A man named Kan

Tian xiaoxiu

First, Chiyou is the name of an agricultural tribe.

The official history of the concept of Chiyou is contained in the Five Emperors' Records of the Yellow Emperor. It is famous for its failure in the war with the Yellow Emperor.

Historians of all ages have taken notes. The first question I want to make clear is: Who is Chiyou?

Pei Zhi's Collection of Historical Records quoted Ying Shao as saying: "Chiyou, the emperor of ancient times"; He also conveyed a cloud quoted from Hanshu Three Generations of Confucius: "Chiyou is a greedy person". Two different versions are listed.

Later, Sima Zhen wrote Historical Records, questioning the two theories of Tian Zi and Shu Ren. First of all, I quote Tai Shigong's original text, "Governors invade each other, and Chiyou is the strongest." Analyzing its meaning, Chiyou is not the son of heaven. In Guan Shu Pian, "Chiyou became five soldiers because of the gold of Lushan Mountain" is quoted, which shows that Chiyou is not. Then put forward the theory of "Chiyou Gai Feng Chen".

However, Zhang Shoujie wrote "Justice in Historical Records" and quoted "The Dragon Fish Map" as saying: "The Yellow Emperor was the regent, and eighty-one Chiyou brothers talked with animals and people, ate sand and stones, and built a crossbow to fight with swords and halberds, which shocked the world and killed them without forgiveness. Everyone wants the Yellow Emperor to do the right thing. Huangdi can't forbid Chiyou with benevolence and righteousness, but he can only sigh. Xuan Nv was sent by heaven to give the soldiers of the Yellow Emperor faith in the charm and subdue Chiyou. The emperor made it the main soldier to control all directions. After the death of Chiyou, the world will be in chaos. The Yellow Emperor then painted the image of Chiyou to dominate the world. The power of the world means that Chiyou will not die, and all countries in all directions will take it. "

Quoting this myth-mixed folklore is obviously a denial of "princes", "emperors" and "Shu Ren". Because, just a portrait is enough to make "all ethnic groups in all directions are slaves", and its prestige is far from the general governor, nor is it comparable to Shu Ren. However, another day, Xuan Nv was sent to help the Yellow Emperor instead of Chiyou, which shows that Chiyou has nothing to do with the "son of heaven".

The reason why scholars add the concepts of "Tian Zi", "Shu Ren" and "vassal" to Chiyou is obviously confined to the cognitive framework of the feudal social structure model of Zhou and Qin Dynasties, and it is impossible to correctly interpret Chiyou's identity at the end of primitive society and the social and historical connotation of this concept.

According to Records of the Five Emperors, the era of Chiyou's life coincided with the decline of Shennong.

Shennong is a clan whose agricultural production tools were abandoned in the Ming and Qing Dynasties in the history of the Chinese nation. Notes in the Book of Changes: "Shennong's work, [] wood is the coffin, and the rubbings are the thunder. The advantage of squatting is to teach the world. " Since then, in the land of China, many ethnic groups whose main lifestyle is hunting and gathering have turned to agriculture as their main mode of production. For example, "White Tiger Yi Tong" records: "People in ancient times all ate animal meat. As for Shennong, there are many people and not enough livestock, so Shennong teaches people to farm because of its time and place. God makes it suitable for the people, so it is called Shennong. " This is a memory of the history of carnivorous hunting groups turning to agricultural production. Another example is "Huai Nan Zi Xiu Wu Xun": "In ancient times, people drank the water of grass, gathered the fruits of vegetation and ate the meat of snails and mussels, and were often infected with diseases. So Shennong began to teach the people to sow grain. " This is also the historical memory of people collecting and storing fruits and snail meat as staple food and turning to agricultural production.

Lei Lei's invention was a great leap forward in the productivity of primitive society in China, which laid the foundation of primitive agriculture in China and led to the emergence of a new historical era, namely "Shennong World". Shennong is honored as the "agricultural emperor", also known as "Dihuang". "Book of History, Volume 4" said: "Shennong is also an agricultural emperor. ..... Shennong, based on the discipline of the land, knows the fertility of the land and the sparseness of the valley, so he entrusted the agricultural emperor to the land. " It means that the essence of his merits lies in exerting soil fertility, which is commonly known as "rehmannia glutinosa".

In the ancient legends of China, the meaning of "emperor" has two layers: one is the person who made great inventions and won the praise of the world, "emperor, monarch, beauty and greatness" [1], for example, Suiren was honored as "Huang Sui" because of his invention of drilling for fire [2]; Fu tied a rope, made a net, used to catch animals and fish, and made a wedding ceremony, which made human reproduction enter a healthy and orderly track, so he was honored as "Huang Xi" [3]. Second, it refers to the early primitive society without public power. "Virtue is like the emperor, so it is called the emperor" [4], "The emperor doesn't bother women to work for the world. If you don't disturb a woman, you will be emperor "[5]. Its scene is as described in "Zhuangzi Stole Foot": "In the world of Shennong, lying is life, rising is Anemarrhena, and I don't know my father. You plow, eat, weave and dress with elk, and you have no intention of hurting each other. "

In the later period of Shennong, with farming gradually becoming the main mode of production, the primitive groups wandering around for food gradually settled down, gradually formed a clan society, and developed into a tribal organization, and a tribal alliance leader with influence beyond the tribe appeared, which was the "emperor". Interpretation of Shuo Wen Jie Zi: "The King of Emperor, Truth and World". "Truth" refers to "examining the truth", that is, the measures are meticulous and conform to objective laws. "White Tiger Yi Tong" said, "The person who combines virtue with heaven is the emperor" [6]. "King of the world" refers to the appeal beyond the scope of the tribe. The appearance of the title of "Emperor" marks the transformation of primitive society from the early tour group and clan society to the late tribal society. At this time, Shennong also began to be called "Yan Di".

The word "flame" in "Yan Di" has two meanings: first, fire, burning. Interpretation of Shuo Wen Jie Zi: "Yan Shang Ye". Jade Piece explains: "Inflammation, heat and burning". This is related to the fact that primitive agriculture cannot be separated from "fire farming". The so-called "fire tillage" refers to a reclamation method of cutting weeds and shrubs on the burned wasteland and then planting them as needed. The second refers to the god of the south. Hanshu Volume 74: "Yan Di, the God of the South", which is from the geographical point of view of the Yellow River Basin. Shennong, which originated in Lishan, Hubei Province and was buried in Chaling, Hunan Province, is undoubtedly in the south.

It is a turning point in history from "the world of Shennong", which is honored as "the agricultural emperor", to "the decline of Shennong", which is called "the emperor of Yan".

Chiyou was active in the historical stage, that is, the period of "Shennong decline" and "Yan Di". At that time, there were many tribes, and each tribe relied on its own economic strength and force to fight against each other, and no longer obeyed the constraints of Shennong, the leader of the tribal alliance. The tribal alliance was naturally formed because of the merits of inventing Lei. "Shennong is in decline, the princes invade and oppress the people, and Shennong is able to levy ... Chiyou is the most violent" [7]. The "princes" mentioned here are not nobles who were awarded titles of public, Hou, Bo, Zi and Gong under the social system of Zhou and Qin Dynasties, but chiefs of various tribes at the end of primitive society. Chiyou is one of them.

Guo is a derogatory term. Shuo Wen Jie Zi is interpreted as "insect leaf". Used as an article, if today's rhetoric is "little reptile" or something. "The Six Books are True and False" says: "Whoever doesn't know the name". "You" is a tribal name. Especially for agriculture. Yang Shen's "Dan Yin Lu" said: "From agriculture to agriculture". Han Shi Zhuan said: "East and west ploughing is horizontal, and north and south ploughing is horizontal". "Don't bow your head" in Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals is an example. Guan returned to Huan Gong and said,' Reclaim land, cultivate land, cultivate millet and make full use of the soil. If I'm not embarrassed [], please use this as a big reason' ". Note: "Big undertaking, big agriculture also". "Guanzi Provincial Officials" said: "Competing with each other, depending on fertilizer [], observing soil fertility, being clear, farmers before and after, always farming; Make sangma, grain, and its place, and the matter of the field is also. " The imperial edict period is the date of the so-called "the king's life is divided into plows" in the Book of Rites and the Moon Order. Farmland is farmland, also called agricultural officer. Qianpu Shennong's coin word "Nong" is "You". "You" is a tribal name recorded according to hearsay, which is homophonic with "You". Therefore, the "You" tribe is the "You" tribe and also an agricultural tribe. Derogation is called "Chiyou". In ancient China, the names of clans and tribes were often called by the names of their chiefs, clans and tribesmen indiscriminately. Therefore, "Chiyou" is not only the name of the tribe, but also the name of the chief and tribal members.

Second, the relationship between Chiyou and Yan Di and Huangdi.

Chiyou has ethnic relations with Emperor Yan. "Biography of Chiyou" said: "Chiyou is surnamed Jiang and is also a descendant of Emperor Yan".

Yandi and Chiyou were both developed by Shennong, and both belonged to the Irrigation Union of the Ministry of Agriculture. The direct descendant of Shennong is called because of the great achievements of his ancestor Shennong in inventing thunder. Emperor Yan and Emperor Shennong belong to two different historical stages, so Historical Records lists Shennong and Emperor Yan in turn when quoting the closing ceremony of Zen Buddhism. Records of the Five Emperors describes Shennong and Yan Di very closely, but does not specify their relationship. "Emperor Century" said: "The contribution of Shennong is Yan Emperor", and the relationship between them has been noticed. Hanshu, which shows the harmony between ancient and modern people, was called "Shennong" by Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty and Shennong.

The Book of Changes quoted the Emperor Century Cloud, and the title of "Yan Di" was passed on to the eighth generation: Lin Kuidi, Cheng Di, Ming Di, Zhi Di, Bi Di, Ai Di. In the world of Emperor Yu Wang, I began to see the emergence of the Ministry of Human-God.

The Chiyou tribe is the most powerful of a group of farming tribes developed from Shennong. The reasons for its strength are: first, it is beneficial to its local salt; Second, in the production process of boiling salt, the invention of smelting metal and making weapons.

"Meng Qian's pen talks about two volumes and three volumes" Note: "Xiezhou Salt Ze, in terms of twenty miles. Long rain, the water of four mountains, is noted in it and will never flood; The drought has not disappeared. [Brine] is red. Under the spring, it is called human-god blood. In Song Dynasty, Xiezhou ruled Jiezhou Town, Yuncheng City, Shanxi Province. Salt Ze, now known as the "national treasure", has salts such as sodium sulfate, sodium chloride and magnesium sulfate, as well as rare elements such as calcium, iodine, potassium, boron, lithium, cesium and strontium. " "Taiping Universe" Volume 46 "Objectively Exists in yi county": "Chiyou Tian is eighteen miles south of the county". Therefore, Anyi County is now a county and is also under the jurisdiction of Yuncheng City. This used to be the residence of the Chiyou tribe. With the wealth of salt, the Chiyou tribe has the strength to fight against the Yellow Emperor. For example, "Historical Records of Five Emperors" said: "Xuanyuan's family is used to fighting, and it is not happy, and the princes are salty. And Chiyou is the most violent and can't be separated. "

"Guan Di Zi Shu pian" said: "The mountain of Gru rises and the water comes out, followed by gold, and Chiyou is thus formed. He thinks that swords, spears and halberds are nine princes, all young and old. When the mountain of the fox comes out of the water, gold will follow, and Chiyou will let it go. He thinks that Ji of the fox Riggs is a 20-year-old warlord. The specific reference of "Mountain of Gru" and "Mountain of Hu Yong" has not been verified. Its location will not be too far away from today's Yuncheng city. Or in its place. " "Gold" refers to metal in general, not limited to gold.

Sanmenxia City, Henan Province, which is adjacent to Yuncheng City, Shanxi Province, is also the settlement center of agricultural tribes. Thousands of years later, there are still descendants of Shennong here. According to Zhou's historical records, Zhou Wuwang succeeded in cutting Zhou. "To remember the holy king is to praise Shennong and then focus on Jiao". Pei Qian's "Historical Records" notes: "Geography shows that hongnong county has diplomatic relations with the city, so it has diplomatic relations with the country.". Geography of Han hongnong county Hongnong No.1 County lives in Lingbao County, Henan Province. Shaanxi county belongs to Sanmenxia city today. According to Geographical Records, Hongnong County "has an iron official in [] Pool" [] Pool, which is now Mianchi County and also belongs to Sanmenxia City. There are gold mines in Lingbao county, which still have great mining value. Other mineral resources such as silver, copper, iron, zinc and aluminum are also abundant, and the region has the necessary conditions for metal smelting. According to legend, the place where the Yellow Emperor cast the bronze tripod was located in Lingbao County [8], and its relative historical age was after the battle of Xuanyuan Chiyou. This area is not only rich in mineral resources, but also fertile land, rich in five grains and Chinese herbal medicines such as purple Hu, gastrodia elata, Scutellaria baicalensis and salvia miltiorrhiza, which is suitable for farming tribes to live in.

According to historical records, the Chiyou tribe became the most powerful tribe in the farming tribe alliance headed by Emperor Yan because of the benefits of salt ponds and the method of metal smelting. Both Chiyou and Yandi are descendants of Shennong. The outstanding one is Yan Di, and the unsuccessful one is Chiyou.

There are three theories about the battle between Chiyou and Huangdi. One is that after Huangdi defeated Yandi, he defeated Chiyou again to consolidate the throne. The battle between Huangdi and Chiyou seems to be the aftermath of the battle of Huangdi. On the other hand, Chiyou expelled Chi Di (Emperor Yan), Chi Di appealed to the Yellow Emperor, and the two emperors joined hands to kill Chiyou in Zhongji; Third, Chiyou attacked the Yellow Emperor as a soldier and was defeated and killed.

The first statement, such as A Record of the Five Emperors, says: "Xuanyuan is Xiu De's army, which is in charge of five qi and five techniques, caressing the people, moving around, and teaching bears to be brave tigers in order to fight against Emperor Yan in Sakamoto's wilderness. Fight three battles and win. Chiyou's insurrection does not require the life of the emperor. As a warlord, the Yellow Emperor fought against Chiyou in the land of Zhuolu, so he attached himself to killing Chiyou. Tai Shigong said that the name of the Yellow Emperor was Xuanyuan, and the national name was Xiong Xuanyuan, which means car. It should refer to the name of the clan and its leader who invented the technology of making cars. For example, the technology of making farm tools is called Shennong, the technology of making fishing gear is called operator, and the technology of striking fire is called Suiren. There is the bear country. The "country" at that time was actually a tribe. Bear, Yi, Yi, raccoon, 【】 and tiger are the names of six animals, which should be the names of six clans in the bear tribe, or totems. Hanquan, water name, is in Yanqing County, Beijing today. Zhuolu, a mountain name, is located in Zhuolu County, Hebei Province, not far from Hanquan.

The second statement can be found in Yi Zhou Shu Taste Mai Jie: "Chiyou is chasing the emperor and fighting for the position of Zhuolu, and Chi Di is terrified. It is said that in the Yellow Emperor, Chiyou was killed by Zhongji. " It's called Guangping Land. The battle took place in the open area under Zhuolu Mountain, and the corner refers to the corner. "Nine" means a lot, not limited to eight plus one. "Jiujiao Qing" means that Chiyou expelled the Chi Di (jiyan) tribe without leaving a legacy. Emperor Ji refers to Jizhou in the Central Plains. Erya Dish: "Jizhou is called between two rivers". Guo Pu's Note: From Donghe to Xihe. At that time, the place where the Yellow River entered the sea was called Donghe, and the place south of Hetao was called Xihe. Note of Li Zhou Zhi Fang: "Zhengbeiyue Bingzhou" belongs to Taiyuan, Shanxi, Baoding and Zhengding, Hebei. "The Northeast is called Youzhou", which belongs to Beijing today. Ancient Jizhou is located in the south of seclusion and merger, south of Shanxi and southwest of Hebei. Legend has it that Chiyou was killed in Xiezhou, Yuncheng, Shanxi Province today.

The third argument, such as The Classic of Mountains and Seas, Huang Da North Classic, says: "Chiyou attacked the Yellow Emperor. The Yellow Emperor ordered Ying Long to attack the wild land of Jizhou. Livestock in Ying Long drink water. Chiyou asked Fengbo Rain God to make a big storm. Emperor Huangdi said that when the rain stopped, he killed Chiyou. Fengbo Rain Master is a wizard who is good at farming and meteorology of Chiyou tribe. Later, he became an agricultural meteorological god, and he set up a temple. He/kloc-gave a speech at the age of 0/8. " Han Feizi's Ten Years of Han Feizi said: "In the past, the Yellow Emperor put ghosts and gods on Mount Tai ... Chiyou was in front, Fengbo swept in, and the rain teacher sprinkled the road", which reflected the close relationship between the rain teacher in Fengbo and the Chiyou tribe, because the harvest department of agricultural tribes could not be separated from good weather.

It is impossible and unnecessary to examine right and wrong. For this prehistoric legend, which was circulated in Shanghai for thousands of years before it was recorded in books, historians pay attention to the historical shadow revealed in it; Ethnologists are concerned about the ethnic types, cultural characteristics and the formation and evolution of ethnic groups reflected in legends.

The result of Chiyou's defeat was captured and killed by the Yellow Emperor, which is recorded in history books, Yizhoushu and Shanhaijing. On the other hand, it was reused by the Yellow Emperor. For example, "Dragon Fish River Map" said: "The Yellow Emperor subdued Chiyou, and the Emperor made him the main soldier, ruling all directions." In the Qin and Han dynasties, there was a folk custom of paying homage to the shrine with Chiyou as the main soldier. As a result, Qin Shihuang's eastward expedition, Liu Bang of Emperor Gaozu set out from the folk ritual hall to kill you, which is contained in Historical Records, Closed Sutra, Historical Records and Biographies of Emperor Gaozu.

There is also a record in Guanzi Wuxing that the Yellow Emperor used Chiyou again: "In the past, the Yellow Emperor learned Chiyou and knew the way of heaven ... Chiyou knew the way of tomorrow, so it was formed at that time." "At that time" is an official name of the Yellow Emperor Tribal Alliance in the Central Plains. Its position and function are similar to those of Zhou Li's "heavenly officials" and those of later prime ministers. He is a minister who assists the leader (emperor) of the tribal alliance to manage the affairs of each tribe. The "Heaven" mentioned here refers to the experience and understanding of the moon order in the old days of astronomical calendar. Familiarity with these knowledge is the key to arrange the production and life of agricultural tribes and manage the agricultural tribal society well.

The record of two completely different endings of Chiyou reflects the different stages and sides of the relationship between the Yellow Emperor and Chiyou. "Chiyou" was originally the name of an agricultural tribe, not only the name of the tribal chief, but also the name of all the members of the tribe. The first chieftain of Chiyou tribe was called Chiyou, and the second chieftain was also called Chiyou. The first generation tribe members are called Chiyou, and the second generation tribe members are still called Chiyou. Just like the actual connotation of rumors such as "Five Emperors Rites" and "Three Hundred Years of the Yellow Emperor". Putting the post-war relationship between the Yellow Emperor and Chiyou into the historical background of primitive tribal wars, we can understand that killing is inevitable and it is impossible to kill them all. In the end, the defeated tribes can only live in their original state under the condition of submission.

Third, descendants of Chiyou

Records of settlements (so-called "cities" in later generations), tombs, shrines and other relics were left in the places where the Chiyou tribe lived. Tracing back to these relics, we can see the areas where the Chiyou tribe lived, thus revealing the clues of their descendants.

The record of Chiyou City can be found in Zhuoshui Tiao Ji (13 volumes of Shuijing Notes): "Zhuoshui comes out of Zhuolu Mountain, known as Zhanggongquan in the world, and the northeast flows through Zhuolu County, so it is south of the city ..." Wei Tuji said that there is Chiyou City six miles southeast of Zhuolu City. The spring is deep and does not flow, and the rain flows sideways to Han Spring. He also quoted Jin Taikang Geography as saying: "Hanquan is also a place name. The spring water flows northeast and meets Chiyou Spring, and the water flows out of Chiyou City, and the city has no east. " So Zhuolu is now in Zhuolu County, Hebei Province. Turbid water remains to be tested. Chiyou Spring is in Zhuolu County today. Hanquan is in Yanqing County, Beijing today.

"Taiping Guangji Hedong Road Seven" objectively exists in yi county: "Chiyou City is eighteen miles south of the county seat ... its city was destroyed today". Therefore, Anyi County is under the jurisdiction of Anyi Town, Yuncheng City, Shanxi Province.

The record of the tomb of Chiyou can be found in the Notes of the Emperor's Tomb: "The tomb of Chiyou is seven feet high. In Kanxiang Town, Shouzhang County, Dongping, people often worship it in October. There is crimson and silky air, which people call Chiyou Banner. Shoulder burial is reunited in Juye county, Shanyang, with the same size as the burial. During the Three Kingdoms period, Dongping Shouzhang County and Yanggu Shouzhang County belonged to Jin. Yangshan Juye County is located in Juye County, Shandong Province.

The records of Chiyou Temple can be found in Historical Records of Zen Forest. Qin Shihuang toured the east, sealed Mount Tai, meditated on Fu Liang, and held a ceremony in Ba Shen. In Ba Shen, "Lord of the three armed forces, the shrine is Chiyou. Chiyou is in the township, belonging to Dongping, and the western boundary of Qi is also ". Dongping county, Shandong province, is now its old governance. In addition, the article recorded in Hanshu Geography East Shouliang (Zhang [9]): "Chiyou Temple is in the northwest of (Su) [10], and there is a city". When he was in Handong County, "Huangdi Chiyou was in Peiting". Pei County in Qin Dynasty was ruled by Pei County in Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province. Pei County faces Shandong across Weishan Lake to the east.

There is a saying in "Yi Taste Mai Jie" that "Chiyou's life is good". "Yu" is interpreted as "fate" here. In the house, the eaves are space, and in the country, it is space. This means that the Chiyou tribe was once arranged to live on the border of the Shao Hao tribe. At that time, Shao Hao tribes lived in Qufu as the center. "Zuo Zhuan Er Ding Four Years" Du Pre-notes: "Market, Qufu is also in Lucheng". Chiyou is in the west of Shao Hao.

"Historical Records, Biography of Huo Zhi, Volume I" said: "There is no need to sacrifice human-god in the villages of Taiyuan." He also said that "during the Hanwu period, there was a God of Chiyou in Taiyuan ... and its custom was to build a shrine". He also said, "There is a famous Chiyou opera in Jizhou today, with people in twos and threes and horns on their heads []. In the Han Dynasty, Jiao [] drama was created and its legacy was built. " During the Qin and Han Dynasties, Taiyuan County belonged to the state of Bing, the first county of Jinyang, and ruled Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province. Jizhou in Han Dynasty was located in the south of Hebei, the south of Shanxi and the north of the Yellow River in Henan Province.

According to the above records, the remains, customs and legends about Chiyou, which lasted for thousands of years, were captured in the Qin and Han Dynasties and are still preserved among the people with strong colors. In the vast area from Zhuolu, Hebei Province in the north, Yuncheng, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province in the west, Dongping, Shandong Province in the east, and Pei County, Jiangsu Province in the south, the custom of killing people in the ritual temple has been enduring for a long time. According to the ancient custom of "people don't worship non-ethnic groups", there must be a large number of descendants of Chiyou in these areas, which can form and maintain the social conditions for worshipping Chiyou folk customs. In the Han Dynasty, these areas were the political, economic and cultural centers of the Han nationality. Undoubtedly, quite a few descendants of Chiyou became members of the Han nationality.

Descendants of Chiyou were found among those registered, including the Tu family of Zou. Wang Jia's "Notes" records: "Xuanyuan's plan to Chiyou moved his people to the land of Zoutu and his people to their hometown in the north. First named after the earth, then divided into Zou's Tu's ". Zou Tushi is now a common surname of Han nationality.

"Hometown of the North" refers to the cold and barren land in the North, which is found in the poem Xiaoya Xiang Bo. It is also well known that "the north is too cold and has no soil, no vegetation, and it is cold and frozen." It shows that some descendants of Chiyou were moved to the north. Tao Ketao, a Mongolian scholar, wrote "The Spring and Autumn Period of Felt Country-Xiongnu Chapter", arguing that Chiyou was the title of Xiongnu in the legendary era, and the meat porridge chased by the Yellow Emperor to the north was considered as Chiyou [1 1] (a tribal descendant). Sima Zhen's Textual Research on Historical Records explains the meat porridge as follows: "Xiongnu is also known as Tang Yu's Shanrong, also known as Xunzhou, Chunwei, Guifang, Zhou Yue [Yan Yan] and Xiongnu", and "Zhou Shu Diji No.1": "Taizu Wen Bao Wen Shi, fearing Tai Wei, and the word" Wu Otter "replaces Wu. It first came from Yandi Shennong, and was later destroyed by the Yellow Emperor. The descendants fled to Ye Shuo. " The book Genealogy Table of Prime Ministers in the Book of the New Tang Dynasty points out: "The Yuwen family came from Nandan of Xiongnu. "

There was enmity in ancient times, and In 457 Bc was destroyed by Zhi Bo of the State of Jin. "Historical Records Biography of Li Zicheng" Note: "Zhi Bo's revenge is still wide, because of the subsequent use of troops, revenge is still dead." Today, there is a site that hates Jewish countries in the northeast of Yuxian County, Shanxi Province. Resentment near Chiyou, its country may be built by descendants of Chiyou.

The descendants of Chiyou tribe who moved south are unknown, but they have a good reputation. The Miao epic "Feng Ge" in Qiandongnan says that Jiang Yang (Yan), the ancestor of Miao nationality, was born from the heart of a maple tree. Miao scholars contact Shan Hai Jing Nan Jing and record: "Those who live in Songshan Mountain and those who live in Mushan Mountain are called maple trees. The maple abandoned by Chiyou is called maple. Prove that the Miao people are descendants of Chiyou [12]. " "A Brief History of Miao Nationality" contains: "Chiyou Temple in south Sichuan and northwest Guizhou is worshipped by Miao nationality". The legend that the ancestors of Miao nationality were born from maple trees is of symbolic significance to the near-reincarnation of Chiyou.

Shang Xing compared Chiyou with Miao people: "Chiyou only launched a rebellion and extended it to civilians. Don't blame the thief, the thief is arrogant. Miao people use spirits to make punishment. " To say that "insurrection" started from Chiyou and extended to civilians, people's property was seized in various ways: attacking and robbing bandits in droves, killing thieves to silence them, and taking arrogance as the righteousness; Call out foreign traitors, win at home, seize, steal, cheat and correct, and take it as piety. "Spirit" means goodness, that is, not good education, but criminal law. Accusing the Miao people of following the habit of Chiyou. Today, Buyi people still call Miao "Buyi". The Buyi nationality "cloth" means "person" or "clan". In the Temple Law, the restrictive component is after the central component, and "walking" means "you" and can also be recorded as "you". Consistent with what he said about the Chiyou tribe.

In the first century, the tea town of Changsha, including Emperor Yan Shennong, collapsed and was buried. Tea Town is now Chaling County, Hunan Province, on the west side of Luo Xiao Mountain at the junction of Hunan and Jiangxi. The residence of the three ancient Miao people is also between Hunan and Jiangxi. According to Records of Historical Records and Biography of Wuqi, "There were three seedlings in ancient times, Dongting on the left and Peng Li on the right". Dongting Lake is today's Dongting Lake, and Peng Li is today's Poyang Lake. Therefore, Sanmiao is probably a nomadic farming tribe group developed from the descendants of Shennong or Chiyou (an agricultural tribe). There is a legendary history of Miao people's long-distance migration. This is inseparable from its long-term maintenance of farming economy. Of course, there are also political and social reasons.

It should also be noted that, just as the Han nationality is diverse, as an ancient nationality in southern China, the original ethnic origin of the Miao nationality is also diverse. Miao people were called "Miao people" or "Three Miao people" in ancient times. In addition to the above-mentioned Shennong and Chiyou in Yan Di who have direct ethnic origins with Miao and Sanmiao, the descendants of the Yellow Emperor Jinyun and Zhuan Xu Xiangtou are also one of the main ethnic origins of Sanmiao and Sanmiao respectively.

There are records at the beginning of Sanmiao, among which Shangshu Yu Shu: "Three Miao in Three Risks". Ying Da Shu by Confucius: "Three Miao, Country Name, Later Jinyun". This so-called "country name" is actually a tribal name. "Jinyun's family" is a clan name in the Yellow Emperor tribe, which later developed into a tribal name. The case of Justice in Historical Records: "The Yellow Emperor has a bear, and the posthumous title Xiong family, also known as Jinyun's family, is also known as Xuan Di's family". Pointing to Jinyun as the Yellow Emperor. According to Historical Records, the Yellow Emperor is also known as Xuanyuan. Du Fu's "Left Eighteen Years" prefaces: "Jinyun is the proper name of the Yellow Emperor". This so-called "official name" actually refers to the division name of the Yellow Emperor tribe. Note in the seventeenth year of Zuo: "In the past, the Huangdi clan thought it was a name, so it was named after marble". That is, cloud is the name of the clan-based military establishment (cloud division) of this tribe, and it is also the name of the tribal public office (cloud name) mastered by this clan.

"Historical Records" quoted Ying Shao as saying: "The Yellow Emperor was ordered to have Yun Rui, so he recorded the story in the clouds. Spring officer is a table cloud, summer officer is a Jinyun, Qiu Guan is a white cloud, winter officer is a dark cloud, and middle officer is Huang Yun ". List official names in spring, summer, autumn and winter, such as Zhou Li, Guan Chun Zongbo, who is in charge of sacrificial rites and music, Xiaguan Sima, who is in charge of administrative military affairs, Qiu Guan Sikou, who is in charge of criminal law prohibition, and Winter Lawsuit, who is in charge of air traffic control engineering construction, etc. This kind of official name with clouds is the tribal official position held by the clans in the early days of the Yellow Emperor tribe. As for the official positions held by the tribes after the Yellow Emperor became the leader of the tribal alliance, as recorded in Guanzi Wuxing, they are called "at that time" (Tianguan), "Inheritor" (local official), "Tusi" (Spring official) and "Situ" (Xia official). Today, there is Jinyun County, Zhejiang Province, and its county has Jinyun Mountain, which is said to be the place where the Yellow Emperor visited immortals.

Guang Yun interpreted "escape" as "letting go", which means exile. "Three dangers", Kong Anguo said: "Mountain of Hispanic origin", which means remote place. Shan Hai Jing ·Xi· Shan Jing contains "Three Dangerous Mountains", and Guo Pu notes: "Dunhuang County today". Dunhuang County was established in the Han Dynasty, which ruled Dunhuang City in Gansu Province today. There are three dangerous mountains in the northeast of Dunhuang, and now there are three Wei Cheng. "Historical Records of Five Emperors" contains: "The number of three seedlings in Jianghuai Jingzhou is chaotic. So please return to the emperor's side ... move the three seedlings to Sanwei and change to Xirong. " "Rong" originally meant ravine, used to refer to people, refers to people living in ravines. Today, the so-called "mountain man" is also. "Xirong" is a mountain folk in the west. Today, the ancient historical legends circulated by Miao people in northwest Guizhou say that their ancestors first lived in the west of Jishi Mountain, moved to Jishi Mountain at sunset, and after several generations of long-distance migration, crossed the Yellow River, reached the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and finally entered the southwest region. [ 13]

Notes in Shan Hai Jing Huang Da Bei Jing: "Northwest Overseas, north of Heishui, there is a man with wings, named Miao people (Dunpu Note: the man of three Miao people). Zhuan Xu gave birth to donkeys, and donkeys gave birth to seedlings. " The head is also used as a pocket. See Shangshu Shundian: "Take a ride in Chongshan". Also as a pocket, see Records of the Five Emperors: "Put a pocket in Chongshan, and you will become Man Zi". Chongshan is located in the southwest of Dayong City, Hunan Province. This place belongs to Wuling Mountain area, and its administrative establishment belongs to Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture. "A Brief History of Miao Nationality" said that the surname Shi, one of the five Miao surnames in Xiangxi, was related to Xiangdou. Stone surnames vary in size. Dashi surname is called "Dou Gu" in Miao language. [14] There are Dou Gu's tomb and temples in Luxi and Garden.

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According to the records in China's ancient books, Chiyou is the name of a farming tribe active in Shanxi and Luxi areas of China at the end of primitive society, that is, the chief of the farming tribe has the same name as the tribal man. The Chiyou tribe is a descendant of Shennong and belongs to the Yan Di Tribe Alliance. Legend has it that the Chiyou tribe is good at metal smelting and making weapons. Chiyou tribe and Huangdi tribe lost in the war, and most of their descendants stayed in the Central Plains. According to Guanzi, the Chiyou tribe joined the tribal alliance headed by the Yellow Emperor and held an important public office. According to Ji Zhu, Zou and Tu are the surnames that can be found in their descendants.

Part of Chiyou tribe moved northward, which was related to meat porridge (another name of Xiongnu).

The southward migration of Chiyou tribe is related to Miao and Sanmiao. There are various sources of Sanmiao, besides the name of descendants of Chiyou, there are also the first names after the Yellow Emperor Jinyun and Zhuan Xu.

From the description of the legends of Chiyou and Sanmiao, we can see the large-scale agitation among tribes in the late primitive society of China, which is composed of convergence, war, integration and migration. This stirring movement has caused the situation that all ethnic groups in China are inseparable from each other at the origin and formation stage.

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[1] White Tiger Yi Tong Volume 1.

[2] "Shangshu Biography Volume 4".

[3] "Shangshu Biography Volume 4".

[4] Custom Yi Tong.

[5] White Tiger Yi Tong.

[6] White Tiger Yi Tong.

[7] Historical Records of the Five Emperors.

[8] "China City and County Dictionary" on page 659, in * * * Central Party School Press 199 1 version.

[9] Shouliangjun is Shouzhangjun, and Guangwudi of the Eastern Han Dynasty avoided the taboo of his uncle Zhao.

[10] Yan Shigu's note: "(Su) is also beneficial to water."

[1 1] Tao Ketao: The Spring and Autumn Period of the Felt Country-Xiongnu, People's Publishing House, 1987, p. 5 1.

[12] Long Zhuwen: A Brief History of Miao Nationality, Page 3, published by Guizhou Nationalities Publishing House, 1985.

[13] Yang Hanxian's Legend of Ancient Miao Names in Weining County, Guizhou Province, contained in Guizhou Ethnic Studies,No. 1980.

[14] is the same as 12.

(This article was originally published in Journal of Central University for Nationalities, No.3, 1997)