Yu Wenkai's Historical Contribution

Daxing City (now Xi City)

In 58 1 year, Emperor Wendi of Sui established the Sui Dynasty for Wendi. In order to consolidate his dominant position, he wantonly killed the imperial clan of the Northern Zhou Dynasty in order to eliminate the remaining forces of the Northern Zhou Dynasty. Yu Wenkai was also included in the so-and-so list. Because Yu Wenkai's family is different from the imperial clan of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, his second brother Yu Wenxin made great contributions to Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty, and his own talents won the appreciation of Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty, so he was saved from death. When Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty "built the ancestral temple", Yuwen Kai was put into use as the deputy supervisor of Yingzong Hall, the son of Prince Zuo Shu, who was in charge of building the ancestral temple. After the completion of the ancestral hall, it was sealed as a thousand households in Lushan County, and then put into the construction project of Daxing City, the capital of Sui Dynasty. When the Sui Dynasty was founded, Chang 'an was the capital of the Northern Zhou Dynasty. Chang 'an City was founded in the Han Dynasty with a history of nearly 800 years. The city has become too small, the palace is too decadent, and the water supply and drainage are seriously impeded. Sewage is often collected without leakage, and domestic water is seriously polluted, which can no longer meet the needs of social development and people's lives. Therefore, Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty suspected that it was a "narrow palace", and Yu Jicai, a regular servant who rode straight away, also said, "The Korean cinema will be 800 years old, and the water is not very pleasant." So I decided to build a new capital.

In June of the second year (582), Emperor Wendi of Sui wrote: "This city has been dead for a long time since the Han Dynasty, and it has been a battlefield for many times. This palace is close to expediency, and I don't want to wait for the sun with the turtle. It is not enough to build a city of emperors, but the masses gather. " "This area is a peaceful place. For the sake of Yin and Yang, it is safe to move. Don't be jealous. The mountains and rivers in the faucet are beautiful, the flowers are rich and the food is rich. It is appropriate to establish the capital, the foundation of Dingding will always be solid, and endless industries will be in Sri Lanka. Public and private houses, the scale is far and near, and the construction fee is everything. " So, "Zuo Fu shot Gao Jiong, Liu Long, a great craftsman, He Louzigan, the Duke of Julu County, and Gao Long, a teacher, and made his capital". Yu Wenkai, the illegitimate son of Prince Zuo, has a clever idea and leads the camp as the deputy supervisor of Xindu. Because Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty was named Daxing Gong in the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the new capital was named Daxing City.

Daxing urban construction, the history says "the system comes from the humble", "Gao Jiong has an outline, and all his plans come from the enlightenment". Song of Song Dynasty also said in the Annals of Chang 'an that during the construction of Daxing City in Sui Dynasty, "the left servant was ordered to shoot Gao Jiong, and the prince left the bastard Yuwen Kai to build a scale, and the master craftsman, the minister of the Ministry of Industry, the Duke of Julu County, He Lou, the Grand Mansion, Shang Longyi, made the construction". It can be seen that Gao Jiong mainly put forward the general system of the capital and was responsible for the overall construction policy, while the specific planning and design was completed by Yuwen Kai, and other envoys mainly assisted in construction and material management.

The construction of Daxing City is not a city rebuilt or expanded on the old basis, but a brand-new city built in a short time according to careful planning. The whole city consists of Miyagi, Imperial City and Guo Cheng. Build Miyagi first, then Imperial City, and finally Guo Cheng. In the second year (582), construction started in June and was basically completed in December, and it was named Daxing City. It was officially moved into use in March of the following year, only nine months before and after, and the construction speed was amazing. The planning, design, organization and management of manpower and material resources of the whole project should be quite precise and rigorous. In planning, design and construction, we should also consider the matching of topography, water resources, transportation, military defense, environmental beautification, urban management, market supply and demand, and the characteristics of the capital as a political, military, economic and cultural center to solve a series of complex problems. Therefore, the construction of Daxing City marked the economic and technological level of China at that time.

Someone has compared the areas of ten ancient cities in the world: (1) Daxing City in Sui Dynasty (Chang 'an City in Tang Dynasty), built in 583, with an area of 84. 1 square kilometer; (2) Luoyang City in Northern Wei Dynasty, built in 493, with an area of about 73 square kilometers; (3) Beijing City in Ming and Qing Dynasties, built in1421-1553, with an area of 60.2 square kilometers; (4) Yuan Dadu, built in 1267, with an area of 50 square kilometers; (5) Tokyo (Luoyang City) in Sui and Tang Dynasties, built in 605, with an area of 45.2 square kilometers; (6) Ming Nanjing, built in 1366, with an area of 43 square kilometers; (7) Han Chang 'an (inner city), built in 202 BC, with an area of 35 square kilometers; (8) Baghdad, built in 800, with an area of 30.44 square kilometers; (9) Rome, built in 300 years, with an area of 13.68 square kilometers; (10) Byzantium, built in 447, covers an area of 1 1.99 square kilometers. As can be seen from the above list, the scale of ancient cities in China is unparalleled in the world, and Daxing City ranks first, making it the first city in the world.

The planning of Daxing City absorbed the experience of Yecheng in Cao Wei (so it is located east of Ye Zhen in Linzhang, Hebei Province) and Luoyang in Northern Wei Dynasty. Under the principle of square symmetry, Miyagi and Imperial City are placed in the main position of the city along the north-south central axis, while Guo Cheng is surrounded by Miyagi and Imperial City in the east, west and south. The division is neat and clear, symbolizing the majesty of imperial power, fully embodying the unique style of the planning and layout of ancient Kyoto in China, and reflecting the thoughts and requirements of the rulers for autocratic centralization. In particular, it is a great innovation to strictly separate the palace, government offices and residential areas. In the northern song dynasty, Lu Dafang praised the layout idea of Daxing city in the inscription on the map of the capital city of Sui Dynasty: "Although the capital city of Sui Dynasty could not stand according to the law of the former king, it was divided into pieces, and the alleys were all in ink, and the mound gates were full, and there was no room for traitors and puppet troops." It is no longer related to the official temples of the imperial court and the residential areas, but also the progress of a generation. Vae in the Qing Dynasty also said: "Since the Han Dynasty, as for Jin, Qi, Liang and Chen, there have been people coming and going between the palaces." Sui Wendi thought it inconvenient, so he only set up temples in the imperial city, which was not miscellaneous, divided into public and private, and the customs were neat. This was Sui Wenxin's proposition. "

Miyagi is located in the north of the north-south central axis. It means "four miles from east to west (excluding Ye Ting Palace), two miles from north to south with two hundred and seventy steps, and three feet and five feet of worship". The measured east-west length is 2820.3m (including Ye Ting Palace) and the north-south width is1492.6438+0m. There is a wall in the city that divides Miyagi into three parts. In the middle is the Daxing Palace, which consists of dozens of halls, platforms and pavilions. It was the place where the emperor lived and listened to politics. In the east, the East Palace is a prince dedicated to residence and government affairs. To the west is Yeting Palace, where ladies-in-waiting learn their skills.

The Imperial City (also known as Zicheng) is in the south of Miyagi, separated from Miyagi by a street, "five miles east, 115 steps south, three miles north and 140 steps south". The measured east-west length is the same as Miyagi, and the north-south width is 1843.6 meters. The imperial city is the seat of military and political institutions and ancestral halls. "Seven streets in the north and south of the city, five streets in the east and west. Zuo Zongmiao, right country. Liao Bai province is also included, where there are six provinces, nine temples, a station, four prisons and eight guards. The East Palace is the official family, and every family has one, three squares and three temples, with a political rate of ten. "

Guo Cheng, also known as Luocheng and Beijing, is "east-west 1 15 step, north-south1/5 step, and north-south 175 step. On Saturday, it is seventeen miles, and its worship is one foot eight. " The measured east-west length is 972 1 m, and the north-south width is 865 1.7 m. There are eleven streets in the north and south of the city and fourteen streets in the east and west, which are divided into 108 Fangli and two commercial markets, forming a checkerboard layout. Bai Juyi has a poem: "A hundred schools of thought are like Go, and Twelve Streets are like vegetable gardens." It not only vividly describes the layout characteristics of Daxing City.

The streets in this city are very wide. The width of the street leading to the city gate exceeds 100 meter; The widest is the cross street between Miyagi and Imperial City, which is more than 220 meters wide. Zhuque Street, the main road located on the north-south central axis, is150m wide; The width of the street not connected with the city gate is 42-68 meters; The narrowest is Shuncheng Street around the inner side of the city wall, with a width of 25 meters. There are walls in the inner square and streets in the square. Dafangli has four doors on all sides, with Cross Street in the middle. This alley has two east and west gates and a crosswalk. These criss-crossing streets form a traffic network, which is orderly. There are drainage ditches on both sides of every street, and street trees with elm and locust trees are planted on both sides of the street with even row spacing, which makes the road a wide and straight boulevard and adds elegance to the city.

In the planning and construction of Daxing City, great attention is also paid to environmental beautification and water supply and drainage. The whole city site is located on the south bank of Wei River, with Fenghe River in the west, Bashui and Xu Shui in the east and Zhong Nanshan in the south. According to its geographical environment and river conditions, three canals were dug to introduce water into the city. Yong 'an Canal and Qingming Canal are in the south of the city, Longshou Canal is in the east of the city, and Longshou Canal is divided into two tributaries. The three canals all flow through the palace and then pour into Wei water, which can not only solve the problem of water supply and drainage, but also transport living materials. Willows are planted on both sides of the canal, forming a pleasant scenery of "the wicker surface of the canal is flush". There is also Qujiang "Furong Garden" in the southeast of the city. Its "flowers are full of smoke and waves, and everyone enjoys the Mid-Autumn Festival. Riverside is lush, Liu Yin is four-in-one, blue and red, lovely ",which is a scenic spot and tourist area in this city.

There are still serious defects in the planning and design of Daxing city. There are three outstanding people:

One is that the demand of social development at that time was not well considered, and the scale of the city was too large, which exceeded the requirements of the times. After more than 300 years in Sui and Tang Dynasties, there were not many households and it was very desolate. As Song said: "From the South Sixth Street of Zhuquemen to the south, it is uninhabited." The note also said, "From the south of Xingshan Temple, things spread all over the country. Although there are residents, fireworks are not connected, and farming and planting are connected. "

Secondly, although the roads in Daxing city are wide, they are all dirt roads. When it rains and snows, they are muddy and difficult to pass, and sometimes even the courts have to stop. In order to drain water, the middle of the road is high, and there are ditches with a width of more than two meters and a depth of more than two meters on both sides. However, due to the large topographic relief in the city, drainage is still difficult, and there are often cases of wall collapse and residents drowning after heavy rain.

Third, there are also great problems in grain transportation. Sometimes the transportation of grain is blocked, which leads to the shortage of grain supply. Therefore, the capital eventually moved eastward.

It is commendable that Daxing City had such a large-scale construction and achievements under the social and economic scientific conditions at that time. The design and layout of Daxing City not only had a great impact on the urban construction in China, but also had a far-reaching impact on the urban construction in Japan and North Korea. For example, Japan's Bird Collection and Fujiwara Peace City Landscape, the capital of Nara era, were all built by imitating the layout characteristics of Daxing City. There are 32 towns in Pingcheng East and West, and 36 towns in North and South. Every four towns are connected by roads to form a neat and orderly chessboard. Miyagi is also located in the center of the north of the city, surrounded by government offices and aristocratic mansions, which clearly embodies the characteristics of Daxing City.

Construction of Luoyang City in Tokyo

Excavation of Guangtong Canal Project

The construction of Tokyo is another great achievement of Yu Wenkai in urban construction. In June of four years (584), Yuwen Kai was appointed to be responsible for the construction of Guangtong Canal. According to records, "the Sui Dynasty used Wei water sand, which was not frequent in depth and bitter in water." Zuo's son was ordered to dig a canal to bring Wei water to Tongguan, with a total length of more than 300 miles, called Guangtong Canal. It's good to transport water, and it's at the customs. "Later, Yu Wenkai became the secretariat of Laizhou (now Ye County, Shandong Province) and was" very famous ".

In August of the sixth year of Emperor Kai, Yu Wenxin, Yuwen Kai's second brother Shang and Qi Guogong, was punished for rebellion, and Yuwen Kai was also dismissed by collective punishment. "He was expelled from his family and could not be transferred for a long time."

Planning and Design of Renshou Palace Project

In February of the 13th year of Kai (593), Emperor Wen of Sui ordered Su Yang to build Renshou Palace in the north of Fengxiang, Shaanxi. Su Yang, with Yu Wenkai's ingenious thinking, is responsible for the planning and design of Renshou Palace project. Therefore, the whole palace area "has a magnificent system", which is a group of extremely magnificent palace buildings. In March of the 15th year of Huang Kai, Renshou Palace was completed, and Yuwen Kai was appointed as the supervisor of Renshou Palace, with the same title as the Third Division, and was later appointed as the junior supervisor.

In the second year of Renshou (602), in August, Emperor Wendi died alone. In October, Su Yang and Yuwen Kai were ordered to build the imperial tomb. After the burial of Queen Dugu, Yu Wenkai was reinstated as Anping County Duke, with 1,000 households.

Luoyang has built a new city in the old capital.

In July of Renshou four years, Yang Di Yang Guang succeeded to the throne. In view of Daxing City's location to the west and inconvenient land and water transportation, in order to further strengthen the control of Hebei, Shandong and Jianghuai areas, it was decided to build a new city near the old capital Luoyang as Tokyo. 1 1 month, when Emperor Yang Di visited Luoyang, he wrote that the geographical location of Luoyang was "controlled by three rivers, consolidated by four blockades, connected by land and water, and paid tribute". "Today, Tokyo can build Iraq and Luoyang, and it must be divided into official positions, thinking that the people are extremely rich."

Build a big city

According to Yang Diji, in March of the first year of Daye (605), Emperor "ordered Yang Da, Yuwen Kai and other great masters to build Tokyo, and moved to Xia Guo and Yuzhou to live in reality". According to History as a Mirror (volume 180), "Every month, there are two million people in service. Tens of thousands of residents who moved to Luozhou and wealthy businessmen in various States all took it as a reality. In the first month of the spring of the second year of Daye, the "Tokyo City", which lasted only ten months, was a large city carefully planned, designed and built in a short time. When Yu Wenkai built Tokyo, he was obsessed with the heart of the emperor, so the Tokyo system was extremely grand. Therefore, Yuwen Kai won the favor of Yang Di and was promoted to the same three subjects. Meanwhile, Yuwen Kai was also ordered to build Ren Xian Palace in Shouan County, Henan Province (now Yiyang, Henan Province) "Qi Jiannan and Robin North". To this end, he once made a fortune in Jiangnan and lost in Luoyang; I also ask for beautiful trees and exotic plants, rare birds and animals, and a real garden. "

The center of politics, economy and transportation

Tokyo is an oriental capital, also known as the "new capital". Located about 10 kilometers west of Luoyang in Han and Wei Dynasties, Mangshan Mountain is in the north and Longmen is in the south, with a very advantageous geographical position. As Li Jifu said, "There is Mangshan Mountain in the north, Yikekou in the south, and the water flowing through it is like a river, and it is eighteen miles east of the old city." Due to the convenient land and water transportation, it has been the capital and political, economic and transportation center from Sui Dynasty to Northern Song Dynasty.

The construction of Tokyo is a huge project. According to Sui Shu Food Records, "Dongdu was founded, with Su Yang as a senior official, serving 2 million people every month." "Memorabilia Miscellaneous Notes" records: "At the beginning, Liu Quan, Wei Yan and Minister Wan Qing built Miyagi. At that time, they dispatched troops and there were 700 thousand people around. The circumference of the city is twice as long, extending over 30 miles and 46 feet high. Sixty days. Among them, the temple foundation and walled courtyard also serve more than100000 people. Zhidong has 800,000 geotechnical supervisors, as well as 10 more than 100,000 carpenters, bricklayers, metalworkers and masons. " At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, Zhang told Emperor Taizong what he had seen about the construction of the East Capital, saying: "I have also seen buildings built in the Sui Dynasty, which are magnificent and tall, and the trees are not owned by people nearby, and most of them come from (now Jiangxi) area. Two thousand people dragged a pillar, and the wheel hub below was made of pig iron. If you use a wooden wheel, you will be fired. The iron hub was born, and it went out in one or two miles, but there were still hundreds of people who didn't follow it, but they didn't enter thirty or twenty miles a day. Counting a few columns, hundreds of thousands of works have been used, and the remaining expenses are too much. " From these records, we can see the general situation of their employment. Although the employment situation in the construction of Daxing City lacks historical records, according to the records about Tokyo, it should be equivalent to the number of jobs in Tokyo. Tokyo is slightly smaller than Daxing. According to exploration, its east wall is 7312m long, its south wall is 7290m long, its north wall is 6138m long and its west wall is 6776m long, with a total circumference of 27516m, which is 55 li. The plane is an irregular rectangle with a wide south and a narrow north. The whole city is also made up of Miyagi, Imperial City and Guo Cheng. Luoshui passes through the city from west to east, dividing the city into north and south areas. Because of the terrain, Tokyo does not emphasize the north-south central axis and completely symmetrical layout like Daxing City. Its Miyagi and Imperial City are both built in the northwest, but the whole planning is square and uniform, which is still similar to Daxing City.

Miyagi is called the Forbidden City. "There are 188 steps in the East-West Mile, 85 steps in the North-South Mile and 24 1 step in the Thirteen Mile on Monday. Its worship is four feet and eight feet, like Beichen Fan. The city is separated by the second city. The prince lives in the southeast corner and the prince and princess live in the northwest corner. There are two cities in the north of the city, the northernmost one is Round Wall City, and the second one is Nanyi City. " There are dozens of temples, pavilions, halls and courtyards in Miyagi, which are extremely magnificent. Li Jifu said: "The palaces and halls in Tokyo were created by Yu Wenkai. Kay is unique and unparalleled, so the manufacturing is quite luxurious, and the previous generation is unparalleled. " Among them, the Ganyang Hall is the most luxurious, where the emperor held ceremonies and received important diplomatic missions. "The temple base is nine feet high, with 170 feet from the ground to the tail (the beast at both ends of the roof), thirteen 29 faces and three positions. The article is carved with a sill, the mountains are heavy, the archways are thousands of structures, the columns are embroidered with clouds, the flowers are like brocade, the pavilions are magnificent. Its columns are around 24, leaning against the well and hanging lotus, which dazzles those who look up. Hanging a bead wire mesh in Nanxuan can't prevent birds from falling seven feet. There is a porch around, sitting on the guard. " "There are heavy buildings in the southeast and southwest of the temple. There are hanging bells and drums. If it leaks, it's downstairs. If it leaks, the bell will ring. " The main entrance of Miyagi is Tianmen. "There is a photo album on the door, and the hall is outside the door." Due to its extravagance and waste, Tang Gaozu Pear Garden was burnt down and built in Wude four years (62 1).

Shaped like a crescent moon, it is called a fierce moon.

To the west of Miyagi is Shanglin Xiyuan, also known as Huitong Garden, which is located in Jianxi area of Luoyang city today. According to Daye Miscellanies: "In the summer and May of the first year of Daye, Xiyuan was 200 miles long, with 16 courtyards built inside, winding around Changlingou." Rivers in the park lead to the sea, and Penglai, abbot and Yingzhou are all built in the sea, more than 100 feet above the water. Tai Guan Dian Ge is arranged on the mountain, and the scenery is very spectacular. In the Sixteenth Academy of Yuanqu Opera, all the gates are adjacent to the canal, and the hall is magnificent. Yu Wenkai also built a moon skin to guide Luoshui into the garden. According to Li Jifu's "Yuanhe County Records", Volume 5 records: "Luoshui is located in Li San, southwest of Luoyang County. The west flows from Shang Yang in the garden to the east, and Yuwen Kai builds an inclined dike to make it flow to the northeast. When the water is rushing, the weir is folded into a crescent, which is called the moon. " Guo Cheng called Luoguocheng, and the Sui Dynasty only had short walls, "five thousand six hundred and ten steps from east to west and five thousand four hundred and seventy steps from north to south". The measured strongest point in the north and south is 7312m, and the widest point in the east and west is 7290m. There are 10 vertical and horizontal streets in the city, which are generally 4 1 m wide. The whole city is divided into "130 miles and three cities". These lanes are distributed in the eastern part of the northern district and the whole southern district, among which the lanes and streets in the southern district are the most tidy. Li Fang is square or rectangular on the plane, and its area is slightly smaller than that of Daxing, and its streets are cross-shaped. Due to the narrow alleyways in Li Fang, the number of houses facing the street has increased, which makes the relationship between various parts of the city closer.

The architectural layout of Daxing Palace is integrated with nature. Starting from the height of Liupo, the terrain gradually decreases from north to south. Then Miyagi's status is relatively low. There is another reason why Miyagi is not set at the top. According to the position of the stars in the sky, the most distinguished Wei Zi Palace lives in the center of the northern sky. It is located in the extreme center of the north, and there are fifteen stars around it in its east and west. Wei Zi Palace refers to the Imperial Palace. The emperor is the son of heaven, and the monarch on the earth should correspond to the stars in the sky. Therefore, the Forbidden City can only be arranged in the center of the north. Moreover, there is the Weihe River in the north, which is also safe from the defense point of view. However, this conceptual design seems to be flawed. Daxing Palace, the imperial palace of the Sui Dynasty, continued to be used in the Tang Dynasty, but it was renamed Taiji Palace. Taiji Palace was soon replaced by Daming Palace. The reason is that the terrain of Taiji Palace is low, and the temperature in Chang 'an City is very high in summer, so living in Taiji Palace is "humid". Therefore, from the Qin Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty, every summer, the rulers would go to the Summer Palace to escape the heat. Emperor Taizong chose Longshou Highland in the Forbidden Park in the north of Chang 'an City to build Daming Palace, which is the summer palace of Emperor Tai's father. Later, Tang Gaozong and Li Zhi continued the large-scale reconstruction project on the basis of Daming Palace. After the completion of the main hall of Daming Palace, Tang Gaozong officially listened to politics in Daming Palace. For more than 200 years, Daming Palace was the main meeting place of the Tang Dynasty and became the ruling center and national symbol of the Tang Dynasty.