The customs and habits of Jinuo people

Jinuo people live in Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture in southern China and its vicinity. Jinuo people are mainly engaged in agriculture, and have a long history of growing tea, which is famous for Pu 'er tea.

Jinuo people are used to three meals eclipsed, taking rice as their daily staple food, mixed with corn, melon beans and so on. Jinuo people are very particular about eating rice. They should eat good rice, new rice and old rice, which are mostly used to feed livestock or make soju. Corn focuses on eating green. Generally, glutinous rice is kneaded into a ball by hand for breakfast, and rice wrapped in banana leaves is taken to the ground for lunch, and salt and pepper are added at any time. In addition to rice, there are some dishes for dinner, and domestic livestock and poultry can only be slaughtered at weddings and funerals.

The dishes that Jinuo people often eat are vegetables, bamboo shoots, wild vegetables, poultry and game grown in the garden. There is a saying among Jinuo people, which is called "Daidi, Jinuopan". In other words, Han people like to fry, Dai people like to dip in seasoning, and Jinuo people's dishes are mainly mortar pots. Each family has at least two wooden mortars, one for salt, one for pepper and one for leek. Common condiments are citronella, Schizonepeta tenuifolia, Jiang Ye, star anise, mint, ginger, Toona sinensis and so on.

Usually, the source of meat depends on hunting. May-September is the rainy season in Mount Keno every year. Almost all the vegetables here are collected from the mountains, and yam, water celery, bamboo shoots, houttuynia cordata and various fungi are often eaten. Bamboo shoots are the most common. Rich wild game and wild vegetables, together with local unique wild pepper, hemp root, citronella and acid wood flour, enable Jinuo people to cook many ethnic dishes with tropical Shan Ye flavor in different seasons.

There are many ways to eat meat, either dry or raw. When cooking beef and dog meat, put a few yellow fruit leaves to remove the fishy smell, cut raw meat into small pieces, add seasonings such as pepper, salt and star anise, put them in a bamboo tube, roast them on the fire, or chop them into minced meat, put them into seasonings, wrap them with banana leaves, and cook them in a fire pit. This is the most delicious cold food.

Jinuo people cook and eat around the fire pond on the second floor of the bamboo building, which has certain etiquette and attention. When Jinuo people eat, they should first offer some food to their ancestors and kitchen gods on the east side of the fire pit. When eating, the whole family will sit around the table in order, with parents facing the fire pit and guests sitting by the fire pit. Give less food to guests and more diligence to them. Generally speaking, they are not interested in picking up food for guests, because they think that picking up food for guests seems to mean stopping eating after eating these dishes, which is a rude behavior. They think that people have souls, ghosts and ghosts, and Xiaomi also has a soul. So when you eat, you can't put the rice in the retort. Even if your stomach is not full, you should leave some. Otherwise, it will be empty, and the valley will not return, and people will have no food to eat.

Jinuo people generally like to drink, and there is a saying among the people that wine is indispensable for a day. Most of the wine we drink is brewed from rice or corn. In the brewing process, some plants such as lock plum leaves are usually added. This wine is light green and has a natural plant fragrance. It is said to have the effect of strengthening the spleen and strengthening the body.

Mount Keno is a famous tea-producing area. Pu 'er tea, which is famous at home and abroad, is a local specialty. People like to drink old leaf tea. When drinking tea, they usually put the old leaves in the teapot and add water until the soup thickens.

Some Jino women in Maoe, Chema and other villages have the habit of eating a unique local soil, and some elderly women are addicted to eating soil, and they will feel uncomfortable if they don't eat it for a day. Studies show that this kind of clay contains a small amount of elements such as copper, iron, calcium, zinc and so on, which are essential to human body. On holidays and festive occasions, you should also eat "chopped raw meat". The minced meat is mixed with seasonings such as salt, pepper, Jiang Mo, mint and leek, and kneaded by hand until the meat is white and cooked.

Jinuo people are used to hanging the hunted squirrel meat on the edge of the fire pond in the bamboo building and smoking it with fireworks to make it dry all the year round. When eating, they slice and cook soup, which is delicious and not greasy.

The favorite dish of Jinuo people is sour fish. The practice is to wash the fresh fish, mix with pepper, salt and hot rice, put them in a bamboo tube, tie them tightly with banana Ye Meng at the mouth of the tube, and eat them when cooked. This dish is particularly sour and delicious. This is a delicious rice.

Ant eggs are also a kind of nutritious food that Jinuo people like. In March, April and May of the lunar calendar, the ant bag is cut open, and a larger ant bag is used to get seven or eight kilograms of eggs. Ant eggs are generally as big as chopstick heads, and like bees, they are rich in nutrition. It can be boiled, fried, steamed and boiled in a fire pond, and salt, pepper and fine water can also be added. Jinuo youth can fall in love freely, but young men and women must hold an "adult ceremony" to qualify for love. Male youth 16 years old, female youth 14 years old. After the coming-of-age ceremony, we should also accept the blessing of our parents, and at the same time, we should also accept the full set of farm tools and adult clothes presented by our parents-a coat embroidered with the moon emblem and a tube handkerchief embroidered with the moon emblem and geometric patterns. The love of Jinuo people can be divided into three stages: the first stage, which is called "Ba Piao" in Jino language, that is, the secret dating stage. At this stage, gifts are given to each other, such as betel nuts and flowers given by women, tobacco smoke given by men, and carefully carved knives and handles. In the second stage, the Jino language is called "eight treasures", that is, the stage when love changes from secret to public. At this stage, more gifts are given to each other, and at this time, the most distinguished gift for men is the gift meat given to women by the man's mother. When a man kills chickens, pigs, cows or wild animals at home, the man's mother should choose a good piece of meat and wrap it in a square with fresh banana leaves so that his son can give it to his lover. The most important feature of this period is to participate in "Nigaozuo" (a public place for men and women to socialize) at night, during which men weave bamboo sticks, girls embroider and spin, or sing to each other. The woman can pass the iron sheet stained with pear wood tobacco fat to the man, and the man carefully paints his teeth with his fingers. In the third stage, the Jino language is called "Barry", which means cohabitation. When the man thinks that the love between the two sides has reached the level of cohabitation, he can tell the woman directly and secretly, and he can live together with her consent. Even after cohabitation, the man will go to the woman's house again. If the door of the woman's house is not half open, he is not allowed to break in at will. When living together, the man should leave the woman's house before dawn. After living together for a period of time, when the two sides feel that they should form a family, the man carries water and sweeps the floor for the woman's house in the morning just to show her parents and announce to the world that he wants to marry this girl. Soon, the man's parents and witnesses came to visit relatives and friends. On the wedding day, the bride must hide before the wedding procession arrives. It will be found by my mother's uncle and brother and handed over to the wedding team. On the way to the groom's house, a ceremony of throwing sewage will be held, that is, young men will throw sewage on the bride. These people were originally lovers of the bride and lived together, including their partners in the blood clan (many villages of Jinuo allow love and cohabitation within the blood clan, but formal marriage is forbidden). Because she is going to live in her husband's house and separated from her friends, throwing sewage is her revenge.

When the bride came to the groom's house, the groom's mother gave the bride an egg and tied three red lines on her hand. The groom's father wants to give her a chicken claw and tie a red line on her hand. It means not only tying the girl's heart, but also tying her soul. The village elders "Zhuosheng" and "Zhuoba" also came to congratulate. People drink, sing, dance keno, beat the sun drum and have fun to celebrate the couple's marriage. The bride can't go out on her wedding night. The next morning, the bride went home with water on her back and boiled the water for washing her face, so that her in-laws could wash their faces and formally called them "grandparents". Men can still "hang around" girls after marriage, while women generally don't participate in social activities after marriage. Divorce is rare. Jinuo people, like many other ethnic groups, also have many taboos and rules in fertility. First of all, women are forbidden: after pregnancy, women can't put an axe in the middle of firewood, can't eat plantain flowers without heads, can't pick white ginseng, yellow ears and single chicken brown, and can't pick bamboo firewood and tree firewood together when picking firewood, otherwise it will be difficult to give birth. Fruits can't be eaten in pairs, otherwise twins will be born; The meat on the animal's head and the meat on the pig's head called Gu Soul can't be eaten, which will be harmful to fertility and the growth of children. You can't watch the eclipse, or the child will squint. Secondly, the husband's taboo, the husband can not cut down the yellow palm tree when hunting, otherwise the child's hair will not grow well; You can't hit a monkey, otherwise the child is not beautiful; You can't cut the rock bee, you will be stung if you cut yourself. When the old man in the stockade dies, he can't take part in lifting things, hunting snakes, climbing trees to pick fruits and stretching drums. He thinks that if you violate any of them, your wife will have a difficult birth. When hunting, birds should be the best and most beautiful. His wife eats them and the children are beautiful. Thirdly, the husband and wife are forbidden, and the husband can't meet his wife on the way back from hunting, otherwise he will get sick; Husband and wife can't quarrel, or the child will be ugly.

After the wife was pregnant for 2 months, the husband began to prepare food for confinement, such as pheasant, silver pheasant, bamboo rat, frog and so on. , dry and save.

On the night of childbirth, we should kill chickens to worship ancestors and bless adults and children. The wife gave birth to her first child, and the husband slept by the fireplace to take care of her. After delivery 13 days, the husband kills chickens, gives birth to boys to kill cocks, and gives birth to girls to kill hens. This chicken is used to hunt gods. After living in the fireplace for 13 days, the mother moved back to her original room. Parents can only sing to their children during the day, not after sunset. Children's diapers can only be dried during the day, and they can't stay out for the night.

The parturient gave birth in her own room. If it is a boy, prepare 9 pieces of ginger and 7 pieces of girls, put them on with white thread and hang them around the child's neck, thinking that they can scare away ghosts. After a child is born, it should be named immediately, otherwise the child may be taken away by ghosts and gods. Implement the system of father and son, father and daughter. Special circumstances, such as the umbilical cord around the neck when the child is born, are named "sand"; If the child is ill, please invite a wizard (Bai La Soul) to see him, and then name him with the wizard's appellation, such as "Bai La Waist" and "Baila Niu".

After giving birth, the lying-in woman sleeps in a makeshift bed by the fireplace. The tableware of parturient is open separately, so don't mix it with everyone's. Two tung tips with leaves were inserted at the door of the family who gave birth to the child to show that people outside the village were not allowed to enter. Stick some bamboo leaves and tung leaves on the door of the stairs to prevent ghosts from entering the house. Jinuo people are buried in single wooden coffins. If someone dies in the stockade, the men in the village will cut down a big tree, take a piece, cut it in half, hollow it out in the middle, and cover it in half after burying it. There are three white lines around the coffin (some are woven by girlfriends who once fell in love with the deceased and could not get married). After a person dies, his relatives dress him, putting an egg in one hand and two silver coins in his eyes in the other. The funerary objects include clothes he wore before his death, a handkerchief and production tools. If you are an old man, you should also put a fan and a towel to keep him cool and sweat on the road. Then cover it with white cloth and park it in the guest room in the direction of the fire pond. There are two pieces of white machete cloth hanging on the beam above the body, hanging down to the bottom of the body. This was knitted by the bride for the groom one day and one night when the deceased got married. Each son of the deceased hangs a new handkerchief beside the white cloth. Every few hours, check the handkerchief, which contains something like chaff, indicating a bumper harvest; If you have one or two hairs, it symbolizes that you will hit a big beast. If there are scraps, it means the work is easy to do. If there is nothing, it is a bad sign.

When buried, five people will perform "painted face" and "bamboo dance". Painting faces means that ghosts eat corpses, and bamboo dancing means using bamboo poles to drive away ghosts. Shoot rice at the funeral to drive away ghosts and gods. In front of the funeral procession, people held long banners and white cloth of various colors. It is said that when people die, they go to Sujizuomi (where ghosts live), and there are 9 forks and 3 passes on the road. Colorful flags are gifts for all customs, and people's flags are "Jiezhuo" officials (Jiezhuo is the earliest place where Jinuo people settled after moving to Jinuo Mountain). At the funeral, six bamboo tubes containing meat and vegetables and one bamboo tube containing bitter soup were prepared. Bitter soup was put on the edge of the village and dedicated to the ghosts and gods in the stockade, and the remaining six were taken to the cemetery and dedicated to the officials of each customs. On the day of the funeral, friends and relatives should be invited to dinner, and a bowl of vegetable rice and a catty of wine should be sent. Some old people also send eggs, and they want to wrap a white line around the wrist of the deceased's family for three times, which means to bind the soul and not follow the deceased.

The cemetery belongs to the commune. The grave was dug only over a meter deep. After digging the pit, you should sweep it with leaves several times, otherwise, the digger will get sick. When entering the funeral, a dog was immediately killed and buried in the coffin. It is said that dogs can lead the way to ghosts in the underworld, and built a house on the grave with straw rafts and baskets, called a grave shed. Around the tomb shed are pointed bamboo stakes painted with dog blood. It is said that this is to make a savage who will eat the body mistakenly think that the body has been eaten. Relatives and friends attending the funeral returned to the home of the deceased, mopping up the footprints to prevent ghosts from following them home. Before arriving at the house, the crowd divided into two sides, walked around the house for a week, and entered the house to wash their hands and feet with water. Relatives go to the grave twice every morning and evening to offer meals, with 13 days as a round. From a few months to 1 ~ 2 years. Funeral custom of Jinuo nationality. There are public cemeteries in Jinuo villages, and the cemetery areas are divided according to clan names. The public * * * base is very small and shall not be expanded at will. It is said that expanding the area of ghosts is not good for the living. Therefore, when a new dead person can't be buried, it is necessary to dig out the previously buried coffin bones and throw them away, and bury a new coffin in the original cave. After death, outsiders cannot be buried in the original clan cemetery, but only on the edge of the village cemetery. Minors and the deceased are not allowed to enter the public cemetery, and husband and wife are not buried together. In the old society, families of all ethnic groups had their own "public cemeteries", some of which were not bound by special customs.