All the knowledge of meteorological phenology

The science that studies the relationship between phenological phenomena and the annual periodic changes of environmental conditions (mainly climate) is a frontier discipline among climatology, agrometeorology and ecology. Phenological phenomena include: ① germination, leaf spreading, flowering, fruiting, leaf discoloration and defoliation of various plants; (2) Arrival, initial singing, final singing, departure and hibernation of migratory birds and insects; ③ Some hydrometeorological phenomena, such as first frost, last frost, freezing, melting, first snow and first snow. China had a phenological calendar of summer as early as 3000 years ago. There are several months of phenological descriptions in The Book of Songs, such as "April Beauty", "May Singing", "Shaji Zhenyu in June" and "Cricket under my bed in October". Later books such as Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals, Huai Nan Zi Ze Xun, Book of Rites, Moon Order, etc. all contain a lot of phenological contents. Seventy-two phases contained in Yi Zhou Shu Shi Xun Jie are an improvement on the compilation of phenological calendar, which was incorporated into the national calendar in the Northern Wei Dynasty. In the Yuan Dynasty, Wang Zhen made the Map of Giving Time and Living Method, and there was also a "budding moon order" in the calendar of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. There are also abundant phenological knowledge in ancient agricultural books and ancient medical books in China. Zhu Kezhen is a pioneer and promoter of modern phenology in China. At his initiative, the national phenological observation network was organized twice from 1934 to 1940 and 1962. Phenology and Preliminary Study on Climate Change in China in Five Thousand Years are his representative works in phenology. The important achievements of phenology research in China are as follows: ① A national phenological observation network has been established. The existing observation network was established in 1962, led by the Institute of Geography of China Academy of Sciences, with about 60 observation points. It is stipulated that 46 species of animals and plants (33 woody plants, 2 herbaceous plants and animals 1 1 species) should be observed nationwide, and the data will be published in the form of annual reports. In recent years, the National Meteorological Administration has also carried out natural phenology and crop phenology observation, especially agricultural phenology observation. (2) The publication of phenological works has promoted the research of phenology and the popularization of phenological knowledge; ③ Applying phenology to the study of agriculture and climatology. In agriculture: compiling natural calendars; Indicating and forecasting the morning and evening of the season; As an indicator of sowing and weeding; Master the season for bees to eat grass; Predicting the occurrence period of pests; Ecological classification of crop varieties; Estimate the planting season and extension range of plant varieties. In the aspect of climate: using phenological methods to conduct climate surveys in small areas and mountainous areas; Study the climate change in historical period; Use phenology to divide seasons. In forestry: according to its mastery of seed collection and afforestation season. In geography, phenology and plants are used as indicators or auxiliary indicators of natural zoning or agro-climatic zoning. The Federal Republic of Germany, the United States, the Soviet Union, Japan and other countries also attach great importance to phenological observation and research. For example, there are 2,700 observation points in the Federal Republic of Germany, and the "European International Phenological Observation Garden Network" was established in the early 1960s. The development trends and characteristics in recent years are as follows: ① From focusing on agrometeorological research to focusing on ecological research; (2) the observation accuracy is improved, and the species of the observed plants all use the same clone; ③ Using computer graphics, remote sensing technology and other new technologies for observation and research.

Information about phenology

Phenology is a science that studies the relationship between seasonal phenomena of animals and plants in nature and periodic changes of the environment. By observing and recording the growth and decline of plants, the migration and reproduction of animals and the changes of the environment in a year, it compares the differences in time and space distribution, explores the periodic laws of the development and activities of animals and plants and their dependence on the surrounding environmental conditions, and then understands the laws of climate change and its influence on animals and plants. It is a borderline subject between biology and meteorology.

The influence of environment on the growth and development of animals and plants is an extremely complicated process. The instrument can only record some individual factors of environmental conditions at that time, while phenology is a comprehensive reflection of various environmental factors in the past and now. Therefore, phenology can be used as an indicator of environmental factors and can also be used to evaluate the overall impact of environmental factors on animals and plants.

The earliest phenological record in China can be found in The Book of Songs, Wandering Wind, July, which was published in 1000 BC. Later, Xia's Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals, Huai Nan Zi Shi Zexun and Notes, etc. Record the annual phenological calendar once a month. Yi Zhou Shu Shi Xun Jie divides a year into 72 phases, and records phenology every five days, making it a relatively complete phenological calendar. Attached to the almanac in the Northern Wei Dynasty.

The Book of Bi Sheng, a famous agricultural work in the Western Han Dynasty, records that the cultivation period is determined by phenology, for example, "Apricots are flourishing at the beginning, so it is advisable to cultivate light soil and weak soil; See apricot flowers return to agriculture. " At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, Lv Zuqian, a native of Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, recorded the phenology of Jinhua in the seventh and eighth years of the Southern Song Dynasty (11 18 1), including wintersweet, peach, plum, apricot, bauhinia, begonia and orchid.

In the Ming Dynasty, Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica contained nearly 2,000 kinds of drugs, with abundant plant phenological data. The forty-eighth and forty-ninth volumes of this book describe the geographical distribution, singing, syllables and appearance time of migratory birds cuckoo and cuckoo, which are accurate records of bird phenology. /kloc-In the middle of 0/9th century, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom issued a calendar, in which the budding month is a calendar that uses phenology to guide agricultural time.

In Europe, the Athenians in ancient Greece have compiled agricultural phenological calendars. From 1736 to the 1940s, the descendants of British Ma Xiang observed and recorded 27 species of plants, migratory birds and insects for a long time. This is the longest phenological record in Europe. 1In the middle of the 8th century, the Swedish botanist Linnaeus wrote a book, Philosophy of Botany, which outlined the tasks of phenology, the methods of phenology observation and analysis, and organized an observation network at 18. He is one of the main advocates of European phenology.

In Germany, botanist Hoffman has established a phenological observation network since 1990s. He chose 34 species of plants in Central Europe as the objects of phenological observation and personally observed them for 40 years. Later, he was replaced by his student Ine. In the United States, forest entomologist Hopkins put forward the bioclimatic law of land spatial distribution of phenology in temperate regions of North America in 19 18.

In China, the founder of modern phenology research is Zhu Kezhen. The phenological observation network he established in 1934 was the beginning of modern phenological observation in China. Under his leadership, 1962 established a nationwide phenological observation network to conduct systematic phenological research. In order to unify the standard of phenological observation, 1979 published the phenological observation method in China, and compiled and published the Annual Report of Phenological Observation of Animals and Plants in China every year.

Since 1950s, with the expansion of phenological observation networks in various countries, phenological data have become more abundant. Moreover, due to the application of remote sensing technology and computer, the study of phenology has made great progress in the exploration and application of laws.

The basic research method of phenology is parallel observation, that is, observing the changes of phenology and meteorological factors at the same time to study the relationship between them. Mainly to observe the annual changes of biological phenology at fixed points; Organize a phenological observation network according to a unified observation method and observe phenological phenomena at the same time; In a short time (3 ~ 5 days), phenological observation was carried out in a small area by means of transportation such as cars; Analyze the phenological changes of crops and vegetation through the satellite photos of earth resources; The physiological mechanism of phenology affected by climate and other factors was studied by experiments.

Although the occurrence date of various biological phenological phenomena changes with the change of climatic conditions every year, if it is not affected by the local microclimate in the same climate zone, its order remains unchanged every year. In different climatic regions, because the combination of biological species and climatic conditions changes, the order of phenological phenomena will also change. The order of phenological phenomena is the basis of compiling natural calendar and forecasting agricultural time.

Because of the zonal and non-zonal climate distribution, phenology has the characteristics of shifting with latitude, longitude and height. For example, the law of bioclimate put forward by Hopkins in 19 18: under the same conditions of other factors, the staged development of plants will be delayed by 4 days in spring and early summer every time the latitude moves northward 1 and the longitude moves eastward by 5 or rises by about 122 meters; Late summer and early autumn, four days in advance, and so on.

Phenological research has become an aspect of ecosystem analysis and management, and a lot of phenological research work is being carried out in phenological zoning, rational allocation of crops, rational use of land in vertical distribution zone of mountainous areas, prevention and control of environmental pollution and utilization of three wastes. In addition to the macroscopic study of phenology, the internal morphological changes of plant organs were observed and studied. In the study of the influence of meteorological conditions on phenology, an experimental study was carried out in an artificial climate chamber, and a mathematical model of meteorological conditions and phenology changes was established.

The relationship between climate and folk houses

The relationship between climate and traffic

The relationship between climate and plants

The relationship between climate and national costumes

1 The residential buildings in the north are flat roofs 10.5%, monoclinic roofs 5.3% and mid-ridges 810.6%. Their houses are all made of bricks. Why is their roof in the middle of the ridge? Why are their houses made of bricks? According to our investigation, the summer rain in the north is very concentrated and the rainfall is very heavy. Building a house with a ridge in the middle can prevent water from accumulating on the roof. At the same time, it can also irrigate crops, which not only prevents "rainwater from seeping into the house", but also irrigates crops. Isn't this the way to kill two birds with one stone? Brick houses have a cold climate in winter, and brick walls can keep warm and insulate in summer. Moreover, the windows of local farmers are all facing south, so that the lighting is good, and it can also play the role of auxiliary heat preservation in winter. Needless to say, you can also imagine this.

The courtyard in the north is rectangular. I think it should be to save food! Now the rural toilets have also been moved to hospitals, which is not only sanitary, but also fattening and saving time.

Bad weather such as fog, snow and hail will affect traffic.

Farmers are mainly engaged in production activities under natural conditions, and some combination of light, heat, water and gas is beneficial to some production and forms effective agricultural natural resources; Another different combination may be harmful to agricultural production and constitute agricultural natural disasters. The basic task of agrometeorology is to study the temporal and spatial distribution of these agricultural natural resources and agricultural natural disasters, and to serve the division and planning of agriculture, the rational distribution of crops, the artificial adjustment of microclimate and the cultivation and management of crops. In addition, it is necessary to carry out agrometeorological forecasting and information services, provide advice and suggestions for agricultural production, make rational use of climatic resources, overcome unfavorable meteorological factors, and take appropriate agricultural measures to promote agricultural high yield, reduce costs and improve economic benefits.

After the transition from hunting and gathering to planting, human beings gradually accumulated knowledge about the influence of meteorological conditions on agricultural production. As early as the Spring and Autumn Period, China knew how to determine the seasons by measuring the sun's shadow with soil gauge. There are four solar terms: vernal equinox, autumnal equinox, summer solstice and winter solstice. There is a phenological record of "peeling dates in August and harvesting rice in October" in The Book of Songs in Windy July. The book Huai Nan Zi Tian Xun in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty has all the names of the 24 solar terms.

In Yi Zhou Shu Shi Xun Jie, a year is divided into 72 solar terms, each solar term is three solar terms, each solar term is five days, and each solar term corresponds to a phenological phenomenon. This is the earliest calendar in China that combined astronomy, meteorology and phenology to guide agricultural activities, and it can be regarded as the bud of ancient agricultural meteorology. After the thermometer was invented and applied to the study of meteorology and biology, the quantitative relationship between plant growth and meteorological conditions began to be observed and studied. With the establishment of meteorological observation network, the relationship between climate and agriculture has been gradually studied.

On the one hand, agrometeorology, as an important part of ecology, is developed through quantitative observation and research on the relationship between the growth and development of plants or animals and environmental meteorological factors. For example, in 1735, Leo Mill, the founder of the famous Lieberman thermometer, discovered that the accumulated temperature can be used to measure the growth rate of plants, and this theory is still an important basic theory of agrometeorology. On the other hand, agrometeorology is an important branch of geographical climatology. For example, Voyekov in Russia, Pan Su in Austria, Ke Ben in Germany and Zhu Kezhen in China have all studied the relationship between vegetation, animals, soil and climate and their regional distribution, paving the way for the development of agroclimatology and agrophenology. However, it was not until the 1930s and 1940s that agrometeorology formed a complete and independent discipline and was systematically studied. Microclimate refers to a small-scale meteorological process or climate characteristics caused by topography, underlying surface characteristics or other factors. Due to the influence of tillage measures and dynamic changes of crop population, the condition and physical characteristics of farmland active surface have changed, resulting in changes in radiation balance and heat balance components, thus forming different types of unique farmland microclimates. Farmland microclimate in turn affects the growth and development process and yield formation of crops.

Microclimate improvement includes greenhouse, sunny border, plastic shed, plastic film ground cover, wind barrier, farmland shelterbelt, evaporation suppression, soil surface warming agent and so on.

Greenhouse climate is a microclimate process and microclimate characteristics in the greenhouse, and it is a microclimate that has been artificially adjusted. Because the transmittance of glass for incident short-wave radiation is greater than that for opposite long-wave radiation, the greenhouse has the characteristics of high temperature during the day. In addition, the roof structure, orientation, roof slope, height-span ratio and light-transmitting materials used in the greenhouse have significant effects on the distribution and change of illumination and temperature in the greenhouse.

In addition to the above-mentioned measures to artificially adjust microclimate, in recent years, due to the development of automation technology, artificial climate chambers or plant growth boxes that completely control meteorological conditions such as light and temperature have been used in agricultural research. In the cultivation of vegetables and precious plants, there are also automatic plant production plants that manually adjust the temperature, humidity and carbon dioxide concentration and adopt soilless culture technology.

In a hot climate, local people's clothes are naturally simple and cool, while in a cold climate, they wear more. Just compare the clothes of Antarctic expedition members and Africans.