Wei Zi rd tea soup bread

On the banks of the rich and beautiful Nenjiang River in the northeast of China, there lives a Daur nationality who is mainly engaged in agriculture, but also engaged in animal husbandry and fishing and hunting. Daur people are famous for their bravery and good fighting skills. Since ancient times, they have been good at riding horses, shooting, wrestling and playing hockey. Hockey, called "back width" in Daur language, is a traditional sport of Daur nationality with a long history.

The house is like a person. Most Daur villages are surrounded by mountains and rivers with beautiful scenery. The yard of the house was built neatly. The tall "street"-shaped straw house gives people a generous and rough impression. Every household is surrounded by fences with various patterns woven with red wicker. The yard layout is rigorous, and stables and cowsheds are generally built far away from the yard to keep it clean and tidy.

The traditional houses of Daur nationality are mostly pine or birch beams, adobe or mud walls, yellow mud inside and outside, covered with grass, with two rooms, three rooms and five rooms. Two rooms, one bedroom in Westinghouse and one kitchen in East Room; There are three or five rooms, with the kitchen in the middle and the living room on both sides. Houses generally face south and pay attention to lighting. Windows are a major feature of Daur houses. There are three connected big kang in the south, north and west of the living room or in the south, east and north, commonly known as "Man Zi Kang". Manzikang has good thermal insulation performance and is an indispensable heating facility for Daur people in winter.

The living room of Daur people is more expensive than the west room. Westinghouse is located on the south kang, where most of the elders live. The son, daughter-in-law and their children live in the north kang or the east room, while the west kang is for guests' daily life. Most of the kang surfaces are covered with reed mats or felt.

Nowadays, with the development of economy and the improvement of living conditions, there are more and more brick houses. However, living customs such as using kang are still deeply loved by Daur people.

Morphological composition of traditional folk houses

China's traditional architectural heritage is very rich, including palaces, temples, tombs, temples and other magnificent official buildings, as well as folk buildings such as houses, ancestral halls, halls and academies. Residential building is the most basic and abundant building type closely related to people's lives. In order to distinguish it from the modern houses, we call it traditional houses or residential buildings. The form of folk houses includes social form and living form. Social form refers to the characteristics formed by social factors such as the history, culture, beliefs, customs and concepts of residential houses. Residential form refers to the characteristics formed by the plane layout, structural mode and internal and external architectural image of residential buildings. The characteristics of traditional folk houses are mainly manifested in three aspects in architecture:

1) plane layout and environmental characteristics. It is the embodiment of social system, family organization, customs and beliefs, production and lifestyle in residential buildings.

2) Structure and appearance characteristics. It reflects the influence of climate, geography, materials and construction technology on architecture.

3) Decoration and detailed features. It is the expression of culture, custom and aesthetic consciousness in the interior and exterior art of residential buildings.

China's traditional folk houses are rooted in the farming culture that has been handed down for thousands of years, and represent Chinese traditional agricultural civilization, with rich cultural connotations, strong humanistic feelings and local characteristics. These different forms and magnificent residential buildings are precious wealth in the ancient architectural heritage of our country, and they are also the reference sources for building new houses today. The formation of traditional folk houses is related to society, culture and customs, and influenced by natural conditions such as climate and geography. China has a vast territory and a large population. Due to the disparity in climate, different geographical conditions, huge differences in material resources, and differences in customs, lifestyles and aesthetic requirements of various ethnic groups, the plane layout, structural mode, facade appearance and internal and external space treatment of traditional houses are also different, which makes the residential buildings in China have distinct and rich national and local characteristics. For example, in feudal society, consanguinity, kinship, family system and agricultural production mode determined the family organization and lifestyle of Han people. The layout of quadrangles appears in traditional houses, and most Han houses in China belong to this layout. However, due to the climate disparity between the north and the south and the regional differences between the east and the west, quadrangles are formed in dry and cold areas in the north, patio houses are formed in hot and humid areas in the south, cave houses are formed in loess areas in the Central Plains, typhoons are frequent along the coast, and bucket houses are formed in inland earthquake-prone areas.

The technical and artistic experience created by people in practice, such as ventilation, heat prevention, cold prevention, waterproof, moisture prevention, typhoon prevention, insect prevention and earthquake prevention, the combination of landscape and terrain, and the decoration of residential buildings, still has practical and reference value today and is worth discussing.

Traditional residential buildings in China are related to society, history, culture, national folk customs, as well as Confucianism, Taoism, Yin and Yang, and the Five Elements. For example, in rural areas where the family system prevails, group living is very common, and residential houses are laid out together with family temples and ancestral temples. The prevailing concepts of destiny, family, hierarchy and Yin-Yang and Five Elements in ancient times have had a great influence on the location, location, orientation and layout of residential buildings, as well as the facade, gate, gable, roof and decoration of buildings. At present, the research on traditional folk houses in China is mainly conducted from the cultural and social perspectives. The former studies from the perspective of cultural characteristics and collective manpower, while the latter studies from the perspective of social relations and structure. For a long time, the research on folk houses in China has mainly focused on the cultural perspective, but the research from the social perspective has not been fully developed. Therefore, it is urgent to strengthen comprehensive research from the perspective of society today. After in-depth investigation of a large number of single residential building materials, we should try our best to grasp the overall research of residential buildings. For example, the study of traditional folk houses in Fujian should not only study the plane, elevation, beam frame and shape of a certain folk house, but also integrate all kinds of buildings in the village, such as ancestral halls, temples, schools, theaters and shops, and combine historical, geographical, social, customs and cultural factors to explore their interactive relationship with traditional folk houses.

Qiang architecture is most famous for its towers, stone houses, cable bridges, plank roads and water weirs.

Qiang people call the watchtower "Qionglong". As early as more than 2,000 years ago, in the Biography of Southern Han Dynasty, there were: Ren Ran,

The record of "living on the mountain, tired stone for the house, up to more than ten feet". The watchtowers are mostly built next to village houses, and they are very high.

The temperature is between 10 and 30 meters, which is used to defend the enemy and store grain, grass and firewood. The watchtower has four corners, six corners and eight corners.

Form. Some are as high as thirteen or fourteen stories. Building materials are stone chips and yellow mud. The foundation of the wall is 1. 35 meters deep, with stone chips.

The inside of the masonry wall is vertical to the ground, and the outside is slightly inclined from bottom to top. No painting, hanging thread,

Pillar support depends entirely on superb technology and experience. This building is strong and durable. Sichuan 1988

Yongping Castle is a ruins of an ancient castle in Ming Dynasty, which was found in Yong 'an Village, Qiang Township, Beichuan County, Province. It has experienced winds for hundreds of years.

The vicissitudes of rain are still well preserved.

According to an article published by Li in Sichuan Daily on July 1 2006, among the existing ancient Qiang villages,

Qiang Village in Tao Ping, Lixian County is the most typical one, which is recorded in the history books. Qiang villages were founded in BC 1 165438, and have existed ever since.

More than 2000 years of history. There are eight stockade gates outside Qiangzhai, Tao Ping, which are arranged in a figure of eight. There are 365,438+0 passages and four links in the stockade.

Bada, connecting all the families, has hidden holes for external shooting everywhere, which are prepared for the old enemy war. Zhai zhong is only at present.

There are 2 stone towers, all with 9 floors and more than 30 meters. Praised by UNESCO officials, the declaration work has started.

Preparations for human cultural heritage.

Qiang people's houses are flat-topped houses made of stone chips, which are square, mostly three floors, each with a height of more than 3 meters. roof

The bottom of the platform is a wooden board or slate, which extends out of the wall to form an eaves. Wood or slate is densely covered with branches or bamboo branches.

Then the loess and chicken manure are covered and compacted, and the thickness is about 0. 35 meters. There is a water diversion channel, which does not leak rain and snow, and it is warm in winter and cool in summer. room

The top platform is the place where children and the elderly thresh, dry grain, sew and play games. Some buildings have been built across the street.

Building (arcade) to facilitate communication.

The mountains in Qiang area are high and dangerous. In order to facilitate transportation, the Qiang people created a cable bridge (rope bridge) more than 400 years ago. two

The cave gate is built on the shore, and a stone base or a large wooden column is erected in the cave. There are dozens of bamboo ropes with arm thickness tied to the base column.

Root. Wooden boards are laid on the bamboo rope, and bamboo rope handrails higher than the bridge deck 1 m are set on both sides.

There are two kinds of plank roads: wooden stacks and stone stacks. Wooden stacks are built in dense forests, paved with wood and mixed with earth and stone; Shi Zhan Shi Jue

Cliff, rock drilling, wood for the bridge.

Qiang folk masons often go out to work during the slack season. The world-famous Dujiangyan project in guanxian, Sichuan Province has been

It has a history of more than 2000 years, and it is still benefiting the people, in which the sweat and wisdom of the ancient Qiang people are condensed.

Bai people mainly live in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province. The state is located at the southern end of Hengduan Mountains, with northwest terrain.

The southeast is high and the southeast is low. Average elevation1200-2300m. This area is located in the middle of Diancang Mountain, which is divided into east and west.

Two different natural geographical environments, the mountains in the west are high and the valleys are deep, and the terrain in the east is relatively flat. Erhai Lake is located in the east of Cangshan Mountain.

Beautiful scenery, known as the "Silver Cang Yu Er" reputation. Most areas of Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture have mild climate and four distinct seasons.

Like spring, the annual average temperature is 16℃.

The forms of Bai folk houses vary from place to place. Most of the dam areas are tile houses with civil structures, while the alpine mountainous areas are "stacked houses".

That is, the log wall is the room.

In order to adapt to the local topographical features, most Bai folk houses in Dali area are backed by Cangshan Mountain and face Erhai Lake. According to the party

Because of the strong wind, the eaves of the roof are sealed with green slate to prevent the nest wind from blowing to the eaves. There are no windows on the outer wall,

Create a comfortable environment where the wind does not enter the house. The courtyard is a large-eaved wooden frame to adapt to the rainy climate. There are many earthquakes in Dali, and the earthquake prevention measures of building structures are extremely strict. The wooden frame itself and each other are provided with several criss-crossing lanes, forming a relatively perfect building structure with criss-crossing ties.

Bai folk houses are mostly courtyard-style, with two floors, food and sundries stored upstairs and people living downstairs. some

The front porch is double eaves. The front wall is mostly made of wood with carved doors and windows. The tile roof and the wooden frames at both ends are large and stylish.

It is one of the characteristics of Bai folk houses to form a beautiful and soft roof curve.

The residential building with three bedrooms and one wall is a popular form. Common layouts are "one positive ear" and "three"

The room can see walls, "four in and five out" and other forms. "One is two ears" is a two-story building with two hanging on the side.

Bungalow; The plane of "three rooms and one viewing wall" is a combination of three mutually perpendicular two-story buildings and one viewing wall.

The door next to the zhaobi is open; "Four in five patios" is a big sky surrounded by four small two-story buildings.

Well, there is a small courtyard around the junction of the two buildings, and there is also a pavilion, so there are five courtyards in all. room

The foundation is generally made of square stone, which is solid and firm. The gatehouse is mostly decorated with wood carvings and colorful paintings, with beautiful images and fine skills.

Zhan. The door of the main room consists of six lattice doors, each of which is divided into two sections, with 2-5 layers of through-engraving method and engraved with

The relief patterns of figures, birds, animals and flowers are varied and lifelike. The gate is made of wood,

Clay, marble, blue bricks and other materials, built into a bucket arch flower shop, cornices upturned, symmetrical and harmonious, very rich.

Style. The walls of buildings are often painted with lime. There are many flower beds in the courtyard for planting flowers and trees. According to the wall, the eaves are outside the corner,

Surrounded by corner bricks, covered with green tiles or glazed tiles, it looks generous and symmetrical, and the middle of the wall is painted white.

Color, write auspicious words such as "colorful", "colorful Yunnan", "good luck with dragons and phoenixes" and "longevity and well-being", or just write words such as "fu", "longevity" and "fu", or draw pictures, write poems and write lyrics on the wall, each with its own style.

There are also many Bai families in Dali, with strong and durable stone walls; It is made of pebbles in eighteen streams of Cangshan Mountain.

Wall, the folk proverb "Dali has three treasures, pebbles will not fall" comes from this. Different shades, big

Pebble houses of different sizes and shapes are simple, generous, sturdy and unique, which fully shows the national characteristics of the Bai nationality.

Skillful craftsmen have superb architectural skills.

Dry column residence

Zhuang nationality is the most populous minority in China. Existing population15.4 million. Mainly distributed in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region

Autonomous Region, Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture of Yunnan Province, Lianshan Zhuang and Yao Autonomous County of Guangdong Province, and Qiandongnan of Guizhou Province

Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture and other places.

Zhuang people's houses are mainly dry-column buildings. Gaoshan nationality is based on society.

Gaoshan nationality is the oldest nationality in Taiwan Province Province, and it can also be said to be an indigenous nationality. "She" is the grassroots of Gaoshan nationality in Taiwan Province Province.

Social organization unit. At first, it was a clan organization based on blood relationship, and later it gradually developed into blood relationship.

Belt, combined with geography, includes one or several social organizations where clan members live together.

Gaoshan nationality is a nation that can sing and dance well, and the folk houses are also endowed with the unique color of Gaoshan nationality. De 'ang nationality is one of the oldest nationalities in the southwest frontier of China. Like many ethnic groups in the south, the De 'ang people

I like living in a dry bamboo building. This kind of bamboo building is mostly framed by wood, and other parts, such as rafters, floors,

Platforms, walls, doors and stairs are all made of bamboo, and the roof is covered with thatch.

The bamboo buildings of De 'ang nationality are mostly built on the mountain, sitting west to east, mainly in two shapes: square and rectangle. compare

Typical and common is the square bamboo building represented by one household and one hospital in Dehong area. This kind of bamboo building is owned by the owners.

Buildings and ancillary buildings. The main building is square, and people live upstairs. Generally divided into two parts: bedroom and living room.

Family living, receiving guests, storing food and sundries; Keep the livestock downstairs. Attached rooms are mostly built on one side of the main building.

Feet for making firewood and enlarging rice. This bamboo building is unique in shape and elegant in appearance, which is said to be very similar to ancient times.

Towel hat of Confucian scholars in Central Plains. There is such a touching story about its origin among De 'ang people.

Zhuge Liang led his troops south to De 'ang Shanzhai. One day, I was suddenly attacked, injured and in distress. Fortunately, I am brave.

Arnold, a kind De 'ang girl, saved the day and turned the corner. In brief contact, the two men

Have feelings. When Zhuge Liang had to say goodbye to his sweetheart, he left his hat.

Give Arnold a token. The infatuated Arnold waited 18 years, but it was followed by the death of his sweetheart. After that, my heart was broken.

Broken-hearted Arnold doesn't eat or sleep. He stands at the head of the village every day, watching his sweetheart go east. On the 33rd day, it suddenly thundered.

Electricity is mixed and it's raining cats and dogs. Arnold disappeared after the rain stopped. The same thing happened where she was standing.

Ge Liang's hat is the same as the house. This is the bamboo building where the De 'ang people later lived.

Jinuo is an ancient nation. 1June, 979, it was recognized as the 55th ethnic group in China.

Jinuo Mountain, where Jinuo people live in compact communities, belongs to a tropical mountainous area with fertile land, abundant rainfall and a strong primitive atmosphere everywhere.

Forest. It is rich in tea and is one of the six famous tea mountains of Pu 'er tea at home and abroad. On the beautiful Beibu Gulf in the South China Sea, there is a treasure place where "winter grass never withers, spring flowers never bloom, seasonal fish are scaly, and fruits are covered with branches". This is the "three Jing islands" in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region-Wutou, Wan Wei and Shanxin. Here, there are simple and kind Jing people.

The traditional houses of the Jing nationality are thatched houses, which the Jing people call "fenced houses". Its walls are made of wood strips and bamboo pieces, some of which are covered with soil, or made of bamboo strips with thatch and straw. Cover the roof with thatch, branches, leaves or straw. In order to prevent the wind from blowing, the roof is also pressed with bricks and stones. At the four corners of the house, wooden piers (mostly neem trees) or big bamboo sticks or stones with a height of 20 cm to 33 cm are used as pillars, and then wooden strips and thick bamboo pieces are crisscrossed on the pillars, and bamboo mats or straw mats are laid on the pillars. The house is divided into three small rooms with bamboo pieces. The old man lives in the main room, and the children live on the left and right. The "Fence House" retains the heritage of Baiyue's "dry diaphragm" architecture.

After the founding of New China, with the continuous development of productive forces, the living conditions of the Jing people have undergone fundamental improvement and changes. Its obvious sign is the widespread appearance of "stone tile houses". This kind of house is made of rectangular gray-white stone strips. Each stone is about 75 cm long, 25 cm wide and 20 cm high. 23 Masonry strips from the ground to the eaves; There are 10 bricks from the eaves to the top of the mountain. There is a small stone between the roof and the tile row. The room is divided into three single rooms: left, middle and right, and a spacious aisle is reserved in front of each single room, which runs through the whole house. Farm tools and tools are placed at the foot of the aisle wall. The rooms on the left and right are bedrooms. Right in the middle is the main hall. There is a shrine on the main wall called "Gong Zu shed". The main hall is not only used for offering sacrifices to gods in festivals, but also a place for receiving guests, eating, drinking tea and chatting, and can also be used as a "living room".

This kind of house is durable, wind-proof and moisture-proof, which is very suitable for the climate and life in coastal areas and is an outstanding invention of Jing people.

Jing people have the habit of planting flowers and trees around their houses. Around the stone house, holly, sisal, peony, cactus, pineapple, papaya and jute trees are scattered and luxuriant, as beautiful as a seaside park. "Angry people live on the top of the mountain" and "bamboo is the house and bamboo is the wall", which is the description of the living life of the Nu people by the ancients.

Nu people's houses are dry-fence-style, and most of them are built on the mountain. There are mainly two kinds of wooden houses and bamboo houses. Most Nu people in Gongshan area live in wooden houses or semi-wooden houses with half earth walls. This kind of house is relatively spacious, generally with piles of logs as walls and thin slate roofs. The slate is about a foot square, paved by eaves. The first one is flat, the second one is on top of the first one, and the third one is on top of the second one ... all the way to the roof. Fugong Nu people all live in bamboo houses. This kind of house is relatively short, mostly made of bamboo rafts as external walls and partitions, and covered with wooden boards or slates. These two kinds of houses are generally two floors, with two upstairs rooms for entertaining guests outside and a fireplace. Put an iron tripod or a stone tripod on the fireplace for cooking and drinking. The rooms inside are bedroom and storage room. Store farm tools and sundries downstairs or shut down livestock. The floor is made of wooden boards or bamboo mats, which can be laid on many stakes on the sloping ground. These stakes and columns, like thousands of feet, support the whole house. Therefore, people often call this kind of house "the house where thousands of feet landed".

This bamboo house in thousands of feet is simple in structure, easy to build and dismantle, and suitable for rainy and foggy mountainous areas. According to the traditional custom, when a family builds a house, the whole village comes to help and the house can be built in one day.

Nowadays, with the rapid development of social economy in Nu areas, the living forms of Nu people are also developing in the direction of diversification and modernization.

Pumi villages are mostly distributed in the gentle slopes of the mid-levels and live in groups by blood relationship. The distance between villages is very close, so you can look at each other from the smoke in the kitchen and hear each other's voices. Each family has its own yard and is neighbors to each other.

Houses are mostly wooden structures. The main house is generally 6.5 meters long and 3 meters wide. There are big columns at the four corners and a square column in the center, which is called "Optimus Prime" (known as "Samawa" in Pumi) and is considered to be the place where the gods are located. The roof truss is a I-beam, and the roof is covered with boards or tiles. The surrounding walls are made of logs. This kind of house is commonly called "wooden room" or "wooden base". Generally, it is divided into two floors, the upper floor is inhabited by people, and the lower floor is closed to livestock or sundries. The layout of the living room has a certain format: the door faces east and the fireplace is on the right side of the door. It is made of mud and stone, surrounded by wooden boards, and is called a fire pond. A wooden bed with a width of about 70 cm on both sides is a place to receive guests. Build a big bed as wide as the house under the back wall facing the door of the house, about 70 cm high, covered with wooden boards. There is a fire pit in the center of the big bed with a tripod on it, which is used to heat and boil water for cooking. It is customarily called a fire pit. There are shops all around, men's shops on the left and women's shops on the right for the whole family to live in.

The fireplace is the center of the house and the main place for family activities. You can usually sit by the fire, chat, sing and sleep. When eating, the whole family also sits around it, and housewives distribute meals, or everyone bakes and barbecues on it while eating. The red fire reflected the faces of the whole family. Every time relatives and friends visit, the hospitable Pumi people will first guide the guests to the seats next to the fire pit, then offer tea and wine, serve hot beef and mutton, pork belly and a bowl of hot and sour soup mixed with onion, garlic, pepper, pepper and Toona sinensis, and warmly entertain the guests until they are full of wine and even drunk.

The bones of cattle and sheep hang outside the door of Pumi nationality. It is said that this is a symbol of wealth, and it also has the function of exorcising evil spirits and killing ghosts.

Cave dwellings and quadrangles are both distinctive Han residential buildings.

According to ancient architects' research, more than 4,000 years ago, the Han nationality in the northwest loess plateau had the custom of "digging holes to live". Until today, caves are widely distributed in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River, with a population of over 40 million.

Cave dwellings are divided into earth kilns, brick kilns and stone kilns. Earth kilns are relatively primitive. It is based on the terrain or on a natural vertical cliff, or on a steep slope, a section of cliff wall is artificially dug and then excavated. It is arched, with openings, aisles, houses and so on. The earthen kiln is also very strong. When the Central Red Army went to northern Shaanxi on the Long March, it dug a mountain, lived in a cave, and persisted in resisting Japan. Chairman Mao Zedong wrote brilliant works such as Practice, Contradiction and Protracted War in Yan 'an Cave, and led War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression for eight years. Today, caves still exist, telling countless Chinese and foreign tourists and guests about the legendary history that shocked China and foreign countries.

Brick kilns are usually made of clay, and then built into caves on soft yellow soil. Stone kilns are mostly made according to the texture, texture and color of stones in local kilns. Generally built on the mountain, facing south. Stone kilns are often carved, chiseled and carved with various patterns. Cave dwelling does not occupy cultivated land, does not destroy topography, and is beneficial to ecological balance. Cave dwellings also have the advantages of being warm in winter and cool in summer. It is a local residential building built by the Han nationality in the north.

Siheyuan is a Han folk house in the northern city of China. It became mature in the Han Dynasty and was widely used in the Tang Dynasty. There is a courtyard in the middle, and houses are built around the courtyard to form a "quadrangle". Courtyards vary in size. A large courtyard has two entrances, three entrances and an east-west courtyard, or a garden pavilion. Regardless of the size, we should build houses with large roofs and large bricks with the central axis as the center. The quadrangles are mostly closed, with rigorous layout, elegant and beautiful appearance, warm in winter and cool in summer. The quadrangles in Beijing are basically built in the direction of streets and lanes. Lao She lived under one roof for four generations, and Ba Jin's home lived in this building in the Spring and Autumn Period. The famous Gongwangfu Grand View Garden is the essence of quadrangle architecture.

There used to be a proverb in Guizhou: "There are seedlings in the mountains, Dong in the water, and the Gelao people live in the corner." This reflects the living characteristics of local ethnic minorities to some extent.

Most Miao people live in mountainous areas, surrounded by mountains and rivers, with 10 households or 1200 households as a village, and there are more than 1000 in large villages. Housing forms vary from place to place, but bungalows and buildings are the main ones. Among them, "Diaojiaolou" is the most distinctive and common.

Diaojiaolou is a typical dry fence building. Built on a steep hillside. During construction, the two-stage roof foundation is excavated along the slope, with the upper column shorter and the lower column higher. In this way, after the house is completed, the floor of the first half can be on a horizontal line with the floor of the second half. The column standing directly on the lower foundation from top to bottom constitutes the hanging foot column supporting the first half of the house, hence the name "hanging foot building".

Diaojiaolou generally has three floors, and the lower floor is mostly used for raising livestock and poultry, stacking firewood and farm tools. The second floor is the main place for the whole family to eat and live, with a corridor outside and a long curved bar chair in the middle. The third floor can be used as a bedroom and can also store sundries.

Diaojiaolou is mainly made of Chinese fir. According to the traditional standard, a three-story three-bay diaojiao building needs 24 columns, 40 to 50 sleepers, 39 purlins, 28 rafters, 135 rafters, 600 rafters, 600 boards and 15000 tiles. Surprisingly, a huge building is built with tenons and tenons except for a few nails for fixing rafters, which reflects the superb construction technology of Miao people.

Miao people have a lot of etiquette and attention in building houses, and they can't be careless at all. "Stepping on a new house" is one of them. That is, when the new house is completed, relatives and friends in the village or outside the village should bring gifts to congratulate. Guests from other villages should set off firecrackers when they enter the village. As soon as the host hears this, he will go out to meet them, invite them to the new house, hold a wine banquet, and everyone will get together. Everyone asked for a glass of wine and sang a song to celebrate the establishment of the new house and wished the host family a happier life in the future.

"Mongolian yurt" is the Manchu name for Mongolian herdsmen's housing, which began in Qing Dynasty. "Bao" means "home" and "house" in Manchu. Before that, yurts were called "vault", "felt tent" or "felt bag" in ancient times.

The yurt is round, big or small, but its basic structure is the same. It consists of a mesh wall "Hana", a wooden stare "Wuni", a circular skylight and a door, which are covered with felt and fastened with bristle ropes. The size of yurts is determined according to the number of woven walls (generally one meter high and 56 meters long) used in each bag, such as 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 18, 24, etc. Ordinary herders generally live in 6 to 8 walls. The construction of yurts is very simple. Generally, the terrain is selected first, the site is paved, then the door, supporting wall, inner enclosure, supporting wooden dome, rafters, inner felt, wall felt, top lining felt, outer felt, hanging curtain and bottom enclosure felt of the enclosure wall are erected, and finally they are fastened with wool ropes.

The door of the yurt generally faces southeast. In the center of the bag is a stove for cooking, drinking and heating, and the chimney extends from the skylight. Spread cowhide, felt or carpet around the stove. The front and west are the living quarters of the elders, and the east is the living quarters of the younger generation. The surrounding furniture mainly includes wooden cabinets, cabinets, crates and square tables. It is characterized by small size, small floor space, convenient movement and not easy to be damaged. The yurt looks small in appearance, but the usable area in the bag is large. And indoor air circulation (except the skylight, there is a layer of felt at the bottom of the wall, which can be turned on for ventilation in summer and put down for heating in winter), good lighting conditions, warm in winter and cool in summer, not afraid of wind and rain.

The biggest advantage of yurts is that they are easy to disassemble and move. When completed, Hana will be pulled open to form a circular fence, which will be reduced in size after being folded back, and can also be used as a board for cattle and carriages. A yurt can be transported only by a camel with two humps or a Lele cart, and it can be built in two or three hours, which is very suitable for herders who often move fields to graze.

In recent years, the structure and materials of yurts have made new development. In some areas, yurts with steel frame structure have appeared, and windows have been added before and after the yurts to make the lighting and ventilation performance better. Beds, televisions, radios and other modern daily necessities have also been added indoors. The ancient Mongolian architectural art has given new youth.