Lagerstroemia Dong Jun

In 22 1 BC, Qin Shihuang completed the unification of ancient China and established the first multi-ethnic unified centralized country in China history. "The king of Qin sweeps Liuhe, looking at He Xiongzai!" Zhao Zheng, the king of Qin, quoted Shiben in Historical Records as saying that he was born in the State of Zhao, so he was called. Historical Records of Qin Benji: "Zhao Fu is Zhao in Qin Dynasty". In the pre-Qin period, men called themselves by their surnames rather than surnames, so it was appropriate to call them Qin, but later generations often called them Ying Zheng. ) [1][2] With Xianyang as its capital, he became the first emperor of the county-based dynasty in China. As a unified dynasty, it established a highly centralized political system in a vast ruling area. Specifically: 1, politically: establish the supreme imperial power. The emperor has supreme power, and all administrative, military and economic powers are monopolized by the emperor; Establish the official system and administrative institutions from the central to the local, that is, the system of three public officials and nine ministers. The three fairs are respectively the Prime Minister (assisting the emperor to handle the political affairs of the whole country), Qiu (in charge of the military) and the Imperial Adviser (in charge of the ministers' memorials, issuing the emperor's summoning orders, and managing the state supervision affairs). They are not related to each other, and the emperor has the final say. The local county system is implemented, and the royal family appoints and dismisses the main officials of the county; 2. Economically: implement private ownership of land and pay taxes per mu; The Qin dynasty unified the measurement of coins and unified the currency; Unify the track and repair the driveway. 3. Culture: The book is in the same language, with Biography as the standard text; "burning poetry books" strengthens ideological control; Take officials as teachers, and private learning is strictly prohibited. The most famous example is "burning books to bury Confucianism", a centralized national political system created by the Qin Dynasty. In the future history of China society, only tinkering can keep the basic framework unchanged. In order to consolidate his rule, Qin Shihuang ordered the weapons of the original six countries to be collected and destroyed, and then cast into 12 bronze men. "Selling dysprosium, casting it as twelve gold people, weakening the people of the world"-Jia Yi on Qin, in order to strengthen control, the nobles of the former six countries were forcibly moved to live near Xianyang. The Qin dynasty also promulgated strict laws to implement the establishment of farmers. Unified currency, unified measurement and unified writing have great influence on later generations. He accepted the idea of Prime Minister Li Si. Except for a few books, a large number of poems, classics and works of a hundred schools of thought were burned, and more than 460 alchemists were buried alive, leaving a shocking historical event of "burning pits". Qin Shihuang also built roads all over the country, especially opened the equator to the east and southeast. When Qin Shihuang claimed to be the "first emperor", he was bent on making the world of the Qin Dynasty last forever, but he never imagined that the Qin Dynasty would perish in the hands of the second emperor only after 15 years. Although he has taken various measures to consolidate his rule, his autocracy and arbitrariness have already laid a curse. He recruited more than 700,000 people to build Epang Palace and spent a lot of manpower and financial resources to repair the tomb of Lishan Mountain. The story of "Meng Jiangnv cries at the Great Wall" is an indictment of his cruel slavery. Frequent wars, huge bureaucracy and continuous construction have shaken the ruling foundation, and the people are overwhelmed and suffering to the extreme. 209 years ago, the peasant uprising led by Chen Sheng and Guangwu broke out, which was the first peasant uprising in the history of China and had far-reaching influence. The Qin dynasty was overthrown around October 2007 165438+. Due to the influence of the separatist situation in the past, the separatist tendency appeared again in the process of anti-Qin. In the subsequent sovereignty dispute between Chu and Han (206-202 BC), Han won and Chu lost, which controlled the separatist regime and unified the whole country. After the Qin Dynasty, a centralized dynasty was established.

[Edit this paragraph] Source of country name

Qin people are a branch of China (Han people) who moved westward. His monarch won the surname Zhao. The ancestor of the Qin Dynasty was the sage Boming, who was originally an ancient tribal leader. Shun Di gave his surname "Win". At the end of summer, when Chang Fei was in Xia Jie, he went to Shang Dynasty in the summer, and served as an advisor for Shang Tang, but was defeated by Mingtiao. Later, he replaced his surname for assisting the Shang Dynasty. So there are many winning names in history. At the end of Shang Dynasty, both Fei Lian and Loy waited on him with material strength. In the late Zhou Dynasty, King Wu cut down and defeated the Shang army. King Wu shot Eli himself to vent his anger. Fei Lian ran to Huotai Mountain, and his surname was defeated. For Zhou Muwang, Zaofu was the royal family of the Zhou Dynasty and was sealed in Zhao Cheng. His clan is Zhao (note: in the pre-Qin period, "surname" was only the source, mostly used for offering sacrifices, "surname" was used to address women, and "surname" was a branch of the family, used to address men). Zhao Fu's nephew and concubine made meritorious service in Zhou Muma. After Zhou gave him a small piece of land-Qin (now Shuilong), she saved Zhou Yougong and became a vassal. Qin Shihuang unified the six countries and established the "Qin Dynasty".

[Edit this paragraph] area

At the beginning of the Qin dynasty, the Huns were attacked in the north; Go south and cross. The territory expanded rapidly, which further improved the territory of Yanhuang, but it was finished because of Qin Ershi, which failed to restore and unify the nomadic people in the north. But the western part of its territory at that time has reached today's Gansu and Sichuan; Southwest to Yunnan and Guangxi; North to Yinshan Mountain.

operate

● Xianyang, Qin Dou and its nearby Guanzhong Plain are directly managed by literature and history; ● Counties and counties in the Qin Dynasty have chiefs (presiding over civil affairs), chiefs (presiding over military affairs) and chiefs (presiding over supervision affairs), and chiefs have chiefs as deputies. ● County leaders give orders, and small county leaders give orders. Under the county magistrate, there are assistant officials such as Xian Cheng and County Commandant.

Administrative divisions of Qin dynasty

In 22 1 year BC, the State of Qin finally destroyed the State of Qi, and the Qin Dynasty was established. After the establishment of the Qin Dynasty, Qin Shihuang adopted the suggestion of Prime Minister Lisi, canceled the enfeoffment system, implemented a single county system in national management, abolished Wang Lijun, and divided the world into 36 counties; Later, Nanyue, south of Wuling Mountain Range, was located in Nanhai, Guilin and Xiang Jun counties, and Jiuyuan County, south of Yinshan Mountain, was located in the north. After that, the East China Sea, Hengshan, Jibei, Jiaodong, Hanoi, Hengshan and other counties were analyzed. The Qin dynasty did not adopt the enfeoffment system, but adopted the county system. At first, the whole country was divided into 36 counties, and later it increased to 46 counties. The general locations of some counties are as follows: Liaodong County, Jiuyuan County, Yunzhong County, Liaoxi County, Shang Jun County, Taiyuan County, Julu County, Jiaodong County, Handan County, Langya County, Beidi County, Donghai County, Longxi County, Xianyang County, Nanyang County, Hanzhong County, Jiujiang County, Huiji County, Nanjun County and Hengshan County.

Chronology of Qin dynasty's destruction of six countries

In the seventeenth year of King Qin (the first 230 years), the South Korean general Nai Shi Teng led the destruction of Korea and captured Wang An. The income from Korea is located in Yingchuan County. In the 19th year of Qin Dynasty (the first 228 years), Wang Jian invaded Handan, the capital of Zhao State, and Zhao was forced to land in Qin and Zhaopo. Hometown Handan County, Julu County, Taiyuan County. Zhao Gongzi's family led the clan 100 people to flee to Daicheng. In the 20th year of Qin Dynasty (227 BC), the prince of Yan sent Jing Ke to assassinate the king of Qin, and the king of Qin immediately sent Wang Jian to attack Yan. In the 21st year of Qin Dynasty (226 BC), Wang Jian attacked Yan Dou Ji, and Prince Xi retreated to Liaodong, killing Prince Dan and making peace. In the 22nd year of Qin Dynasty (the first 225 years), Qin Jun and Wang Ben led an army of 654.38+ 10,000 troops to attack Wei, surrounded the girders of Wei, and diverted the Yellow River gap to irrigate the girders. Three months later, the girder was broken, Wei surrendered and Wei died. In the same year, Wang Jian led a 600,000-strong army to attack Chu, and An Lushan practiced martial arts and persisted in fighting. In the 23rd year of the King of Qin (224 BC), Wang Jian led 600,000 troops across the Huaihe River and besieged Shouchun, the capital of Chu. In the twenty-fourth year of the King of Qin (the first 223 years), the morale of the Chu army was low and food and grass were scarce, so they retreated to the front. Wang Jian took the opportunity to pursue, destroyed the main force of the Chu army, occupied Shouchun, the capital of Chu, and captured the king of Chu alive. The Chu people re-established Chang Pingjun as king. Wang Jian led the army to cross the river, pacify Jiangnan, set up Huiji County, and Chu died. In the twenty-fifth year of the Qin Dynasty (222 BC), Wang Ben laid Liaodong and captured Yan; Then he captured the city of Dai and captured Zhao Wangjia. After Yan and Zhao perished, Qin Shihuang established Yanmen County. In the 26th year of Qin Dynasty (22 1 year), Wang Ben led an army south to attack Qi, and the king of Qi surrendered without a fight and died in battle. At this point, Qin destroyed six countries and unified the whole country.

[Edit this paragraph] Political system

The establishment of authoritarian centralization

In 22 1 year BC, Zhao Zheng [3] [4] (reign of 247-210) unified the six countries, ending the long-term vassal regime and establishing a vast country with Xianyang as its capital. The territory of this country extends from Liaodong in the east, Yumenguan and Longxi in the west, the Great Wall in the north and northern and central Vietnam in the south, covering an area of over 5 million square kilometers. The King of Qin adopted the honorific title of the legendary Three Emperors and Five Emperors, claiming to be the first emperor of this country, which was handed down from generation to generation by later generations and called the second and third emperors. He thought that the emperor's behavior was the emperor's death, and the system of "son discussing father and minister discussing monarch" was detrimental to the dignity of the emperor, so he announced its abolition. He stipulated that the emperor should call himself "I" and formulated the system and documents of respecting the monarch and restraining the ministers. These are all to show the emperor's supreme authority, which indicates that Qin's rule will be eternal and long-lasting. Since the Zhou Dynasty, the feudal system of establishing vassal states was incompatible with the autocratic imperial power and the unification of the country and must be changed. In the twenty-sixth year of the first emperor (the first 22 years1year), Prime Minister Wang Wan asked the princes to be princes of Yan Qi Chu, which was approved by the ministers. Ting Wei and Li Si advocated abolishing the enfeoffment system and fully implementing the county system. Qin Shihuang accepted Lisi's suggestion and divided the whole country into 36 counties, which was later increased to more than 40 counties. These counties are completely controlled by the central government and the emperor and are local administrative units under the central government. Centralization was established from then on. In the twenty-eighth year of the first emperor (2 19 BC), the inscription on Yishan said: "Remember the troubled times, divide the country into the Republic of China, and strive for each other"; "This is the royal family, a world, and soldiers will no longer rise." This shows that Qin Shihuang thought it necessary to cancel the enfeoffment system of counties and counties in order to eliminate military struggles in various places. On the basis of the official system of Qin State during the Warring States Period, Qin Shihuang adjusted and expanded the official system and established a new government agency to meet the needs of reunifying the country. In this institution, the central government has the prime minister Qiu and the physician. The Prime Minister has two members, left and right, who are in charge of political affairs. Qiu is in charge of the military and doesn't often buy it. The Imperial Scholar is the second deputy of the Prime Minister, in charge of the library secretary and supervising officials. Under the Prime Minister, Qiu, and imperial envoys, there are various ministers who are in charge of specific government affairs, including doctors in charge of the palace, guards stationed in the palace, deputy generals in charge of public security in Gyeonggi, Tingwei in charge of punishment, internal history of Ji Xia, taxes on mountains and seas and handicrafts supplied by the government to the royal family, those in charge of the palace, those in charge of domestic ethnic affairs and foreign affairs, and guest appearances. The prime minister, Qiu, Qiu, discussed the state affairs, and the emperor ruled. Local administrative agencies are divided into counties and counties. There are guards, governors and supervisors in the county. The sheriff is in charge of his county. The county commandant assisted the county magistrate and gave a military salute. Supervised by the county police. County, 1 10,000 households or more, and 1 10,000 households or less. The county magistrate and the governor have subordinates such as Cheng and Wei. County officials are appointed and removed by the central government. There are townships below the county level, and three bosses are set up for education. Misers are responsible for litigation and taxation, and swimmers are responsible for public security. There is a village in the country, which is the most basic administrative unit. There was Li Dian in the room, who was later called Li Zheng and Li Kui, with "Hao Shuai" as the powerful person. In addition, there is a special organization for public security and banning thieves, called pavilion, long. The two pavilions are about 10 miles apart. As early as 10 years in Qin Xiangong (the first 375 years), the State of Qin established a system of "matching household registration" for the purpose of "accusing traitors". Later, Shang Yang stipulated that both men and women should be included in the household registration after birth and removed from the list after death; It is also guilty of "making the people compete for profits." "Qin Law" stipulates that migrants have to transfer their registered permanent residence to become officials, which is called "changing their registered permanent residence". During the Qin Dynasty, the household registration system became more and more complete. In the 16th year of Qin Dynasty (the first 23 1 year), men were required to declare their age, which was called "the age of the book". According to the presumption of Yunmeng Qin bamboo slips, the household registration stated that the fifteen years of Qin Dynasty (the other was seventeen years) were given to the public corvee, which was called "tribute". Book year and Fu nationality are the basis of national conscription system. In the thirty-first year of the first emperor, the people were ordered to declare their land. Land is included in the household registration, which gives the country the main basis for collecting land rent. There are age, land and other contents in household registration, so the household registration system far exceeds the need of "accusing traitors" and has become a fundamental system for the state to rule the people. Qin bought a title of 20 to reward the military. The state grants farmland houses according to people's ranks of titles, and people with high titles can also get privileges such as food city (see title system). Titles are included in household registration, so household registration is also a person's identity certificate. Governing a big country requires a consistent and relatively complete legal system throughout the country. Unearthed Yunmeng Qin Bamboo Slips provide some contents of Qin Law revised successively from Qin Xiaogong to Qin Shihuang, including laws and interpretations of criminal law, numerous other laws and cases, and legal documents on prison management (see Yunmeng Qin Law). After Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, based on the Qin law and referring to the laws of the six countries, he formulated the national laws. After the gains and losses of the Han Dynasty, Qin law became the blueprint of the laws of previous dynasties before the Tang Dynasty. In order to maintain the unity of great powers, we need a strong army. In order to eliminate the remnants of the six countries, Qin Jun stationed troops all over the country, which is the key area of garrison. Qin sent troops with bronze tiger symbols, which were cut in half, with the right part in the hands of the emperor and the left part in the hands of the leader. The combination of left and right symbols can mobilize the army. This is an important system to ensure that military power is in the hands of the emperor. Qin Jun is an unprecedented great deterrent. It is estimated that there are 7000 warrior figures, chariots 100 and horses 100 in the two pits excavated in recent years. Warrior figurines are as tall as real people, and the weapons they hold are physical objects rather than funerary objects. This large-scale military array composed of vehicles, infantry and cavalry is a powerful symbol of Qin Jun. Qin Shihuang not only established a set of autocratic and centralized ruling institutions and systems, but also adopted the theory of five virtues of Yin and Yang in the Warring States period to defend the legal system of the Qin Dynasty. According to the theory of five virtues, in the end, every dynasty ruled in the order of five virtues, such as earth, wood, gold, fire and water, and so on. Qin's water virtue is still black, so Qin's dresses and flags are all black; The corresponding number of Shuide is six, so the length of symbol transmission and the height of crown are six inches each, and the width of bar is six feet; Water virtue is the main punishment, so political rule strives to be harsh and does not pay attention to "benevolence" and "righteousness"; Corresponding to Shuide, the calendar begins in October, and so on. Qin Shihuang also decided on a set of complex sacrificial ceremonies and Buddhist ceremonies suitable for the position of emperor, and carried out activities at the right time. Qin Shihuang built many palaces near Xianyang, modeled after the palaces of Kanto countries, and built a magnificent Epang Palace south of Weishui. The layout of Xianyang Palace is taken from Wei Zi Palace in the sky. It is like the residence of God on earth and a symbol of world unity. Qin Shihuang also built a mausoleum in Lishan ahead of schedule. The rivers and seas in the mausoleum were infused with mercury, with astronomy above and geography below. He took these measures, just as he adopted the emperor's name, to show that his power on earth is equivalent to God's power in heaven, thus instilling mysterious imperial power into his subjects. The mysterious concept of imperial power is the ideological basis of authoritarian centralization. The strengthening and deification of imperial power, the comprehensive implementation of county system, the establishment of bureaucracy and various systems embodying imperial power autocracy, the perfection and unification of laws, and the emperor's strengthening of military control are the main contents of authoritarian centralization. The centralization of absolutism was an indispensable condition for maintaining unity at that time. However, this political system has great restrictions on the people; Moreover, its role in promoting economic and cultural development can also be transformed into a blocking role, which is more significant in the later period of feudal society.

Measures to prevent feudal separatism

The influence of long-term division made Qin Shihuang pay close attention to the trend of the old places in the six countries and worried that the old nobles in the six countries would attempt to restore them. In order to prevent the recurrence of the separatist situation, Qin Shihuang moved 120,000 rich and powerful families in six countries to Xianyang, and the other part moved to Bashu, Nanyang, Sanchuan and Zhao Di, so that they could be monitored separately from the countryside. He destroyed the seized and confiscated weapons and cast twelve clocks weighing thousands of stones in Xianyang? Copper man. He also ordered "destroying battlements, defending Sichuan and removing obstacles" to eliminate feudal nobles as much as possible by means of separatist regime. In order to control the vast territory, especially the old territory of the six countries, Qin Shihuang also built Chidao from the capital Xianyang to all parts of the country, with Yanqi in the east and Wu Chu in the south. He himself visited many counties along the equator and carved stones in many places to demonstrate. In order to strengthen the northern defense, in the thirty-fifth year of Qin Shihuang (2 12 BC), a straight road was built from Xianyang to Jiuyuan (now west of Baotou, Inner Mongolia), with a ravine of 1,800 miles. Wuchi Road was built in the southwest, which is now the place south of Yibin in Sichuan and Zhaotong in Yunnan, and officials were set up nearby. Qin Shihuang also struggled with the ideological and political tendency of the separatist regime. At that time, some Confucian scholars and tourists hoped to restore the situation of aristocratic separatism. They "go in with their hearts, but come out with their opinions", quoting poems, books and hundreds of languages, so as to change the past from now on. In the thirty-fourth year of the first emperor, Prime Minister Lisi demanded that poetry books be burned and private schools be destroyed. He suggested that "historians should burn all the records of the Qin Dynasty." If you are not a doctor, people who dare to collect poems, books and hundreds of languages in the world will learn to keep them and burn them. Some people who dare to speak "poetry" and "books" abandon the market. Think of the past as a family that is not the present. Those officials are all guilty of the same crime if they don't mention it. If it doesn't burn for the next 30 days, it will be a city. Those who don't go, the book of planting trees. If you want to learn laws and regulations, take officials as teachers. "Qin Shihuang accepted this suggestion, so there was a book burning incident. In the second year, the alchemist who asked Qin Shihuang for the elixir slandered him and invited him to flee. Qin Shihuang sent an imperial adviser to monitor the alchemists in Xianyang, killing more than 460 people who were considered to have violated the ban. Under the early historical conditions of feudal society, in the era of fierce struggle between unification and division, it is understandable that Qin Shihuang used the means of burning books to bury Confucianism to crack down on aristocratic politics. However, the behavior of burning books to bury Confucianism and destroy culture is extremely barbaric, which has caused great losses to the preservation of ancient documents and academic teaching. Although Qin Shihuang's policy customization adopted two thoughts of yin and yang, it was basically based on legalism. " "Burning poetry books" and "teaching by law" and "taking officials as teachers" more prominently reflect his legalist thoughts. Based on the original Qin system, Qin Shihuang unified the political, economic and cultural systems of some countries in an attempt to eliminate the regional differences caused by long-term separatist regimes as much as possible in order to facilitate reunification. During the Warring States period, although the basic structure of Chinese characters in different countries was the same, the complexity of fonts and the position of radicals were different. Li Si was ordered to unify the script. Based on the characters of Qin State and referring to the characters of six countries, he formulated seal script, wrote it as a model, and promoted it throughout the country. At that time, there was a popular calligraphy called official script, which was simpler than Xiao Zhuan. Qin Shihuang abolished currencies of different shapes and sizes in various countries during the Warring States Period, and changed to gold as the currency, with the unit of 22; Take the round hole copper coin of the old Qin line as the next coin, and the text is half, which is as heavy as its text. Qin Shihuang unified the national weights and measures with the standards of weights and measures formulated by Shang Yang. Today, the power of the Qin dynasty is engraved with the imperial edict of unified measurement issued in the twenty-sixth year of the first emperor (2 1 1 years ago). This kind of weight has been unearthed and widely distributed, and it has also been found outside the Great Wall, which shows that unified measurement is serious and effective. Qin Shihuang also stipulated the allowable limits of weights and measures errors by law. He set 6 feet as steps and 240 steps as acres. However, the 240-step system was actually used only in the old Qin Dynasty and probably in the old Zhao Dynasty, while many areas in the East still used the 100-step system as an acre until the Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. The unification of writing, currency and weights and measures provides convenient conditions for economic and cultural development and promotes the development of a unified country.