 taels of silver. At the same time, he also took photos one by one and published six volumes of murals of the Thousand Buddha Cave in Dunhuang. A few years later, the Thousand-Buddha Cave was seriously damaged by Belarusian soldiers, making these photos a rare material to reflect the original appearance of the murals in the Dry Buddha Cave!

Japan's Koichiro Yoshikawa and Lihua Zuchuan cheated about 600 books from here, and Russia's Odenburg stole not only many colorful statues, but also more than 200 manuscripts.

When Americans came to Dunhuang, there were not many portable cultural relics here, so they turned their attention to large murals and sculptures. 1924, Langdon Werner took away 36 murals of the Tang Dynasty with tree tape, stole a beautiful colorful Buddha statue in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, stole seven heads of bodhisattvas and a section of the remains of a bodhisattva in the Xiawangmu Temple Grottoes in Jingzhou, and stole a colorful Buddha statue and several murals in Heichengzi, Juyanhai. With the addition of these cultural relics,

Four sheep Fang Zun! ! !

-the treasure of China National Museum.

The ancients described the highest state of governing the country as "virtue is like a lamb".

It is consistent with the "harmonious society" that we are advocating now.

The statue of Siyang Square is indeed the most exquisite bronze ware in the world.

Its exquisite workmanship and complicated carving have reached the peak.

And it was unearthed in Ningxiang, Changsha on 1938. The back is my copy. Excuse me.