What are the components of traditional classical gardens in China?

The elements of classical gardens can be summarized as mountains, water, plants and buildings. Mountain view is the skeleton and support of garden landscape; Waterscape is the vein of garden landscape; Animals and plants (especially flowers and trees) are the epidermis appearance of garden landscape, which is the chain belt that affects and restricts other landscape elements; Architecture plays a media role in communicating human landscape and natural landscape, and is an important symbol of China's classical garden culture and history. Plaques, couplets and carved stones are the crowning touch of the garden, adding poetry to the scenic spots in the garden. These elements are not simply piled up, but have their own laws. Through the organic combination of various elements in the garden, the feelings of gardeners are expressed.

First, build mountains.

In order to express nature, mountain building is one of the most important factors in gardening.

(1) yearning for fairyland: one pool and three mountains symbolize the sacred mountains of the East China Sea (Penglai, abbot and Yingzhou). In Qin and Han Dynasties, Shanglin Garden was excavated by Taiye Pool and piled into an island shape, symbolizing the sacred mountain in the East China Sea, creating a precedent for man-made mountains.

(2) Modeling landscape: from making mountains out of clay to imitating natural landscape in gardens, which shows that gardening art takes real life as its starting point. Genyue in Song Huizong is the largest and most exquisite rockery in history, mainly made of stones.

(3) Freehand brushwork landscape: Through generalization and refinement, the true scale of the mountain is greatly reduced, thus reflecting the shape and charm of the natural mountain. This kind of freehand brushwork is a great progress than naturalistic imitation.

Second, manage water resources.

In order to express nature, water management is also one of the most important factors in gardening. Natural gardens mainly show static water features, so as to win by showing houses with water surfaces like mirrors or misty waves in a quiet and distant realm.

There are generally three ways to control water in ancient gardens:

(1) mask. With architecture and greening, the winding pool shore is hidden.

Waterfront buildings, except the platform in front of the main hall, highlight the position of the building, regardless of pavilions, corridors, pavilions, pavilions, are overhead above the water in front, and the water still seems to flow out from below, breaking the limit of sight on the shore; Or the banks of reeds and miscellaneous trees near the water are blurred, resulting in endless visual impression of the pool water.

(2) every other. Increase the depth of field and spatial level, so that the water surface has a deep feeling.

Or build a dike across the water, or cross a waterproof corridor, or build a zigzag stone slab bridge, or step on stones at wading points, as Ji Cheng said in "Yuan Ye", "If it is inexhaustible, build a bridge at the broken bridge", which can increase the depth of field and spatial level, and give the water a deep feeling.

(3) broken. When the water surface is very small, such as winding streams and clear spring pools, rock banks can be used, criss-crossing and uneven, and there are fine bamboo vines and crested ibis. Although it is a pool, it seems to have a profound aesthetic feeling caused by the wind in Shan Ye.

Third, plants.

Plants are indispensable factors for building mountains and controlling water. Flowers and trees are like the hair of a mountain, and there is no beauty in a waterscape without flowers and trees. Selection criteria for flowers and trees:

(1) Beauty of posture: the crown modeling, the density and straightness of tree techniques, the texture of bark and the shape of leaves all pursue natural beauty;

(2) Color beauty: leaves, stems and flowers require all kinds of natural color beauty, such as red maple leaves, green bamboo leaves, white pine bark, variegated elm, magnolia, crape myrtle and so on;

(3) Taste: natural elegance and tranquility are required. Evergreen in all seasons, there are flowers in every month, among which wintersweet is the most elegant and orchids are the most quiet.

(4) Artistic conception: Flowers and trees are often related to the spiritual realm pursued by gardeners. For example, bamboo symbolizes purity and noble integrity of character, pine and cypress symbolizes strength and longevity, lotus symbolizes purity, orchid symbolizes seclusion, magnolia, peony and osmanthus symbolizes prosperity, pomegranate symbolizes many children and grandchildren, and Ziwei symbolizes high officials and rich people.

Fourth, architecture

Architecture plays a very important role in gardens. Can satisfy people's desire to enjoy life and enjoy the scenery. On the one hand, the architecture of natural gardens in China should be feasible, considerable, livable and tourable; on the other hand, it should play the role of scenery and isolation, making the gardens grow from small to large, and appear natural, indifferent, quiet and implicit. This is very different from western garden architecture. There are various architectural forms in China's natural gardens, including halls, buildings, pavilions, pavilions, pavilions, navigation, pavilions, corridors, bridges and walls.

(1) Hall: It is a place for entertaining guests and gathering activities. It is also the main building in the garden. Give priority to the garden and the hall.

(2) Pavilion: Architecture is a higher-level building in the garden. Generally, it can be used as a room for collecting paintings and calligraphy for viewing. Pavilion, surrounded by windows, each floor is equipped with a veranda, and some seats are extended to overlook the view.

(3) study room: the hall can be used for banquets, which is slightly different from the hall; A big pavilion is actually the main hall. The house is used for reading, and the environment should be hidden and quiet.