What is the location and identification method of 28 stars?

Ancient China's division of astrology The Babylonians created the division of astrology, that is, the constellation. Our country also created its own star division system in ancient times. In order to know the stars and observe the sky, people give each group of stars a name. Such a group of stars are called star officials. Each star officer contains a number of stars ranging from one to dozens, and the scope of the sky area is also different. According to preliminary statistics, there are about 38 star officials recorded in ancient books in pre-Qin period. There is a record of 9 1 in Shi Ji Tian Guan Shu. It is recorded in Tian Han Wen Zhi: "There are 1 18 Chinese and foreign officials resident in Jingxing, totaling 780 Samsung." Zhang Heng wrote Lingxian, saying: "There are always 24 Chinese and foreign officials, but there are 320, that is, 2,500 stars, but the proportion of sea people does not exist." Gan De, Shi Shen and Wu Xian in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Each has established its own star officer system. When he arrived in the Three Kingdoms, Wu Taishi asked Chen Zhuo to integrate three star officials, namely, Gan, Shi and Wu, compiled a catalogue of 283 officials and 1464 stars, and drew it into a star map (the catalogue and star map have long been lost). After the inheritance and development of Jin, Sui and Tang Dynasties, China's star distribution system became mature, and it has been used for thousands of years since then. The three walls are Ziwei Garden, Taiwei Garden and Tianshi Garden. Each wall is a relatively large sky area, which contains several (small) stars (or constellations). According to the records in Qing Hui Dian, the division of Gan, Shi and Wu is different. There are stars in the east and west on every wall, which are arranged in a circle around and shaped like a wall, so it is called "wall". Ziweiyuan is the middle wall of three yuan, living in the center of the northern sky, so it is also called Zhonggong, or Ziweiyong. Wei Zi Palace means Imperial Palace, and most stars are named after official names. It is located in the center of the north, with 15 stars in the east and 15 stars in the west. The two bows were joined together and surrounded by a wall. According to the observation records of Ziweiyuan during the Song You period, * * * has 37 constellations with 2 additional stars, 163 positive stars and 18 1 additional stars. Its sky area is roughly equivalent to the international constellations of Bear, Bear, Dragon, Hound, Mu Fu, Unbounded Constellation, Wang Xianxing, Hou Xian Constellation, Yingxian Constellation and Lubao Constellation. Taiwei Courtyard is the upper wall of Sanyuan, located in the lower northeast of Ziwei Courtyard and south of Beidou. It covers an area of 63 degrees in the sky and is centered on the emperor. * * * contains 20 constellations, 78 main stars and 100 additional stars. It contains a part of constellations such as girls, latecomers and lions. Too small is the meaning of the government. Stars are often named after official names, such as Ting Wei, left law enforcement officer and right law enforcement officer. Shi Tian Wall is the lower wall of Sanyuan, located in the southeast direction under Wei Zibi, occupying about 57 degrees in the sky, which is roughly equivalent to a part of the international cosmological constellations such as the Five Immortals, the Giant Snake and the Snake, including 19 star official (seat), 87 positive star and 173 additional star. It takes the throne as the center and becomes a screen fan. Shi Tian is a fair, and Tian Wenzhi, Book of Jin, said, "The son of heaven leads princes to prosper the city." Therefore, the names of stars are often used to name the market names of goods and instruments and commercial content. For example, Tian Wenzhi, Book of Jin, said: The emperor's seat stands for Yin and Yang, welcoming guests and buckets stand for quantity, welcoming guests is used to measure solids, buckets are used to measure liquids, and the goods representing Baoyu are the exclusive market for Baoyu, and the car shop is the main cargo area. At present, there is no conclusion about the creation time of ternary. According to ancient records, Zi Weiyuan and Tian Shiyuan, as star officials, first appeared in the book Kaiyuan Zhan Jing, which compiled the Star Classic of the Stone God, and the name of Tai Weiyuan first appeared in astronomical poems in the early Tang Dynasty. However, the official name of the star equivalent to ternary star has been included in the record of the historian "Official Book". The stars in the east and west of Tianshi Garden are all named after the country names of the Warring States Period, which is also a proof of the founding of Sanyuan. Twenty-eight Hostels and Twenty-eight Hostels is the main part of the star division system created by China in ancient times. The ancients divided the astrology along the ecliptic and near the equator into twenty-eight parts of different sizes, each of which was called a night, collectively called twenty-eight nights, also known as twenty-eight houses or twenty-eight stars. At first, the ancients chose 28 stars to compare the movements of the sun, the moon, gold, wood, water, fire and earth as observation marks. The meaning of "lodge" is similar to the "palace" of the zodiac, indicating the position of the sun, moon and five stars. In the Tang Dynasty, Twenty-eight Hostels became the main body of the twenty-eight celestial bodies, and these celestial bodies were still named after Twenty-eight Hostels. Different from Sanyuan, as a celestial body, Twenty-eight Hostels are mainly used to divide the ownership of star officials. Twenty-eight lodges are arranged from west to east, consistent with the running direction of the sun and the moon: seven lodges in the east: horn, sound, rafter, room, heart, tail and dragon; Seven nights in the north: sinus, cow (morning glory), female (bearded female), emptiness, danger, house (barracks) and wall (east wall); Seven Nights in the West: Que, Lou, Stomach, Chang, Bi, Gou and Shen; Seven nights in the south: essence (cave essence), ghost (Yu ghost), willow, star (seven stars), Zhang, wing and Yi. In addition, there are some star officials who are closely related to these star officials, such as tomb, detached palace, ear, chop, graupel, corpse accumulation, right jurisdiction, left jurisdiction, Changsha, shrine and so on. , respectively, attached to the room, dangerous room, Bi, ginseng, well, ghost, tail, known as auxiliary officials or auxiliary seats. In the Tang Dynasty, there were 183 stars in 28 places, including auxiliary officials or auxiliary stars. The ancients realized in practice that the changes of the four seasons are related to the position of the sun, and the changes of the stars in the morning and evening of the four seasons reflect the movement of the sun in the sky, but it is difficult to directly determine the position of the sun, so the ancients came up with an indirect method, that is, to calculate the position of the sun from the star position of the moon. The moon orbits the earth for more than 27 days (sidereal moon), just one day and one night. It can be seen that the creation of Twenty-eight Hostels is a great progress in the history of ancient astronomy. Dr. Joseph Needham of Britain commented in the History of Science and Technology in China: "It has been undoubtedly confirmed that although ancient astronomy in China is by no means inferior to Egyptian astronomy, Greek astronomy and later European astronomy in logic and practicality, it is based on a very different ideological system." He added: "Once the boundaries of 28 hotels are demarcated, China people can know their exact locations, no matter how far these constellations are from the equator. Even when the constellation is below the horizon, you can learn about it by observing the arch stars related to them overhead. " With the development of astronomy, the role of the Twenty-eight Hostel has been expanding since its establishment. It not only played an important role in observing images, timing and making calendars, but also played an irreplaceable role in calculating and determining the positions of the sun, the moon, the five planets, meteors, comets, new stars and even stars in the sky before the formation of modern astrometry. Its calculation method is that the ancients chose a star as the calibration star every night, which the ancients called "distant star". The difference between the right meridian of a distant star in a certain night and its next neighboring distant star is called the equatorial distance in a certain night. In ancient China, two quantities describing the position of celestial bodies were called poles and octaves. "Depolarization" refers to the angular distance between the measured star and the north celestial pole; "Eight angles" means that the right meridian between a celestial body and its adjacent star on the west side is different by one night. This measurement system is the equatorial coordinate system established by Chinese astronomers. As can be seen from the above, it is extremely important to choose the distance from the star and measure it, so astronomers of all ages have paid attention to actual measurement. It should be pointed out that the distance between hotels changes slowly due to precession. Although astronomers don't know the important reason of the distance change before the precession is discovered, the measurement data of past dynasties provide rare historical materials for modern people to study precession. The Four Elephants ancients divided the 28 stars in the whole day into four parts according to the east, north, west, south and four directions, and each part contained seven stars. According to the shape of the seven stars in each part, they named the four parts with four similar animals, calling them four elephants or four places. The corresponding relationship is as follows: the seven stars in the east are like dragons flying in the night sky in spring and early summer, so they are called Dongguan Black Dragon; Seven nights in the north are like snakes and turtles in the night sky in late summer and early autumn, so it is called Beiguan Xuanwu; The western seven-night tiger, which comes out in late autumn and early winter, is called Xiguan White Tiger. The seven nights in Nanguan are like suzaku in the sky in winter and early spring, so it is called Nanguan suzaku. Black Dragon, Xuanwu, White Tiger and Suzaku are collectively called "Four Elephants". There are many narratives about these four images in Chinese ancient books, such as Ling Xian by Kao, Zi and Zhang Heng and Shang Shu by Kong. Among them, the narrative in Lingxian is the most vivid. Zhang Heng wrote: "The black dragon is curled up on the left, the white tiger is fiercer than the right, Zhu is struggling ahead, and the turtle circle is behind." Some ancient books in China called the "four images" four dimensions, such as Historical Records, Chronicles of Heaven Officials, Shi's Astrology, Wei Zhangyi's Boya and Zhen Cheng's General Examination of Shangshu. These descriptions are different from each other. According to Shi's Astrology, they are not four elephants, but divided into several elephants. Bi, Gou He. "Then he said," Elephants of cows and snakes, elephants of female turtles. ""Records in Records of the Historian Tianguanshu are basically the same as those in Lingxian County, that is, black dragon, suzaku, white tiger and Xuanwu represent the four seasons. China astronomer Gaul designed the Diagram of the Relationship between Twenty-eight Hostels and Four Elephants according to the historian's Official Book, which is really wonderful. As far as modern international astrology is concerned, The Oriental Black Dragon tells about a maid, a snake, a centaur, Fu, a Libra, a Scorpio, a jackal and a snake man. Xuanwu in the north occupies about Sagittarius, the underworld, Aquarius, Pegasus, Cygnus, Andromeda, Diptera and Cetacea. The white tiger in the west has occupied the rot of Hou Xian, Aries, Huang Xian, Taurus, Bo Jiang, Orion and Tiantu. Southern Suzaku accounts for about Gemini, fisherman, cancer, big dog, southern boat, lion and long snake.

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