What is the white paper?

The covers of important documents or reports officially published by the government or parliament all have their usual colors, such as white papers (such as Portugal), blue books (such as Britain), red books (such as Spain), yellow books (such as France) and green books (such as Italy), so white papers and blue books often become the code names of official documents of some countries. But in fact, a country uses more than one color.

Customs about color

1, red

Red is the basic color of China culture, which embodies the spiritual and material pursuit of China people. It symbolizes auspiciousness and happiness. For example, people who advocate other people's beautiful marriages are called "matchmakers", and red lanterns, red couplets and red blessings are hung on festive days. When a man marries a woman, he puts the word "hi" in red, and calls it "bustling"; Describe the bustling place as "red dust"; It also symbolizes revolution and progress. For example, the original regime in China was called the "Red Regime", and the earliest armed forces were called the "Red Army". Politically, they demanded progress, while those who studied hard in business were called "Red and Specialized". It also symbolizes smoothness and success. For example, when people are in prosperity, they are called "popularity" and "smash hit"; When favored by superiors, it is called "red man"; When they share profits in a partnership, they are called "dividends"; And they give people bonuses, which is called "red envelopes". It also symbolizes beauty, such as women's "red makeup" or "red skirt", women's "tea" with heavy makeup, and the "beauty" of women's beautiful face.

2. White (last name)

In China culture, white is a basic taboo word relative to red, which reflects China people's rejection and aversion to material and spirit. According to China's ancient Five-Party Theory, the west is a white tiger, and the west is the autumn of cultivating fields and killing gods. In ancient times, people often conquered injustice and executed prisoners in autumn. So white is a sign of exhaustion, bloodless and lifeless, symbolizing death and bad omen. For example, since ancient times, after the death of a loved one, family members have to wear linen Dai Xiao (white mourning clothes) to do "white things", set up a white mourning hall, and put a white banner at the funeral; In ancient times, the white tiger was regarded as an evil spirit, so now the woman who brings bad luck to men is called "White Tiger Star". Influenced by political function, white psychological function symbolizes decay, reaction and backwardness in its development process, such as "the road to white expertise"; It also symbolizes failure, stupidity and unprofitable. For example, the defeated party in the war always holds a "white flag" to express surrender, calls the mentally retarded people "idiots", and calls the unprofitable or ineffective efforts "futile", "futile" and so on. It also symbolizes treachery and sinister risks, such as "bad COP" and "bad COP". Finally, it also symbolizes a shallow knowledge and no fame. For example, ordinary people are called "Ding Bai", "white clothes" and "white body", and scholars who lack exercise and experience are called "white-faced scholars".

3. Black

In ancient times, black was mysterious. Originally, there was only a heavy sense of mystery in China culture. This is a solemn and serious tone, and its symbolic meaning is complicated by the influence of western culture. On the one hand, it symbolizes seriousness and justice, such as the "black face" Bao Gong in folklore, the black faces of Zhang Fei and Li Kui jy in traditional Peking Opera; On the other hand, because of its own darkness, it gives people a feeling of sinister, sinister and horrible. It symbolizes evil and reaction. For example, the insidious and vicious people are "black hearts", the ugly inside story is "shady", the members of the reactionary group are "gangsters" and "black hands", and the list of dissidents who are listed as targets of political persecution by the rulers is called "blacklist", which means committing crimes and breaking the law. For example, it is called "going to the underworld" and killing people.

4. Other colors

Yellow is the development and variation of red in China culture. For example, in the old days, people called the day suitable for doing great things "auspicious days", but it represented power and majesty. This is because in the ancient five elements, five elements and five colors, the central part is khaki. Yellow symbolizes the meaning of the central government and the land, so it is exclusive to the emperors who built it in previous dynasties, and ordinary people can't use it casually. For example, the "yellow robe" is the emperor's "dragon robe", the "Huang Yue" is the emperor's ritual, the "yellow list" is the emperor's imperial edict, and the "yellow coat" is the official dress given by the Qing emperor. As for the popular concept of "yellow" related to "sex", there is a saying that it is a phenomenon of cultural exchange and integration between China and the West. It is said that Le Monde in new york, USA printed low-level comic books with yellow oil and ink to win sales, so people called this unhealthy publication "yellow publication". The New York News reported pornographic, vendetta, crime and other news in an exaggerated and exaggerated way, and people also called this news "yellow news". In fact, yellow in ancient China has always been related to "sex". At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there was the Yellow Book of the Yellow Scarf Uprising. Although this book is poor, it is obvious that this book focuses on "art in the room" In addition, in the Tang Dynasty, Sun Simiao said that "the sun shines on the yellow moon" in his book "Adjusting Housing Benefits" in "Thousands of Women". On this basis, Zhang pointed out in his book Chinese Color Words: "The yellow in ancient China was related to sex. That's true. It's just that people have forgotten it for more than a thousand years.

In the traditional culture of China, green is dual, representing both chivalrous people and wild evils. This is because in the initial era of mankind and its long life process, human beings protected themselves with the help of green and survived; But at the same time, green also protects human natural enemies and other fierce cannibals. In this way, the narrow sense of justice is justice. For example, people generally call people who gather in the mountains to rob the rich and help the poor "outlaws"; The evil field is evil, so in the old days, it also referred to the "green forest" as a bandit who occupied the mountain as king and robbed the road to disturb the people; Green also symbolizes inferiority. For example, in the Han Dynasty, servants wore green scarves. After the Yuan Dynasty, prostitutes wore green headscarves to show their low status. Because his wife had an affair and his husband was humiliated and inferior, he was called a "cuckold husband".

In China's folklore, Emperor Tiandi lives in the "Wei Zi Palace" (constellation) in the sky, so both human emperors (emperors) with Emperor Tiandi as their father and Taoism with Emperor Tiandi as their belief are proud of purple. As a symbol of auspiciousness and nobility, purple was adopted by feudal emperors and Taoists. For example, Jirui's gas is called "Purple Gas" and "Purple Electricity", and the Palace is called "Forbidden Palace" and "Forbidden City". In order to win people's hearts, emperors of past dynasties often gave "purple robes" to courtiers with low taste, and "wearing purple" became the Rong Lu pursued by feudal literati; People also call Taoist books "purple books" and immortals' residences "purple platforms".

Blue has no symbolic meaning in China culture.

Pink is a variant of red, which can be regarded as a coincidence or return of red. In China culture, pink is also called peach color. Cui Hu, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote a poem "Peach blossoms set each other off in red". Comparing peach blossoms with women, the fundamental reason is that women decorate themselves with pink rouge, and their faces are white and red, which can be compared with beautiful peach blossoms. Pink (peach color) can symbolize women. For example, in Bai Juyi's Song of Eternal Sorrow, "If she just turns her head and smiles, there are hundreds of spells, and the makeup in the sixth house will disappear." Young men call their beloved woman a "confidante." Call improper sexual relations between men and women "peach affair".

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