The development history of phenology

The earliest phenological record in China can be found in The Book of Songs, Wandering Wind, July, which was published in 1000 BC. Later, Xia and Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals, Huai Nan Zi Ze Xun and both recorded the annual phenological calendar on a monthly basis. Yi Zhou Shu Shi Xun Jie divides a year into 72 phases, and records phenology every five days, making it a relatively complete phenological calendar. Attached to the almanac in the Northern Wei Dynasty.

The Book of Bi Sheng, a famous agricultural work in the Western Han Dynasty, records that the cultivation period is determined by phenology, for example, "Apricots are flourishing at the beginning, so it is advisable to cultivate light soil and weak soil; See apricot flowers return to agriculture. " At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, Lv Zuqian, a native of Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, recorded the phenology of Jinhua in the seventh and eighth years of the Southern Song Dynasty (11 18 1), including wintersweet, peach, plum, apricot, bauhinia, begonia and orchid.

In the Ming Dynasty, Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica contained nearly 2,000 kinds of drugs, with abundant plant phenological data. The forty-eighth and forty-ninth volumes of this book describe the geographical distribution, singing, syllables and appearance time of migratory birds cuckoo and cuckoo, which are accurate records of bird phenology. /kloc-In the middle of 0/9th century, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom issued a calendar, in which the budding month is a calendar that uses phenology to guide agricultural time.

In Europe, the Athenians in ancient Greece have compiled agricultural phenological calendars. From 1736 to the 1940s, the descendants of British Ma Xiang observed and recorded 27 species of plants, migratory birds and insects for a long time. This is the longest phenological record in Europe. 1In the middle of the 8th century, the Swedish botanist Linnaeus wrote a book, Philosophy of Botany, which outlined the tasks of phenology, the methods of phenology observation and analysis, and organized an observation network at 18. He is one of the main advocates of European phenology. In Germany, botanist Hoffman has established a phenological observation network since 1990s. He chose 34 species of plants in Central Europe as the objects of phenological observation and personally observed them for 40 years. Later, he was replaced by his student Ine. In the United States, forest entomologist Hopkins put forward the bioclimatic law of land spatial distribution of phenology in temperate regions of North America in 19 18.

In China, the founder of modern phenology research is Zhu Kezhen. The phenological observation network he established in 1934 was the beginning of modern phenological observation in China. Under his leadership, 1962 established a nationwide phenological observation network to conduct systematic phenological research. In order to unify the standard of phenological observation, 1979 published the phenological observation method in China, and compiled and published the Annual Report of Phenological Observation of Animals and Plants in China every year. He also wrote the article "The Language of Nature", which has been included in the second grade Chinese book (intensive reading text) of People's Education Press.

Since 1950s, with the expansion of phenological observation networks in various countries, phenological data have become more abundant. Moreover, due to the application of remote sensing technology and computer, the study of phenology has made great progress in the exploration and application of laws. Content of natural language:

After beginning of spring, the earth gradually woke up from a deep sleep. Snow and ice melted, vegetation sprouted, and all kinds of flowers bloomed for the first time. Two months later, the swallow returned lightly. Soon, the cuckoo also came. So it becomes a hot summer, that is, the period when plants breed fruits. In autumn, when the fruits are ripe, the leaves of plants gradually turn yellow and fall in the autumn wind. The geese flew south, and the insects active in the fields and grass disappeared. Everywhere I go, I see a scene of falling grass, preparing for the winter when the snow is coming. In the temperate and subtropical regions of the earth, this is the case year after year, and it goes on and on.

For thousands of years, working people have paid attention to the relationship between natural phenomena such as the rise and fall of vegetation and the coming and going of migratory birds and the climate, and arranged farming accordingly. Apricot blossoms are in full bloom, as if nature is preaching to cultivate the land quickly; Peach blossoms are blooming, which seems to imply that we should plant millet quickly. The cuckoo began to sing, and the working people understood what it was singing: "Grandparents, cut wheat and transplant rice." In this way, flowers and birds sing, grass grows and warblers fly, all of which are the languages of nature.

These natural phenomena were called phenology by the Han working people in ancient China. Phenological knowledge originated very early in China. Many agricultural proverbs (3) handed down from ancient times contain rich phenological knowledge. In modern times, using phenology knowledge to study agricultural production has developed into a science, that is, phenology. Phenology records the growth and decline of plants and the reproduction of animals, such as peach blossoms and swallows, so as to understand the climate change over time and the impact of this change on animals and plants.

Phenological observation uses "living instruments", which are living organisms. It is much more complicated and sensitive than meteorological instruments. Phenological observation data ① reflect the synthesis of climatic conditions such as temperature and humidity, and also reflect the influence of climatic conditions on organisms. When applied to agricultural activities, it is simple and easy to master. This is the importance of phenology to agriculture. Here is an example.

According to the phenological records in Beijing, the flowering of peach, apricot blossom, apple, elm leaf plum, Xifu begonia, clove and Robinia pseudoacacia in196/kloc-0 is about ten days later than that in 1968+0, and five or six days later than that in 1960. According to these phenological observation data, it can be judged that the agricultural season in Beijing 1962 came late. However, crops such as peanuts planted in the early spring of that year were planted according to the date of previous years, and the result was frozen by low temperature. This loss can be avoided if we can pay attention to the phenological delay and choose the appropriate sowing date.

What factors determine the coming of phenology?

The first is latitude ③. The farther north the peach blossoms bloom, the later the migratory birds come. It is worth pointing out that the number of days of phenology difference between north and south varies with seasons. The climate in Chinese mainland is very pleasant, and Leng Xia is very hot in winter. The temperature difference between north and south is great in winter, but not much in summer. In spring, early spring and late spring are different. For example, in March and April of early spring, Nanjing peach blossoms bloom 20 days earlier than Beijing, but by the end of spring and early May, Nanjing Robinia pseudoacacia only blooms 10 days earlier than Beijing. Therefore, in North China, it is often felt that spring is short, winter has passed and summer has arrived.

The difference of longitude ① is the second factor affecting phenology. All offshore areas are warmer in winter than inland areas at the same latitude, and colder in spring. Therefore, the arrival of spring in coastal areas is a few days later than that in inland areas. For example, the latitude of Dalian is about 1 south of Beijing, but in Dalian, forsythia suspensa and plum blossom one week later than Beijing. For example, Jinan apples bloom in mid-April or Grain Rain Festival, and Yantai will go for a long summer. The latitudes of the two places are similar, but Yantai is near the sea, so spring comes late.

The third factor affecting phenology is the difference between high and low. Phenological phenomena such as flowering of plants are late in spring and summer, and deciduous trees are early in autumn. However, the study of this factor should take into account special circumstances. For example, at the turn of autumn and winter, in clear Wan Li, the temperature at a certain height is inversely proportional to the height. This is called inversion layer. Because cold air is heavy, it flows to lower places on windless nights. This phenomenon is very obvious in autumn and winter in mountainous areas, especially in the morning of these two seasons. It is often found that there is frost at the foot of the mountain and frost at the mountainside. It is for this reason that it is very successful to introduce tropical crops into hillsides in hilly areas of South China, but it is not suitable at the foot of the mountain.

In addition, there are differences between ancient times and modern times in the morning and evening when phenology comes. According to the long-term phenological records in southern England, comparing the ten-year average of 174 1 to 1750, we can see that the latter is 9 days earlier than the former. In other words, spring is nine days ahead of schedule.

Phenology is a science close to ecology in biology and agrometeorology in meteorology. The study of phenology is first to predict the agricultural time and choose the sowing date. Besides, there are many meanings. Phenological data has important reference value for arranging crop zoning and determining the date of afforestation and seed collection. It can also be used to introduce plants into areas with the same phenological conditions, and can also be used to avoid or reduce the harm of pests. There are a large area of mountainous areas in China that can be cultivated, but there are still many places to be investigated about the climate of mountainous areas and the adaptability of soil to crops. In order to promote the development of agriculture in mountainous areas, it is necessary to carry out phenological observation in mountainous areas.

Phenology is a science related to high agricultural yield. It is necessary to further strengthen phenological observation, understand the language of nature, and strive for greater gains in agriculture. Simply put, phenology is the germination, flowering, fruiting and withering of plants and the migration and hibernation of some animals, which reflects the changes of climate and seasons. From this perspective, China's ancient poems contain extremely rich phenological knowledge.

For example, "the peach blossoms outside the bamboo are three or two, and the ducks in the spring river are prophets." (Su Shi titled Hui Chong's Night Scene of the Spring River) In early spring, ducks first felt the spring water heating and played in the water.

"Frozen waterfowl live together in cold weather, and one hundred is a group play. When pedestrians can't stand it, they suddenly smell the ice ring in Qi Fei. " (Qin Guan's Return from Guangling) At the end of winter, water birds are dependent on each other, and there is the sound of ice, and birds fly in surprise. Ducks and birds are messengers of spring.

"It rains at home in Huangmei season, and frogs are everywhere in the grass pond." The three images in Zhao Shixiu's poem York show the seasonal characteristics of Huangmei in late spring and early summer.

Huang Chao wrote the title of chrysanthemum: "The west wind is rustling all over the courtyard, and the cold butterfly is hard to come." Chrysanthemums wither, butterflies wither, although there is no word "autumn", but the coolness of autumn is coming.

As for Li Bai's "Xia Sai Qu", it leads readers to another world: "In May, the snow in Tianshan Mountain is cold without flowers, and the willow is heard in the flute, but no spring scenery is seen." May is in midsummer, and it is already the day when all the flowers in the mainland are dying. However, Tianshan Mountain (Qilian Mountain), located in the northwest frontier, is still covered with snow, and there are no willows and flowers, indicating that there is neither summer nor spring and autumn in the Yellow River basin above 4000 meters above sea level. It is not difficult to see the great difference in climate between the mainland and the Great Wall.

The agricultural and military activities of the ancients are also often seen in ancient poems involving phenology. For example, Fan Chengda's "Four Seasons of Pastoral Fun": "Butterflies have entered cauliflower, and no guests have come to Tianjia for a long time." These two poems, written in the countryside in the late spring of Jiangnan, set off the busy farming of peasant women through the description of butterflies entering cauliflower. Let's look at Wen Tong's "Morning Clear to Baoenshan Temple": "The smoke is far away, and the sky is high. Barley doesn't enter the nursery at night, and young silkworms lie alone. " The first part depicts a vivid picture of wild birds flying in the distant mountains and forests; The second part is about the busy scene of peasant women harvesting wheat, whole vegetables, picking mulberry and feeding silkworms at the turn of spring and summer, which is kind and touching. And Lulun's "high in the faint moonlight, geese flying, Tatar chiefs fleeing in the dark. While we chase after them, the horse carries a light load, and the bow and sword bear a burden of snow "(the third part of the next song) is about marching and fighting: the enemy fled at night, and the geese were surprised to fly, which aroused the vigilance of our general and led troops to chase after the enemy, fully demonstrating the heroic spirit of the people of China.

To sum up, we can see that the description of phenology in China's classical poems not only has artistic value in literature, but also is valuable information for studying phenology, agriculture and military affairs.