Explain the following word "bonsai"

Bonsai is one of the outstanding traditional arts of the Chinese nation. It needs plants, rocks, soil, water and so on. As a material, and through artistic creation and horticultural cultivation, the beautiful scenery of nature in the basin is typically and intensively shaped, and the artistic effect of shrinking the dragon by an inch and seeing the big from the small is achieved. At the same time, the scenery conveys feelings and expresses its profound artistic conception, just like a three-dimensional beautiful miniature landscape area.

The main material of bonsai itself is a natural thing with a natural charm. Among them, plants also have life characteristics, which can show different landscapes with the passage of time and the change of seasons. Bonsai is a living work of art and an organic combination of natural beauty and artistic beauty.

Bonsai is the artistic contraction product of landscape or garden flowers and trees presented in the basin. Trees, flowers, stones, water, soil and other materials, through clever layout, modeling and careful maintenance, can reflect the beauty of mountains and rivers and the beauty of garden art in a close space, and become poetic desk cleaning and garden decoration, often called "silent poetry, three-dimensional painting." ?

source and course

Bonsai originated in China. 1972 tomb of Zhang Huai, Prince of Tang Dynasty (built in 706) excavated in Ganling, Shaanxi? The east wall of the tunnel is painted with murals of handmaids holding bonsai, which is the earliest bonsai record in the world so far. Bonsai in Song Dynasty has developed to a higher level. At that time, famous scholars such as Wang, Lu You and Su Dongpo described and praised bonsai in detail. Monks in the Yuan Dynasty made small bonsai, which was naturally called "some children's landscapes". Bonsai was more prosperous in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and many works about bonsai have been published. The word "bonsai" first appeared in Tu Long's Jade Examination Plate in Ming Dynasty? . Since 1950s, bonsai production has gained great popularity in public gardens, nurseries and folk families, and bonsai associations have been established, and bonsai gardens and bonsai art exhibitions are often held.

Japanese stump bonsai was introduced from China and is called "potted plant". It has appeared in14th century paintings. From 65438 to 0909, Japanese potted plants were introduced to the west through exhibitions in London. After World War II, it became popular in Europe and America and was transliterated as "bonsai". At present, there are national and local associations in the United States, Britain, the Federal Republic of Germany, Australia and Japan. 1980, the first world bonsai conference was held in osaka, Japan, and the world bonsai exhibition was held at the same time. Xi 'an Flower Bonsai Company was established in 20 1 1 year/1month, covering an area of 1280 mu, with a registered capital of 20 million yuan and 39 employees, including 5 senior gardeners and 5 intermediate technicians 15. A comprehensive flower planting enterprise integrating garden planting, greening design and garden construction. The company is located in the north of the middle section of Chengbei Ring Road in Lantian County, with Bahe River in the south and county government in the north. The climate here is suitable, the rainfall is abundant, birds are singing and flowers are fragrant, and there are unique bonsai seedling cultivation resources.

The company has established a standardized, large-scale and intensive production and planting base of 1 10,000 mu of famous flowers and trees. The main varieties are: Pu Shu, Sophora japonica, Gleditsia sinensis, Persimmon, Osmanthus fragrans, Pinus bungeana, Begonia, Phyllanthus urinaria, Lagerstroemia indica, Papaya, Red Peach, Mume, Aesculus chinensis, Ligustrum lucidum, Flos Magnoliae and so on. Fast-growing willow and many other varieties. It has formed a large-scale and market-oriented layout. Based on the business philosophy of surviving in good faith and developing by science and technology, and in accordance with the pattern of "integrating regional layout, large-scale development, standardized planting and entertainment and leisure", the company plans to build the company into a famous industrial base integrating flowers and seedlings, tourism, entertainment and leisure in Yanling County in three to five years, and become a beautiful scenery in Yanling County.

Yanling has a long history of flower cultivation. Since the reform and opening up, the state has clearly put forward a series of measures such as protecting ecological balance, restoring vegetation, greening and beautifying the environment. In order to let us have more room for development, the company looks forward to working with people from all walks of life to build an ecological park integrating ecological protection, leisure tourism, flowers and seedlings.

Classified production

Bonsai is generally divided into two categories: stump bonsai and landscape bonsai. The former takes trees as the main material and can be divided into four categories: branch view, leaf view, fruit view and flower view. The latter is mainly made of rocks, water and soil, while the bonsai is mainly made of water and soil. The main stone is a dry bonsai, which is both flood and drought.

Specification of bonsai: According to the height of stumps (including the cliff-like extension length of branches), landscape bonsai can be divided into extra large (150 cm or more), large (80 ~ 150 cm), medium (40 ~ 80 cm) and small (10 ~ 40 cm) according to the basin length.

tree penjing

Choose more tree species with small branches and leaves, easy survival in potted plants, slow growth, long life and strange roots, especially those with gorgeous flowers and fruits. At present, there are about 160 kinds of garden trees used as stumps. In addition to artificial propagation, they are usually cultivated from old trunk stumps left after years of logging. Stump bonsai can be divided into straight stem, inclined stem, bent stem, lying stem, cliff, dead stem, rooting, attached stone, jungle and other forms. The best culture soil is loose, breathable, well drained and can keep fertilizer. Bonsai is formed by pruning, tying branches with metal wires or brown wires and bending them into a certain shape, and then carefully pruning and shaping them year by year, with different local styles.

Stump bonsai must be carefully maintained after molding. Among them, pruning is an important measure to promote or control the growth of stumps and keep them in a certain posture. All tree stumps with clear branches and leaves should be thinned or shortened frequently to control the branches that disturb the posture. Pine trees can cut off all or part of the main buds to shorten the shoots. Pruning of broad-leaved trees varies with tree species and flowering and fruiting habits. Fertilization should not be too much, but it needs to be applied frequently to keep the plants flourishing, robust and not in vain. Flower and fruit stumps need more fertilizer, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizers should be added. The amount of watering varies according to the climate, tree species, phenology and the texture of the basin, in order to keep the soil moist. For conifers and azaleas in the mountains, water should be sprayed on the leaves frequently. Change pots every 1 ~ 5 years according to the size of bonsai. When changing pots, remove some old soil, cut off some old roots around and at the bottom, add new culture soil and replant. In addition, maintenance measures such as insect prevention, cold protection and sun protection should be taken.

Landscape bonsai

The theme must be selected in advance and carefully designed, and the stone should be processed according to the theme, or it can be tailored to the stone and applied with the class. Rock materials are turquoise (soft stone) and hard stone (hard stone). Loose stones can be chiseled into ravines, caves and peaks with special hammers; Hard stones are cut and sawed to get rid of weeds and preserve essence, and the shortcomings can be made up by splicing and gluing. There are planting holes in the stone to facilitate planting vegetation. The layout of the scenery in the basin should be well-defined, rich, varied and not messy. The suitable stones in the same basin are of the same variety, with similar colors and smooth texture. At the same time, the perspective principle of "near the big and far from the small, low big and high and small, near the real and far from the virtual" is applied, with plants, pavilions, bridges, flowing water, birds and animals, people, etc. with shallow pots as the foil, so as to achieve the artistic effect of seeing the big from the small and being thousands of miles away.

Art genre

Pot and several shelves

Trees (or stones), pots and frames are the three elements of bonsai art, and they are indispensable. Pots come in different textures and shapes. Stump bonsai mostly uses purple sand pots and painted pottery pots with informal shapes; Landscape bonsai mostly uses shallow pots made of marble, white marble, alunite or pottery, mostly rectangular and oval. Several shelves are made of precious hardwood such as mahogany, nanmu, teak, rosewood and boxwood, and can also be made of bamboo or natural roots. Traditional clothes hangers in China can be divided into two types: simple Ming style, simple structure and rigid lines; Qing-style carving, exquisite structure, complex and changeable lines, each with its own characteristics.

Title and display

A proper and poetic title for bonsai can make the dragon point clear and fascinating. China's poems, allusions and idioms are often important sources of bonsai titles. In order to make bonsai achieve better ornamental effect in a short distance and small space, the height of bonsai should be flat or slightly lower than the horizon. If you want to give people a feeling of towering into the sky, or a cliff-like bonsai, the position can be appropriately improved. The background color should be simple and elegant, compared with bonsai. Bonsai furnishings should be in harmony with the environment. For example, there are many symmetrical Chen Fang in the hall of ancient buildings in China, and the pattern is neat and rigorous; Modern public buildings and families should be coordinated with interior decoration according to local conditions. The exhibits in the bonsai exhibition pay attention to the overall artistic effect, with ups and downs, scattered back and forth, dense and focused. Long-term exhibition of bonsai gardens should also pay attention to the growth and maintenance management of bonsai plants.

Style genre

Lingnan bonsai

Including the bonsai in Guangdong and Guangxi, represented by the bonsai in Guangzhou. Due to the warm climate in Lingnan, the ancient trees are flourishing, and most of them are elm and sage. ), banyan, murraya? Penghu Islands and Fujian Tea (Ji, Kamo? na？ Small leaves) and other bonsai trees, and created a production method based on "cutting off the branches". First cut off the stump to promote the growth of branches and leaves, and after repeated pruning, it forms the characteristics of dead branches and old branches, reflecting the tall and natural or elegant and chic style.

Chuanpai bonsai

Represented by Chengdu bonsai, including Chongqing bonsai. Tree species are mostly bottle orchids (persimmon trees? Species) Begonia, Podocarpus, Ginkgo, Bamboo, Plum, etc. Stump bonsai is good at Pinza's skills, focusing on the shape of hanging roots and exposing claws. It can also be divided into traditional regular type and improved natural type. The former is curved with brown silk, and the latter wins with ancient charm.

Haipai bonsai

Shanghai bonsai. It is a unique style gradually formed on the basis of absorbing the strengths of various schools. There are various tree species, mainly conifers; The method of making multi-purpose metal wire winding and shaping and careful pruning year by year is vigorous and natural. Among them, the miniature bonsai developed in recent years is particularly interesting. There are also Suzhou-style bonsai in Suzhou and Changshu, which are simple and elegant; Yangzhou, Taizhou and other places of foreign bonsai, neat and smooth, well-defined; The Huizhou bonsai in Shexian and other places are mostly made of plum piles, and the trunk is bent left and right like Youlong, with its own characteristics and wonderful music.

Constituent element

Bonsai consists of three elements: landscape, basin and shelf. These three elements are interrelated, influential and indispensable. The so-called trinity of scenery, basin and several frames. In bonsai, "scenery" is the main part, and pots and pans are subordinate parts. That is, a good bonsai, landscape, basin, basin should be coordinated with each other, with clear priorities. Pay attention to avoid drawing the viewer's attention to the "pot" or "several shelves". The relationship between the pot rack and the scenery should be handled harmoniously and naturally in shape, volume and color. Maintaining the relationship between subject and object is often said: one scene, two pots and three sets (shelves).

Major schools

The five schools are Lingnan School, Sichuan School, Yang School, Su School and Shanghai School. Other schools: Huizhou, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangxi, Beijing, Hongkong, Taiwan Province and Lu Xin.

There are tree bonsai and landscape bonsai, which were formed as early as the Song Dynasty. With the continuous innovation of bonsai art and the increasing richness of bonsai materials, new categories of bonsai in China are gradually emerging. Now it can be divided into the following seven categories:

The first category, tree bonsai: taking trees as the main material and rocks, figures, birds and animals as the foil, through climbing, pruning, shaping and other technical treatments and horticultural cultivation, the wild giant trees or lush forest scenes are displayed in the basin, which is collectively called tree bonsai. Because the materials of tree bonsai are often excavated from Shan Ye, it is also called stump bonsai.

The second category, landscape bonsai: taking all kinds of rocks as the theme materials and taking the natural landscape as the model. After careful selection, cutting, carving and splicing, they are arranged in shallow pots, showing various landscape scenes such as cliffs, dangerous peaks and canyons, green hills and streams, which are collectively called landscape bonsai, also known as rock bonsai.

The third category, flood and drought bonsai: flood and drought bonsai is a landscape bonsai with plants, rocks, soil, water and accessories as the main materials. Through processing and layout, rocks are used to separate water and soil, and natural water, dry land, trees and rocks are expressed in a shallow basin.

The fourth category, flower bonsai: flower bonsai is called flower bonsai, which takes flowers or woody flowers as the main materials, and after some modification and processing, it is properly matched with rocks and accessories to show the beautiful scenery of flowers in the basin.

The fifth category, miniature bonsai: Generally, the height of tree bonsai is below 10 cm, and the length of landscape and flood bonsai pots is not more than 10 cm, which is called miniature bonsai.

The sixth category, hanging bonsai: hanging bonsai is an innovative form that combines ordinary bonsai with shell carving, hanging screen and other handicrafts. Wall-hung bonsai can be divided into two categories: one is called landscape wall-hung bonsai, which is dominated by rocks; There is also a kind of bonsai with flowers and trees as the main body, which is called bonsai with flowers and trees hanging on the wall.

The seventh category, special-shaped bonsai: special-shaped bonsai refers to a kind of interesting bonsai that plants are planted in special containers and carefully maintained and shaped.

Modeling composition

Composition originally refers to the technique of connecting the past with the future when writing articles, and was later interpreted as the structural layout of calligraphy and painting. In China bonsai, composition is used to deal with the relationship between structures, such as caring, echoing, straightness, density, gathering and scattering, situation, rigidity, agility, thickness, weight, increase and decrease, repetition, contention, interpenetration, shade, clutch, deformation, realism and blank space, fluency and injury.

Divided into big chapters and small chapters. In the application of China bonsai art, the "big chapter" can be said to be the "white cloth" of the whole work. Why not use the word "layout" in Go here, but use the expression "white cloth" in calligraphy and painting? We often say that "bonsai is a three-dimensional painting". Angel footbath is an angel foot tree, which can hide heaven and earth. Man's law is based on earth, earth is based on heaven, and heaven is based on nature. Bonsai is a gadget inspired by ancient people in China, but it has a big article. Laozi said: You can know the world without leaving home. Ancient bonsai is the way of harmony between man and nature. A basin of scenery to express their feelings. This square basin is drawing paper, and the square tree is pen and ink. The ancients said, "If the plan is black, it will be white.". The pen and ink of this tree are empty in the basin. How to deal with the relationship between pen and ink and blank space should of course be called "blank space".

The relationship between trees and pots in China bonsai: the planting position of trees; The size, color, style and texture of the basin; Spreading moss, placing stones, decorating grass and ornaments all belong to the category of "big rules".

The relationship between roots and stems of garden trees in China bonsai: the relationship between stems and branches; The relationship between branches; The relationship between branches and leaves; The relationship between the whole tree and flowers and fruits is called "Xiaozhang". Yesterday, Dong Qichang said, "The ancients regarded the composition of books as an important event, which implied the so-called thick line. I saw Michi in small letters, which read "Elegant Map of West Garden"? , is a wanfan, simply straight, there must be another way, but you should pay attention to the rules on weekdays. Right Army's Preface to Lanting? The rules and regulations are the first in ancient and modern times, and their words are born from the belt, small or big, all in the law, so they are also gods. " China's calligraphy and painting and China's bonsai are in the same strain.

Monograph "small rules", small rules will understand, big rules will understand. These two statements are two into one and one into two.

As a landscape tree, we should look around and echo among the big branches (many dry trees are the solution of the big branches), and the situation between the small branches and the big branches is harmonious, with the front and rear branches reflecting each other and the left and right branches stretching and shifting. If you are self-energy, exquisite and harmonious, you will have the effect of "fine branches and moist leaves".

No matter how big or small the branches are, the whole tree should be consistent. The relationship between light and heavy, virtual and real, density and so on is appropriate, so that light is heavy, heavy is light, and light is balanced; There is reality in the virtual, and there is emptiness in the real, and the virtual and the real are born together; Know the dense in the sparse, sparse in the dense, and in the dense phase. For example, in the ancient name, the ranks correspond to the formation, and the odd and the right are born together. There are laws to advance and retreat, moderation to gather and disperse, and harmony and unity. However, it changes in harmony, gathering without blocking, releasing without chaos. The two are interrelated and the context is interrelated. Laozi's Tao Te Ching says: "Tao gives birth to one, two, three and everything." The second is yin and yang, so "one yin and one yang is the Tao." The relationship between Yin and Yang is unity of opposites. Yin-Yang theory is the basic theory of all traditional disciplines in China. It is also unique to China and belongs to the general guiding theory of China bonsai modeling. Under this guiding theory, China bonsai, regardless of its size and distance, is full of flesh and blood, full of vitality, strong but not fat, thin but not residual. Like nature, not artificial.

The efficacy of common bonsai

1, dripping Guanyin

Drip Guanyin-has the effect of removing air and dust. (Tips: The white juice in the dripping Guanyin stem is poisonous, and the dripping water is also poisonous. If you accidentally touch or eat its juice, it will cause discomfort in the throat and mouth, and there will be a burning sensation in the stomach. Special attention should be paid to prevent children from eating by mistake. But dripping Guanyin is not a carcinogenic plant. )

2. African jasmine

African jasmine-the volatile oil produced has obvious bactericidal effect. It can relax people, help them sleep and improve work efficiency.

3, white palm

White palm-inhibit the waste gas exhaled by human body, such as ammonia and acetone. At the same time, it can filter benzene, trichloroethylene and formaldehyde in the air. Its high evaporation rate can prevent nasal mucosa from drying and greatly reduce the possibility of illness.

4. The Silver Queen

Silver Queen is famous for its unique air purification ability: the higher the concentration of pollutants in the air, the more it can exert its purification ability! So it is very suitable for dark rooms with poor ventilation.

5. Adiantum

Adiantum-can absorb about 20 micrograms of formaldehyde per hour, so it is considered as the most effective biological "purifier". People who deal with paints all day, or people who like smoking around them, should put at least one pot of ferns in the workplace. In addition, it can also inhibit xylene and toluene released by computer monitors and printers.

6, duck feet wood

Duck feet-bring fresh air to smoking families. Leaves can absorb nicotine and other harmful substances from the smoky air and convert them into harmless plant-owned substances through photosynthesis. In addition, it can also reduce the concentration of formaldehyde by about 9 mg per hour.

7. Chlorophytum

Chlorophytum-can absorb 95% of carbon monoxide and 85% of formaldehyde in the air.

Chlorophytum can carry out photosynthesis in weak light, and Chlorophytum can absorb toxic and harmful gases in the air. 8~ 10 square meter room, a pot of chlorophytum is equivalent to an air purifier. Generally, raising 1~2 pots of chlorophytum indoors can release oxygen for 24 hours and absorb carcinogens such as formaldehyde, styrene, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide in the air. Chlorophytum has a particularly strong absorption capacity for some harmful substances, such as carbon monoxide and formaldehyde mixed in the air, which can reach 95% and 85% respectively. Chlorophytum can also decompose benzene and absorb relatively stable nicotine and other harmful substances in cigarette smoke. Therefore, chlorophytum is also known as the green purifier of indoor air.

8. aloe oil

Aloe-1 basin aloe is equivalent to nine biological air purifiers. Potted aloe vera is known as an expert in air purification. A pot of aloe is equivalent to nine biological air purifiers, which can absorb harmful substances such as formaldehyde, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide. Especially formaldehyde. Under the condition of illumination for 4 hours. A pot of aloe can eliminate 90% formaldehyde in one square meter of air, kill harmful microorganisms in the air and adsorb dust, which has a great effect on purifying the living environment. When the indoor harmful air is too high, spots will appear on the leaves of aloe. This is a distress signal. As long as a few pots of aloe are added indoors, the indoor air quality will return to normal.