The culture of the Qin Dynasty?

Unified writing

After the Qin Dynasty unified China, it took a series of measures to consolidate its rule, including the famous "Wen Tong", which unified the different writing styles used by various countries in the Warring States period into what was later called Xiao Zhuan, which was said to have been invented by Li Si, the prime minister of Qin Dynasty. Based on the original Qin system, Qin Shihuang unified the political, economic and cultural systems of some countries in an attempt to eliminate the regional differences caused by long-term separatist regimes as much as possible in order to facilitate reunification. During the Warring States period, although the basic structure of Chinese characters in different countries was the same, the complexity of fonts and the position of radicals were different. Li Si was ordered to unify the script. Based on the characters of Qin State and referring to the characters of six countries, he formulated seal script, wrote it as a model, and promoted it throughout the country. At that time, there was a popular calligraphy called official script, which was simpler than Xiao Zhuan. The book is written in the same language, with Xiao Zhuan as the standard text; "burning poetry books" strengthens ideological control; Take officials as teachers, and private learning is strictly prohibited.

2.？ Five virtues theory

Qin Shihuang not only established a set of autocratic and centralized ruling institutions and systems, but also adopted the theory of five virtues of Yin and Yang in the Warring States period to defend the legal system of the Qin Dynasty. According to the theory of five virtues, in the end, every dynasty ruled in the order of five virtues, such as earth, wood, gold, fire and water, and so on. Qin's water virtue is still black, so Qin's dresses and flags are all black; The corresponding number of Shuide is six, so the length of symbol transmission and the height of crown are six inches each, and the width of bar is six feet; Water virtue is the main punishment, so political rule strives to be harsh and does not pay attention to "benevolence" and "righteousness"; Corresponding to Shuide, the calendar begins in October, and so on. & amp#8205;

3. Zen ceremony closed

Qin Shihuang also decided on a set of complex sacrificial ceremonies and Buddhist ceremonies suitable for the position of emperor, and carried out activities at the right time. Qin Shihuang built many palaces near Xianyang, modeled after the palaces of Kanto countries, and built a magnificent Epang Palace south of Weishui. The layout of Xianyang Palace is taken from Wei Zi Palace in the sky. It is like the residence of God on earth and a symbol of world unity. Qin Shihuang also built a mausoleum in Lishan ahead of schedule. The rivers and seas in the mausoleum were infused with mercury, with astronomy above and geography below. He took these measures, just as he adopted the emperor's name, to show that his power on earth is equivalent to God's power in heaven, thus instilling mysterious imperial power into his subjects. The mysterious concept of imperial power is the ideological basis of authoritarian centralization. The strengthening and deification of imperial power, the comprehensive implementation of county system, the establishment of bureaucracy and various systems embodying imperial power autocracy, the perfection and unification of laws, and the emperor's strengthening of military control are the main contents of authoritarian centralization. The centralization of absolutism was an indispensable condition for maintaining unity at that time. However, this political system has great restrictions on the people; Moreover, its role in promoting economic and cultural development can also be transformed into a blocking role, which is more significant in the later period of feudal society. & amp#8205;

Qin Shihuang, who burned books and buried Confucianism, was also struggling with the ideological and political tendency of the separatist regime. At that time, some Confucian scholars and tourists hoped to restore the situation of aristocratic separatism. They "go in with their hearts, but come out with their opinions", quoting poems, books and hundreds of languages, so as to change the past from now on. In 2 13 BC, eight years after the unification of the Qin dynasty, Dr. Qi Renchun, a division of the Prince, proposed to restore the feudal system of the Zhou Dynasty at a court meeting. "How can we save each other without help?" Li Si, the prime minister, objected and put forward measures: "Historians should burn all Ji Qin. If you are not a doctor, those who dare to collect poems, books and hundreds of languages in the world will learn to preserve and burn them and destroy private schools. Those who dare to talk about "poetry" and "books" will abandon the market. Think of the past as a family that is not the present. Those officials are all guilty of the same crime if they don't mention it. If it doesn't burn for the next 30 days, it will be successful. Don't go, books such as medicine, divination and tree planting. If you want to learn laws and regulations, you should take officials as teachers. " Qin Shihuang adopted it, and ordered all counties and counties to immediately ban all poetry books and hundred books, and all of them were burned within 30 days. This is called "burning books". In the second year, alchemist Lu Sheng and others refused to seek immortality again and fled for fear of punishment. Qin Shihuang sent the empire to spy on the alchemists in Xianyang, and the alchemists who asked Qin Shihuang for fairy medicine slandered them. Some alchemists and Confucian scholars criticized the failure of state affairs. Qin Shihuang was furious and ordered a search for alchemists and Confucian scholars in Xianyang. Later, during the interrogation, the alchemist and Confucian scholars reported to each other that more than 460 people were involved, and Qin Shihuang ordered all 460 people to be executed. This is "cheating Confucianism". "Burning books to bury Confucianism" was a policy pursued by the Qin Dynasty for the stability and unification of the state power, and it was also a kind of destruction of China culture at that time. The policy of "burning books" was aimed at books and cultural relics at that time, only a large number of precious documents necessary for people's livelihood and governing the country were lost, and hundreds of speeches in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period were seriously damaged during this period. The policy of "burying Confucianism" is also the first recorded large-scale arrest of intellectuals by the state power in the history of China. Under the early historical conditions of feudal society, in the era of fierce struggle between unification and division, it is understandable that Qin Shihuang used the means of burning books to bury Confucianism to crack down on aristocratic politics. However, the behavior of burning books to bury Confucianism and destroy culture is extremely barbaric, which has caused great losses to the preservation of ancient documents and academic teaching.