What does the preface mean by classical Chinese?

1. What does the preface mean in ancient Chinese? Preface is a style, in which the preface is not a preface, but a gift.

There are two kinds of prefaces: book prefaces and gift prefaces. The preface of the book is relatively early, mostly describing the author's interest and writing origin, such as Yi Xu and Tai Shi Gong Xu. The preface of the book and the preface of the book are different in nature. It began in the Tang Dynasty. Generally, it is a kind of thoughts and feelings expressed in words between literati. Arguments are often put forward to clarify some viewpoints, which is equivalent to a style of argumentative writing. Most of the contents are words of encouragement, praise and emphasis, such as preface to Meng Dongye by Han Yu and preface to Xue Cunyi by Liu Zongyuan.

Song Lian was an official in Beijing Jiankang (now Nanjing), and Ma Jun, a fellow countryman and a young man from Dongyang County, Zhejiang Province, was also in Beijing and studying in imperial academy. Ma Sheng returned to his hometown to visit relatives. Song Lian wrote this article, and combined with his own practice realized that "Tao is difficult to learn", and set an example to encourage hard study.

2. What does Jiangxia mean by sending Qian Gong back to Handong? Xie An lived in seclusion in Dongshan, Shangyu, Huiji for a long time; Huan Wen repeatedly asked Xie An to come out of the mountain, but Xie An finally agreed.

I used to travel with volunteers and had a good friendship. The ancient sages had a good understanding, just like them. I'm sorry that you went back to Han Dong.

There are many smart people in Han Dong. After Shennong, Liang Ji was the most successful. Then, after years of silence, Mr. * * * came into being in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.

Mr. Wang retired at the age of sixty, and then there was only one liter of money left. Qian Gong was ambitious but failed, hoping to succeed one day.

Besides, you can be faithful, virtuous and good at writing articles. Just like Bao Zhao and Jiang Yan's association with the famous monk Hui Xiu, they became famous for a while.

I have written articles all my life and sent them to you. I miss my loved ones, but I have to travel far and cry goodbye.

Now that the war is almost over, we need to train talents. I am Jiayi now. God has eyes and sees the light of day again. I hope we can meet happily in Song Xin! I wrote this quatrain poem to express my feelings after leaving.

3. What does "Xu" mean in classical Chinese?

Xu

1. order; Second.

● "Shu Shun Dian": "Be content with it a hundred times, and tell it when it is a hundred times. 」

● Kong Ying Da Shu: "So we all got orders and didn't waste them. 」

"Zhou Li? Local officials and township teachers: "Where national affairs are concerned, the rank is stated. 」

Zheng Xuan's note: "Syria, still times. 」

● "Huai Nanzi? This classic says: "Spring grows in summer, autumn harvests in winter, and we can get it in moderation. Sometimes, we can open and close the curtains without losing our narrative. 」

● Ruan Yuan's Biography of Wang Xizhi in Qing Dynasty: "Although the sun and the moon are glimpsed, there is no narrative. 」

2. Make it orderly; Arrangement order.

● The Book of Hume in Hao Tao: "I am anxious about the nine clans and realize them. 」

● Han Xu Shen's Preface to Explaining Characters: "The narrative of modern seal script, combined with ancient strokes, can serve as a reference for people. As for the small and the big, it is credible and well documented. 」

● Liu Tang Zongyuan's "Recording Drum Ode": "The weapon of different copper can also be described as the star of Wei Zi; The system of leaking jade is extremely rare, but it can be involved in the yellow road. 」

3. According to the provisions of the rank, the official position shall be awarded first; Reward according to merit.

"Zhou Li? Tiangong Gongbo: "Anyone who is in the edition is in charge of its laws and ranks. 」

Zheng Xuan's note: "Xu, wait a minute. 」

● Jia Gong Yan Shu: "Rank refers to the rank of class; Narrator, talent is second. 」

"Jin Shu? "Biography of Zhang Jun": "It is appropriate to hear about the Western Expedition of generals such as Chen Yu. 」

● "Continue to govern like a mirror?" In the first year of Yuan Taiding: "It is advisable to give posthumous gifts to the deceased and tell their descendants. 」

4 refers to the evaluation level. See "Xu Gong".

5. clues; Organized.

● Song of the Country by Wei of the Three Kingdoms: "The founding of the country is related to the inheritance of family business. 」

Don Du Yan's Wen Zi Shi Jia: "Jun Fu sighed:' I didn't think Wang Dao had a narrative. "What is the world?" 」

6. statement; Account.

● "Mandarin? Yu Jinsan: "Ji Yan told it, which means to guide it. " 」

Zhao Wei note: "Syria, also. 」

● "Three Kingdoms? Biography of Zang Hongchuan in Wei Zhi: "It was more humiliating than elegance not to stay the day before yesterday. It tells the fortunes, but also tells the public and private. 」

Huang Qing and Liu Hong "Fu Hui Quan Shu"? The name of the criminal said, "If you are confused, you might as well keep it simple. 」

● Lu Xun's "On the Poetry of Moro": "The self-respecting husband who resists the inevitable fate is unparalleled in its tragedy. 」

7. Express delivery; speak

● Preface to the Orchid Pavilion by Wang Xizhi in Jin Dynasty: "Although there is no prosperity of silk and bamboo orchestras, it is enough to talk about the intimacy among them. 」

● Back to the 97th Dream of Red Mansions: "When everyone dispersed, Mrs. Wang and her sisters couldn't help talking in the middle of the night. 」

● The eighteenth time "Officialdom in the Sky": "It will be glorious to ask the old hall to tell stories tomorrow. 」

8. Preface; Preface One of the styles.

● Han Xu Shen's Preface to Explaining Words: "Xu Yue: This 14, 540, 9353, heavy 1 163, explanation 13344 1 word. 」

● Ming Dao Zong Yi "Dropping out of farming? Purpose of the article: "There are only Yuan Ming's homecoming poems, Li Lingbo's and Wang's Lanting Ji. 」

9. It refers to the writing order.

● Song Ceng Gong's Preface to the Catalogue of Liang Shu: "I corrected his words and compiled them into a catalogue. 」

4. What does classical Chinese mean?

Ask someone, something or the nature of something.

What news did you get from there?

Ask about something or something.

Tell me what you are looking for.

Imagination refers to something that expresses uncertainty.

Smell a scent of flowers.

Express negation

What is he? You care about him?

Express blame

What are you laughing at?

It means asking about the possibilities that are not included in this word or a series of words before it.

Is this a reptile, an amphibian or something else?

Express surprise or excitement

What? No breakfast!

Excerpt from Baidu Chinese

Interrogative pronouns. Express doubt.

Tang Yan Gong Jian, King of the Five Dynasties: "Qi Zhanggong first came from the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and the Yellow River, put his book bag in the East Gate of the country, and took his career first ... Han began to see the topic, but asked with the cover:' Why do you want to make a decision?' "

"Jingde Deng Chuan Ji Fa Da Zen Master": "The ancestors said again,' What's your name?' Right: "named Fada." "Lu Xun's" Scream Medicine ":"It smells good! What snacks do you have? "

Li Guangtian; Foreword: "If you ask what the meaning of these articles is, barely speaking, it only reflects some aspects of that old society."

Interrogative pronouns. It means no need, no need

Tang Luyan's "Persuade the World" poem: "Food and clothing follow fate, natural music; What is your life? What did you ask? ! "

Yuan Anonymous's Earning Kuai Tong is the fourth fold: "If Han had written earlier, Marshal Han would have been free from false accusation ... I know nothing about magic and tricks!" Say it, don't play dumb!

Excerpted from Baidu Encyclopedia related entries.

5. What is the meaning of ancient prose (1) (sound and shape). From the hand, quietly. Original meaning: press down or press down by hand)

(2) with the original meaning [press]

Press it, and press it. It means to restrain the object with your hand and let it come down. -"Shuo Wen"

So the emperor's motorcade had to hold the reins and move slowly. -"Historical Records, Jiang Hou Zhou Bo Family"

Wang Xiang pressed his sword and said, "This is the life of Xiang Yu."

Tiki rode forward with a sword. -Zhang Pu's "Five Tomb Inscriptions"

Press the surface with a flat plate. -Meng Qian Bitan Partner by Song Shen Kuo.

(3) another example: press the button; Ring the bell; Press the handprint

(4) control; Restrain [control; Restrain]

Hiking. -"Poetry and Elegance"

Forcing the strong to help the weak. -"Guanzi Eight Words"

Zhao Jianzi, stay put. -"Lu Chunqiu and Zhao Lei"

Why don't you press the soldier's armor? -"Purple Tongzhi Sword"

If the street kiosks are guarded by soldiers, they should not be held. -Romance of the Three Kingdoms

(5) Another example: press the button and don't mention it; Can't contain one's anger.

Inspection and testing

Punish five people. -Five Tombstones by Zhang Ming Pu

Shadow Gong Hu follows the department. -"Biography of Ming History and Harry"

(7) Another example: being killed (verified execution); According to the discussion (inspection and handling)

Strike [strike]

Tune the strings according to the pipes in the teahouse and restaurant. -Meng Yuan's Preface to Tokyo Dream China.

(9) Another example: according to music (clapping and singing); Keys; Press (clap); Press the plate (tap the plate eye); Press the drum; Squeeze bamboo; News music; Press the organ

(10) * *, push, pinch and massage people by hand [massage]

It's treated and guided by the webpage. -"Su Wenyi's Discussion"

Press the golden colt to make a long ditch, and the loquat will fall in the autumn of Cornus officinalis. -Yuan Hongdao's "Quasi-Ancient Yuefu"

(1 1) Another example: walking on stilts (touching and guiding)

patrol

The land of Henan is located in the west, and it is still blocked in the west. -Historical Records Biography of General Wei's title of generals in ancient times

(13) Another example: on-site inspection (patrol inspection); Patrol Publishing House (official name); According to the investigation department (official name. Abbreviation for arraignment and justice department. The judicial and procuratorial organs of a province in Ming and Qing Dynasties); According to the present (according to the inspection; Arrive on patrol)

(14) Turn on "An". Resettlement; Diazepam [placement; Resettlement; Arrangement]

I learned that except Qin law, officials and people were banned as before. -"Gao Han Diji"

According to more than 3000 feet of caress, the migration is realized. -"the reflection of Guo Huai biography"

Is this ok?

6. What does classical Chinese mean? 1. Definition: Classical Chinese is a written language based on ancient Chinese.

Classical Chinese is an article composed of written language in ancient China, mainly including written language based on spoken language in pre-Qin period. Classical Chinese comes from vernacular Chinese, characterized by writing based on words, paying attention to the use of allusions, parallel prose, and neat melody, including strategies, poems, words, songs, stereotyped writing, parallel prose and other styles.

2. Features: The characteristics of classical Chinese are: separation of speech and writing, concise writing. Compared with vernacular Chinese (including spoken and written language), the characteristics of classical Chinese are mainly manifested in grammar and vocabulary.

3. Structure: (1) The so-called judgment sentence is a sentence that uses nouns, pronouns or noun phrases as predicates to judge the subject. Its common form is as follows: 1). "... Zhe, ... is also" ",... is also" ",... Zhe also" "... Zhe, ..." "... Zhe also" and so on.

For example, "Chen She people are also from Yangcheng." (historical records. Chen She family)-Bobby Chen is from Yangcheng.

(2) "Although Cao Cao is a famous Han Xiang, he is actually a Han thief." (Zi Jian) ③ Yi, an ancient sharpshooter.

("Guanzi Situation Solution" back to 64) 4 "Four people, Lu Zhi, father of Changle Wang, father of Yu, father of An Shangchun." (Wang Anshi's trip) (5) If you are shocked, Zhou didn't make a move.

2) Adverbs "Nai", "Namely", "Ze", "Du", "Shi", "Cheng" and "Wei" are used to express judgment. This is the autumn when I was in service.

"(1) I don't know the palace in the sky, what year is this evening. (2) is now in the tomb.

(3) Fu Liang that chu will Xiang Yan. (4) This is the grand view of Yueyang Tower.

3) Use the negative adverb "Fei" to express negation. Such as: "Six countries collapse, not bad soldiers, bad wars, bad Qin.

"(1) Climb high and recruit, and you can see far without lengthening your arms. (2) The city is not high, the pool is not deep, the soldiers are not strong, and there are not many meters.

(3) The North Sea is not too mountainous. Passive sentences In classical Chinese, the subject of some sentences is the receiver of action, which is a passive sentence.

Its common types are: 1). See ... see ... in the passive voice. For example, "I often laugh at a generous family.

"(1) I'm afraid to see deceives you. (2) Qin Cheng was afraid that he could not get it, but saw his bullying.

(3) so confused in Zheng Xiu, deceives in yi cheung. (4) Li, seventeen years old, is good at classical Chinese and knows all six arts. He has unlimited time to learn from Yu Yu.

2) For, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for Yu ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... For ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for

"(1) to die, laugh for the world. (2) For the country, no ambassador will be taken away by Wikipedia.

(3) Serve the Group in terms of income. (4) first fear for fuck.

Inverted sentences in ancient Chinese are relative to the sentence order in modern Chinese. Based on this, we divide inversion sentences in classical Chinese into prepositional object, attributive postposition, adverbial postposition and verb inversion. 1). Preposition object The so-called prepositional object is the component that is usually used as an object and placed in front of the predicate verb to express emphasis.

For example, the word "zhi" in "disagree" is the prepositional object. Preposition objects are usually divided into four situations.

(1) In interrogative sentences, interrogative pronouns are objects and prepositional objects. What is the king doing here? Wes, who are we going home with? (2) In negative sentences, pronouns are objects and prepositions are objects.

For example, "ancient people are not arrogant." (3) Advance the object with the help of "Zhi" and "Shi".

For example, "I don't know the sentence, but I'm confused." "Studying hard is urgent and rare.

(4) Preposition objects in prepositional phrases. For example, "Why else would the book be here?" 2) Attributive postposition usually puts the attribute before the head word, but there are many sentences in classical Chinese that put the attribute after the head word.

For example, "Earthworms have no advantages as minions, but their bones and muscles are strong. They eat soil and drink yellow water, but also with their hearts. " Among them, "benefit" and "strength" are post-attributes.

The attributive postposition in classical Chinese has the following situations. (1) Postposition the attribute with "zhi".

For example, "How many people are there in a big world?" (2) Use the postposition of "zhe". For example, "a horse can travel thousands of miles and eat one stone at a time."

"3. Adverbials are postpositioned in ancient Chinese. Preposition structures are adverbials and are often placed after sentences as complements. For example, "to be rich" is a prepositional phrase that is placed at the end of a sentence as a complement.

4). verb inversion is rare and is often used to express strong exclamation. I'm very sorry, but you are not well.

""come on, wind. " "Beautiful, I am a youth in China.

"[Exercise] Judge the sentence patterns in the following sentences. (1) It is impossible to protect the people and be king.

(2) There is no difference in love between the king and the people. (3) What is virtue, then you can be king? (4) How do you know I can do it? Elliptic sentences in classical Chinese generally contain ellipsis. Grasping the ellipsis helps to fully understand the meaning of the sentence.

The provincial sentence in classical Chinese is usually: 1). Omit the subject. (1) Carry forward the former provinces.

For example, "there are different snakes in Yongzhou wild, black and white." (2) carry forward the province.

For example, "Pei Gong said to me,' Gong' I'm going to join the army and enter the army. ""(3) self-reported provinces.

For example, "(giving) love is a stream. When it enters two or three miles, (giving) is the home of those who are particularly unique." (4) Dialogue province.

Such as: "(Mencius) said:' Dule (yuè) Music (lè), Tongle (yuè) Music (lè), which music (lè)? "(The king) said,' If you are not with others. "2). Omit the predicate.

For example, "One drum is full of energy, then (drum) will decline and three drums will be exhausted." 3). Omit the object.

For example, "You can burn it and leave." 4). Omit the prepositional object.

For example, "read it in public, let the mink out and cover the door." 5). Omit the preposition "Yu".

Today, the clock was put in the water, although no sound was heard in the storm. [Exercise] Fill in the omitted components in the following sentences.

(1) ran's taste in also, so the surname is creek for Ran Xi. (2) Therefore, Ximen Bao is a famous imperial edict.

(3) It's two strategies, not passive music. (4) all the mountains are flat and covered.

Fixed structure (1) and questionable fixed structure are: helpless, how, how, how, what, what, if ... what, such as (nai) ... what, which is it, is it ... which one is it? Take my treasure instead of our city What can we do? (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) My son brought his elk to our city to relax. What? (Battle of the Wars) How about 3 being different from each other? ("Zuo zhuan Qi Huangong Chu") (4) What about pot calling the kettle black? (。