What does the garden include?

Question 1: What are the specialties of landscape architecture, landscape engineering, ornamental gardening, landscape architecture and garden plants included in landscape architecture and related majors?

Question 2: What does the garden include? The arrangement of garden plants includes two aspects: on the one hand, the arrangement of various plants, the choice of plant species, the combination of trees, the composition, color, seasonal phase and garden artistic conception of plane and facade; On the other hand, it is the configuration between garden plants and other garden elements such as rocks, water bodies, buildings and garden roads. Selection of Plant Species Selection of Plant Species Things are alive, and different garden plants have different ecological and morphological characteristics. Their stems, leaves, flowers and fruits are different in posture, size, shape, texture, color and phenology. They (mainly trees) have completely different landscapes in youth, maturity, old age and all the year round. When arranging plants, we should adjust measures to local conditions, make them grow normally and give full play to their ornamental characteristics. The selection of garden plants should be based on native tree species to ensure the normal growth and development conditions of garden plants and reflect the plant styles of various regions. At the same time, we can't ignore the introduction and domestication of fine varieties. Plant Configuration Mode Plant Configuration Mode The plant communities in hills and rivers and lakes in nature have natural plant composition and natural landscape, and are the source of artistic creation of natural plant configuration. In China's classical gardens, large parks and scenic spots, plants are usually arranged naturally, but in some areas, especially near the main buildings and along the main roads, they are also arranged regularly. The configuration of garden plants mainly includes solitary planting, opposite planting, row planting, cluster planting and group planting. Solitary planting mainly shows the individual beauty of trees and is often used as the main scene of garden space. The requirements for solitary trees are: graceful posture, bright colors, slightly larger size, long life and bright colors. Other trees should be arranged around and a suitable viewing distance should be maintained. Other trees and shrubs should not be planted around precious ancient and famous trees to maintain their unique charm. Solitary trees for shading require wide crown, dense branches and leaves, large leaves, less pests and diseases, and better spherical and umbrella crowns. Opposite planting refers to the symmetrical planting of roughly the same number of trees, which are mostly used in garden gates, building entrances, squares or bridges. In natural planting, absolute symmetry is not required, and morphological balance should be maintained when planting. Row planting, also known as strip planting, is to plant trees in rows and belts, which are mostly used on both sides of streets, highways or around regular squares. If it is used as the background or isolation measure of garden scenery, it should be densely planted to form a tree screen. The combination of more than three different tree species is a widely used way in gardens. It can be used as the main scene or scenery, or as a background or isolation measure. The arrangement should be natural and conform to the law of artistic composition, which can not only show the group beauty of plants, but also see the individual beauty of tree species. The group combination of planting the same tree species has a large number of trees, which mainly shows the beauty of the group and has the interest of "forest" The artistic technique of plant disposition The artistic technique of plant disposition in garden space, no matter whether plants are the main landscape or plants are isomorphic with other garden elements, we should emphasize the main body in the selection of plant species, the determination of quantity, the arrangement of location and the adoption of methods, and distinguish between primary and secondary, thus showing the characteristics and styles of garden space landscape. Contrast and set off the different morphological characteristics of plants, express certain artistic ideas and set off a beautiful plant landscape by using the contrast methods of height, posture, leaf shape and color, flower shape and color. When combining trees, we should pay attention to the coordination between them, and it is not advisable to combine tree species with great differences in shape and beauty. Dynamics and balance: The postures of various plants are different, and some of them are regular, such as heather and Ailanthus altissima. Some have dynamic trends, such as pine, elm and locust. In configuration, we should emphasize the harmony between plants or between plants and other elements in the environment; At the same time, we should also consider the changes of plants in different growth stages and seasons, so as not to cause imbalance. In the plant arrangement on both sides of the undulating and rhythmic road and in the long and narrow area, we should pay attention to the vertical three-dimensional contour line and spatial transformation, so as to achieve high and low collocation, ups and downs, produce a sense of rhythm and rhythm, and avoid rigid layout. Levels and Background In order to overcome the monotony of the landscape, trees, shrubs, flowers and ground cover plants should be arranged at multiple levels. Layered arrangement of plants with different colors and flowering periods can make the plant landscape colorful. Generally, the background tree is higher than the foreground tree, and the planting density is higher. It is best to form a green barrier, and the color is darker, or it is quite different from the foreground in color and chromaticity, so as to enhance the foil effect. Colored and seasonal plants have rich colors of stems, leaves, flowers and fruits. Different configuration methods can be adopted, such as monochrome representation, multi-color collocation, contrast color treatment, and layer-by-layer transition between hue and chroma. & gt

Question 3: What does the landscape engineering include? Garden engineering mainly studies the engineering technology of garden construction, including earthwork engineering of terrain transformation, rock excavation engineering, garden water management engineering and garden revetment engineering, fountain engineering, garden water supply and drainage engineering, garden road engineering, planting engineering and so on. The characteristic of landscape engineering is to shape the image of landscape art with the help of engineering technology. The application of new materials, new equipment and new technology in landscape engineering is a major topic at present.

Question 4: What are the different forms of eastern and western gardens? For example, westerners like sculpture, and there are many sculptures in the garden. Germans love sculpture. In addition to the sculptures in the first garden, they even dropped patterns on the dead trees in the garden for viewing, while China people like to build rockeries in the garden. In China, people look at trees and flowers to see their posture. They don't pay attention to varieties. They only enjoy one flower, regardless of the quantity, while westerners pay attention to many varieties and large quantities. There are many kinds of flowers in French gardens, and there are more than two million potted flowers in Versailles, but the French don't appreciate their gesture. They pay attention to the types, quantities and patterns of various flowers placed on the altar, and they appreciate the beauty of the patterns. This shows the differences between eastern and western gardens: China's classical gardens are introspective, implicit, connotative, elegant, quiet, indifferent, submissive and clumsy, focusing on emotional feelings. Various formal attributes of natural objects, such as lines, shapes and proportions, occupy a major position in aesthetic consciousness. In space, the cycle is endless, and the pursuit of the vague realm is endless. It is a closed garden that imitates and pursues nature, and it is a "unique paradise". Western gardens are cheerful, lively, regular, neat, luxurious, luxurious and warm. The buildings and lawns in the park pay attention to integrity, and the combination of geometric shapes achieves the harmony of numbers. The Pythagorean school of ancient Greece thought: "The whole celestial body is a kind of harmony and a kind of number." Western gardens pay attention to everything in a glance and pursue artificial beauty. They are an open garden and a "paradise" enjoyed by most people. China gardens are basically freehand and intuitive, emphasizing nature, imagination and association. Western gardens are basically realistic, rational, artificial and regular. The world horticultural system can be roughly divided into three parts, namely, West Asia, Europe and China. Gardening in West Asia began in ancient Persia, with neat and rigorous layout, but leisurely and quiet. Buildings are rich in colors and there are not many kinds of plants. Classical gardens in France are more geometric and artificial than those in Italy. The classical gardens in China are full of poetry and painting, and the artistic conception of "man-made, but natural" should be formed by overlapping mountains and creating water. The characteristics of garden beauty The so-called garden beauty refers to an artistic creation activity that uses natural materials to transform, improve or create the environment according to the law of beauty, making it more natural, more beautiful and more in line with the aesthetic requirements of the times. Garden beauty is essentially an artistic beauty. Art is the reflection of life, and life is the source of art, which determines that garden art has its obvious objectivity. In a sense, the beauty of landscape architecture is a comprehensive artistic beauty that combines nature and labor, reality and art, and integrates philosophy, psychology, ethics, literature, art and music. Garden beauty originates from natural beauty and is higher than natural beauty. As Goethe said, "it is both natural and supernatural." Garden art is a combination of practicality and aesthetics. Its aesthetic function often exceeds its practical function, focusing on sightseeing. Garden beauty has many characteristics, which can be roughly summarized as follows: the garden beauty reflects the national characteristics of the times from its unified style of content and form, which makes the garden beauty present rich and colorful diversity, including not only material factors such as trees and stones, mountains and rivers, grass flowers, pavilions and pavilions, but also social factors such as humanities, history and culture. It is an advanced and comprehensive artistic beauty. Landscape aesthetics has stages. In short, the beauty of gardens is everywhere. As Rodin said, "Beauty is everywhere in the world. For our eyes, it is not the lack of beauty, but the lack of discovery. " There are countless elements of garden beauty. For example, the overall layout is beautiful, the theme is beautiful, the artistic conception of gardening is beautiful, the composition rhythm is beautiful, there are plants, materials, colors, lights, points, lines, surfaces and so on. Beautiful Artistic Conception in Gardens One of the greatest characteristics that distinguishes China classical gardens from European classical gardens is the creation of artistic conception. Just like the differences between Chinese and western classical gardens mentioned before, European classical gardens often attach importance to the beauty of geometric figures. The landscape, flowers, trees, buildings and bonsai in the garden all give people a beautiful feeling. When gardeners pour their interests into gardens, they use different aesthetic laws such as materials, colors, characteristics, shapes, unity, harmony, continuity, reproduction, contrast, balance and rhythm change to cut out the four seasons, day and night, light and shadow, insects, animals and birds of nature, and mix them into auditory, visual, olfactory and tactile effects, which arouse people's * *. Classical gardens in China are greatly influenced by poetry and painting. The artistic conception of China gardens is created by freehand brushwork according to the inherent laws of natural landscape ...

Question 5: What gardens do Suzhou gardens include? Introduction to Suzhou Gardens Someone said, "Jiangnan Gardens are the best in the world, and Suzhou Gardens are the best in the south." Suzhou is famous for its beautiful gardens, which can be divided into three categories: home gardens, suburban gardens and temple gardens. Suzhou gardens are mostly house gardens, built by nobles, bureaucrats and wealthy businessmen, which are exquisite and elegant. These gardens reflect the different styles of gardens in past dynasties, and they are all representative works of China's garden art, "There is heaven above and Suzhou and Hangzhou below". Suzhou has won the reputation of "Xanadu", largely because it has a number of national and even world-famous classical gardens. Humble Administrator's Garden Humble Administrator's Garden and Beijing Summer Palace, chengde mountain resort and Suzhou Lingering Garden are called the four classical gardens in China. Humble Administrator's Garden was originally the residence of Lu Guimeng, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, and later it was the secluded place of the imperial censor in the Ming Dynasty. It is named after the meaning of "I am a humble administrator". It was once a part of Zhongyi Palace in Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, and now it is a national key cultural relic protection unit. Humble Administrator's Garden is divided into four parts: East, Middle, West and Residential. Folk houses are typical Suzhou folk houses, which are now arranged as exhibition halls of garden museums. Canglang Pavilion Canglang Pavilion is located in Sanyuanfang, south of the city. It is the oldest existing garden in Suzhou. The layout of the whole park is natural and harmonious, which can be called a masterpiece with ingenious conception and appropriate techniques. Together with Lion Grove, Humble Administrator's Garden and Lingering Garden, it is listed as the four major gardens in Suzhou in Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. The scenery of the whole park is unpretentious and elegant, winning by nature instead of ingenuity. Lion Forest Lion Forest is one of the four famous gardens in Suzhou, with a history of more than 600 years. From the Yuan Dynasty to Zheng Zheng for two years, Wei Ze, a disciple of the famous monk Tian Ru Zen Master, "donated money according to the rate and bought land to build a house to live in his teacher". It is named after "the forest is full of bamboo, and there are many strange stones under the bamboo, which look like a lion". Lion Forest not only has the humanistic landscape of Suzhou classical gardens such as pavilions, terraces, buildings, pavilions, halls and corridors, but also is famous for its grotesque rocks and deep caves, and is known as the "rockery kingdom". Lingering Garden was founded in Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty, and it is divided into four scenic spots: the middle part is centered on the mountain pond, and the scenery is quiet; To the east, the hall is magnificent and spacious, and pavilions are stacked; There are heaped-up mountains and maple forests in the west, and the scenery is natural and delicate; The north is idyllic. The layout of the whole garden is rigorous, especially the architectural space is properly handled, ranking first among Suzhou gardens and one of the four famous gardens in China. Netscape Garden Netscape Garden covers an area of about eight acres, less than one-sixth of Humble Administrator's Garden. But it is small and medium-sized, with strict layout, clear focus and rich changes. There is a garden in the garden, and there is a scene outside the scene, which is exquisite and profound. Although there are many buildings, it is not congested. Although the mountain pond is small, it is not cramped, and it is considered as a model of Suzhou classical gardens. Yiyuan Yiyuan is the latest garden in Suzhou. It can absorb the advantages of other gardens and form its own unique characteristics. Because of its compact layout and proper techniques, the art garden has high ornamental value. The whole park covers an area of about nine acres and is long and narrow from east to west. According to local conditions, the landscape is divided into two parts, separated by a corridor, and the corridor wall and flower window communicate the eastern and western scenery, which can increase the depth of field. The eastern part of the corridor is dominated by courtyard buildings, and the curved corridor surrounds the pavilion, dotted with flowers and trees and stone peaks. Looking from the empty window of the winding corridor, all Chinese paintings are meaningful. Langxi is the main attraction of the whole park, with water in the middle and rockeries, flowers and trees and buildings around. The central water surface gathers, the east and west ends are long and narrow, and a curved bridge and sluice are built to show that the water in the pool is inexhaustible. The rockeries in the north of the pool are all made of beautiful lake stones. Although the mountain is not high, there are peaks and valleys, which are set off by tree pavilions.

Question 6: What are the specialties of landscape architecture? ? Landscape design: 1, design; 2. architecture; 3, maintenance (management)

Project manager, technical director, safety officer, builder, material engineer and quality inspector. There are also budget (rough calculation quota) and final accounts (after completion). Landscape technology: employment direction: landscape design, construction and management, scenic spot planning, development and management, garden plant cultivation and public green space maintenance and management!

Question 7: What is a garden? Go to encyclopedia, it's more complete.

baike.baidu/view/ 16580? fr = ala 0 _ 1 _ 1

Question 8: What are the main types of gardens in China? For example, the classification of gardens in China can be divided into four basic types: royal gardens, private gardens, natural landscape gardens and temple gardens. Because of the different division methods, the types of gardens are also different.

First, according to the choice of site selection and opening mode of garden base, it is divided into artificial landscape garden and natural landscape garden.

1. artificial landscape garden: dig water bodies on the flat land, pile rockeries, artificially create landscapes, plant flowers and trees, build structures, and simulate the reduction of natural landscape in a small scale. This kind of garden is built in a flat place, especially in a town. The four elements of "urban mountain forest" garden: architecture, rocks, water and plants are all artificial, so there are few objective constraints in gardening, and people's creativity can be fully exerted. Artificial landscape garden is a type that can best represent the artistic achievements of classical gardens in China. Typical representative of artificial landscape garden: Summer Palace.

2. Natural Landscape Architecture: The scenic spots in Shan Ye are generally built in the suburbs or outer suburbs of cities and towns. After artificial planning and management, all or part of them are dominated by natural landscape vegetation. According to the situation, the original terrain of the base shall be properly adjusted, transformed and processed, with suitable plant planting and building structure. Including landscape gardens, mountain gardens and waterscape gardens. The key to building a natural landscape garden is to choose a base. If the site is selected properly, the natural scenery will be much more interesting than the low-cost artificial landscape garden. Therefore, when it comes to gardening, Garden Metallurgy puts "woodland" in the first place. Li Yu, a gardener in the early Qing Dynasty, said, "You have to live in a secluded village, not under a rock, but in a house made of wood and stone. Therefore, it is really boring to change mountains with one punch and water with one spoon. " Typical representatives of natural landscape gardens: Mount Tai and Huangshan.

Second, according to the affiliation: royal gardens, private gardens and temple gardens.

China classical gardens can be divided into several types if they are classified according to the subordinate relationship of gardens. There are three main types: private gardens, royal gardens and temple gardens. These three types are the main bodies of classical gardens in China, the mainstream of gardening activities and the essence of garden art. In addition, there are some non-mainstream gardens, such as Yamen Garden, Ancestral Temple Garden, Academy Garden, Guild Garden and the affiliated gardens of teahouses and restaurants, which are similar to private gardens and public gardens.

In addition, cemeteries, temples and scenic spots are similar to gardens, but they do not belong to gardens because of their special meanings.

1, Royal Gardens: Gardens, Gardens, Palaces, Imperial Gardens, Imperial Gardens.

Belonging to the emperor himself and the royal family, it is a garden for emperors to rest and enjoy themselves. Its quantity and scale reflect the rise and fall of a dynasty and the strength of its national strength. Taking advantage of political privilege and strong financial resources in economy, it occupies a large area to build gardens for personal use, with a large scale and a far cry from private gardens in artistic level. All living environments related to the emperor, such as palaces, temples, gardens and even the capital, use architectural images and overall layout to express the royal style and the supremacy of imperial power.

Royal gardens can be divided into three types according to their different uses: imperial palace gardens, imperial palace gardens and imperial palace gardens.

Dajing Imperial Garden: The home garden of the emperor, built in the imperial city and Miyagi, near or close to the imperial residence, is convenient for the emperor to have fun every day. Typical representative: the Forbidden City.

Imperial Palace Garden: Built in the suburbs and outer suburbs of the capital with beautiful scenery, or in scenic spots far away from the capital.

Difference: the palace is used by the emperor for occasional recreation or short-term residence; As a place where the emperor lived and handled state affairs for a long time, the Forbidden City was equivalent to a political center connected with ouchi. Typical representative: Chengde Garden.

2. Private gardens: gardens, pavilions, pools, mountain ponds, mountain villas, other businesses and thatched cottages.

Belong to private aristocrats, bureaucrats, gentry, literati and wealthy businessmen (supplement and extension of imperial power). Literati and scholars all want to "live in the temple and enjoy the interest of Shan Ye", but due to the limitation of feudal etiquette, private gardens are different from royal gardens in content and form, and have the following characteristics: small scale, often rockery, exquisite architecture, elegant and simple colors. Typical representatives: Gongwangfu in Beijing, Humble Administrator's Garden, Lingering Garden, Netlion Garden, Canglang Pavilion in Suzhou, Yuyuan Garden in Shanghai, etc.

3. Temple Gardens: Attached gardens of Buddhist temples and Taoist temples, including the greening of the inner courtyard of temples (most of which are famous for planting precious flowers and trees in the world) and the garden environment in the peripheral areas. Create a quiet and elegant environment and pursue the pleasing, comfortable and quiet of the world. The feudal political system determines the status of religion, and the architectural forms of temples gradually converge to palaces and mansions. As the saying goes, "There are many famous mountains and monks since ancient times" ... >>

Question 9: What are the six greening elements of gardens? Your question is easy to cause ambiguity. The word "afforestation" is generally used for greening, and it only includes tree planting in landscape engineering. I have always understood here according to the six essentials of building a circle into a forest. It is generally believed that the six elements of gardening include topography, garden road, rocks, garden water, plants and buildings.

First, the terrain

Landscape of garden land refers to the landscape topography such as peaks, mountains, slopes, valleys, lakes, ponds, streams and waterfalls within the scope of garden land. It is the skeleton of the garden and the foundation of the whole garden. According to the requirements of landscape design, comprehensively consider various factors related to landscaping, make full use of the original topography, make overall arrangements for scenic facilities, improve and transform local topography, and make the elevation inside and outside the park have a reasonable relationship. This process is called landscape creation.

Second, Huayuan Road.

As the context of the garden, the garden road is the link between scenic spots and plays a great role in the garden, mainly in two aspects: 1. The garden road plays the role of a tour guide, allowing the scenic spots and tourists in the garden to organize and interpret scene by scene according to certain procedures. At the same time, tourists should be allowed to stroll along the garden road and enjoy the beauty of sight, hearing and smell. 2. The garden road also has a certain landscaping function, and it is also one of the gardening materials.

Third, rocks

Natural rocks represent nature, and building mountains with stones is gardening. Building mountains with stones is one of the most important gardening factors.

Fourth, garden water.

Round water refers to the water in the circle, and waterscape is also one of the most important factors in gardening. No matter what kind of flower garden, water is the most vital factor, and you can't live without water. Natural gardens mainly show static water features, the water surface is as calm as a mirror or the vast silence of smoke, and the artistic conception is far-reaching. People can watch the reflection of mountains and rivers in the water, fish swimming in the water, lotus flowers in the water, the bright moon in the water and so on. Natural gardens also show the dynamic beauty of water, but they are natural waterfalls, not fountains and regular stepped waterfalls. There are natural muscle heads and alum mouths in the pool to show the artificially beautified nature. Because of this, the garden must save water from the pool.

Verb (abbreviation for verb) plant

Plants are an indispensable factor in building mountains and landscapes. Flowers and trees are like the hair of a mountain, and water features are not beautiful without flowers and trees. Natural gardens deliberately express natural beauty and the selection criteria of flowers and trees. 1, pay attention to the beauty of posture, the shape of crown, the density of branches, the texture of bark and the shape of leaves all pursue natural beauty; 2, pay attention to color beauty, leaves, trunks, trees, flowers all require a variety of natural color beauty, such as red maple leaves, green bamboo leaves, white pine bark, variegated elm, magnolia, crape myrtle and so on; 3, pay attention to taste, require natural elegance and tranquility. It is best to have green in four seasons and flowers in every month, especially wintersweet is the most elegant and orchids are the most quiet. Flowers and trees play a role in setting off the landscape of the garden stone, which is often related to the spiritual realm pursued by the garden owner. For example, bamboo symbolizes purity and noble integrity of character, pine and cypress symbolizes strength and longevity, lotus symbolizes cleanliness and flawless, orchid symbolizes seclusion and hermit, magnolia, peony and osmanthus symbolizes prosperity, pomegranate symbolizes many children and many blessings, and Ziwei symbolizes high officials and rich people.

Ancient and famous trees are very important for creating a garden atmosphere. Ancient trees are full of flowers, which can form a simple and profound artistic conception. Therefore, if there is a conflict between buildings and ancient and famous trees, it is better to move the buildings and keep the big trees. Ji Cheng said in "Gardening and Metallurgy": "For many years, trees have blocked the eaves of arrows, making one step take root, and the number of research may be capped." Building a house is easy, but it takes a hundred years to build a tree. In addition to flowers and trees, turf is also very important, either flat, undulating or tortuous, and it is an intoxicating yearning for nature.

Intransitive verb system structure

Classical architecture is used in all classical gardens. In classical architecture, the shuttle column of the bucket arch has the characteristics of solemnity, grandeur and generosity. It is not only appreciated by tourists for its formal beauty, but also combined with mountains and rivers to form a classical garden style.

The pavilions, pavilions, pavilions and pavilions in garden buildings are ingeniously conceived, used and treated by architects, so that their functions, structures and arts are integrated into one, and they become simple and elegant architectural works of art.

In fact, afforestation is too learned to be explained clearly in a few words. ...& gt& gt